Assessing effects of biochar on soil qualityusing...

Assessing effects of biochar on soilquality using biological methods

Evan A.N. Marks and Xavier Domene

Soil Protection and Restoration Group

Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF) Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain

1° Mediterra

nean Biochar Sym

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Italy,

January

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2

Biochar application: can there be unintended consequences?

‐ Decreased utility of pesticides?‐ Increase in metal contamination?‐ Influences on chemical properties‐ Rapid changes to nutrient availability

Kookana, R., Sarmah, A., Van Zwieten, L., Krull, E., Singh, B., 2011. Biochar application to soil: agronomic and environmental benefits and unintended consequences. Advances in Agronomy 112, 103–143.

( quality or utility of soil)

State of knowledge

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State of knowledge

3

What do we know about effects of biochar on soil organisms?

Comprehensive review of effects on soil biota Lehmann et al. 2011

“the relationships between biochar chemical and physical properties and their effects on soil biota and potential concomitant effects on soil processes are poorly understood”

“Knowledge gaps needing urgent attention include biochar effects on faunal abundance (especially micro‐ and meso‐fauna), on the ecology of biota including environmental risk…”

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IBI 2012 ‐ Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines for BiocharThat Is Used in Soil

Biological methods for risk assessment

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Biological methods for risk assessment

5

Biomarkers

Bioindicators

Ecological indicators

Biological response below level of individual indicating state change

Any organism which provides information about environmental conditions

Parameters which describe population dynamics, structure, or function of ecosystems

Increasin

g ecological re

levance

Risk assessment is carried out based on data from three levels of biological organization:

1° Mediterra

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Italy,

January

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biological methods / bioindicators

6

BIOINDICATORSTerrestrial

Aquatic“ Whatever organism which provides us information about the environmental conditions of its habitat ”

why aquatic?

‐runoff, potential contamination of waterbodies

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Folsomia candida

Enchytreus crypticus

chronic / behavioural

mainly fungivore soil detritivore(Collembola)

mainly microbivore detritivore(Oligochaeta)

Eisenia fetida

earthworm ‐ soil engineer

bioindicators / terrestrial

ISO 11267 Folsomia candida reproduction

ISO 16387. Enchytraeus sp. determination of effects on reproduction

ISO 11268‐2 Eisenia sp reproduction

ISO/NP 17512‐2 Avoidance test with Collembolans

ISO TC 190 SC 238 Eisenia fedida avoidance

Organisms represent different taxa, exposure routes…

(no codified test)

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January

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0

20

40

60

80

100

0 / 0 0 / 0.2 0 / 0.5 0 / 2.0 0 / 7.0 0 / 14

Individu

als (%)

Biochar addition (%)

F. candida

controlw/biochar

E. crypticus

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 / 0 0 / 0.2 0 / 0.5 0 / 2.0 0 / 7.0 0 / 14Individu

als (%)

Biochar addition (%)

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Folsomia candida Enchytreus crypticus

bioindicators / terrestrial / chronic

28‐day reproduction

Biochar concentration (%)

∆respect to control

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1014‐day growth test

21‐day growth test


OECD 208 Plant emergence & growth test (2006)

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Lolium perenne (ryegrass) PP Lactuca sativa (lettuce) PP

14‐day growth


Biochar concentration (%)

∆respect to control

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Daphnia magna (Artropoda)

Aquatic‐dwelling invertebrate

Larval‐stage sediment‐dwelling invertebrate

Aquatic microalga

Bioluminescent bacteria

Chironomus riparius (Artropoda)

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Vibrio fisheri

bioindicators / aquatic

OECD 211 Daphnia magna reproduction test (1998)

EU Directive 79/831/EEC Algal growth inhibition test(1989)

Kwan KK, Dutka BJ, 1995. Comparative assessment of two solid‐phase toxicty bioassays: the direct sediment toxicty testing procedure (DSTTP) and the Mictotox solid‐phase test (SPT), Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 55:338‐346.

OECD 218 Sediment‐water chironomidtoxicity test using spiked sediment (2004)

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bioindicators / aquatic

SD/SEnot available

* = Dunnett’s test p<0.05 except

1° Mediterra

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biological methods / ecological indicators

14

ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS

1° Mediterra

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EcosystemFunctions

Community

Population

biological methods / ecological indicators

+

=

+(molecular, individual, etc.)

increasing ecological complexity

ecologicalindicators

biomarkers,bioindicators1° Medite

rranean Biochar S

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0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

05

1020

30

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

05

1015

20

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

05

1015

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

05

1015

20

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1020

3040

50

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

010

2030

40

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

010

2030

40

Multi‐Gaussian fits to somatic length classes F. candida juvenilesSlow‐pyrolysis poplar

control (no biochar) 0.5% biochar 1.3% 3.2%

8% 20% 50%

ecological indicators / population

Population

1° Mediterra

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Berlese‐Tullgren funnels for extraction of microarthropods

Cornell study – functional fauna using SBQ

ecological indicators / community

12

3

Communitystructure

1° Mediterra

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Epigeous

Hemi‐edaphic

Eu‐edaphic

-

+

EMI score

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ecological indicators / ecosystem functions

EcosystemFunctions

Primary productivityDecompositionFauna activityGHG…

=

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Torre Marimon semi‐field experiment

2011 ‐ present

Pine gasification biochar

0, 12, and 50 T/ha

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Kruskal‐Wallis chi‐squared = 4.6, df = 2, p‐value = 0.096


Primary Productivity

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Ribas, A., Llurba, R., Ojeda G., MattanaS., Gouriveau, F., Altimir N., Sebastia ̀ M.‐T., Domene, X. Biochar application on barley crops influence greenhouse emissions: first results.

GHG1° Medite

rranean Biochar S

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T1 T11 T2 T3 T40.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Dec

ompo

sitio

nra

te

2 mm-mesh

T1 T11 T2 T3 T40.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.80.16 mm-mesh

Biochar treatment

Litter decomposition rates in the different biochar treatments as affected by microorganisms+microfauna+mesofauna (2 mm‐mesh litterbags) and microorganisms+microfauna (0.16 mm‐mesh litterbags). Bars correspond to the standard deviation. No significant differences of the biochar treatments compared to controls (T1) were observed.


Breakdown of organic matter in litterbags

Decomposition1° Medite

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Fauna feeding activity, expressed as rate, in the different biochar treatments. Bars correspond to the standard deviation. No significant differences of the biochar treatments compared to the respective controls (T1) were observed.


biochar treatment

prop

ortio

n eaten

Meso‐ and micro‐faunaactivity

Bait Lamina

1° Mediterra

nean Biochar Sym

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Italy,

January

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Why biological methods for biochar?

1. Soil organism health reflects integration of various complex processes‐ nutrient availability‐ abiotic conditions‐ environmental stressors (contaminants)

2. Organisms provide important ecological services

3. Easily adaptable

4. Cost effective

(end)

Soil quality / biological methods

1° Mediterra

nean Biochar Sym

posium –

Italy,

January

17/18 - 2013

Assessing effects of biochar on soil qualityusing...

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