Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses
description
Transcript of Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses
![Page 1: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Assalamualaikum wr. wbGROUP 1 (Class A)
The Six Senses
The members :Adi Khoerul AnwarDenny Irdantie TikasariWhildanah Sekar SarasatiReny Setiyo AnggraeniAngga Alfian Saputra PBIIrfan Dwi Yulianto
![Page 2: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
MORPHOLOGY
OnSelecta on Grammar 2
Lecturer : Jati Suryanto, S.pd., Dipl. TESOL
![Page 3: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Morphology• Morphology is the branch of linguistics
that studies the structure of words.
![Page 4: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Morphology
• In English and many other languages, many words can be broken down into parts. For example:unhappiness un-happi-nesshorses horse-swalking walk-ing
![Page 5: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
MorphologyThe Details :
• un - carries a negative meaning• ness - expresses a state or quality• s - expresses plurality• ing - conveys a sense of duration
![Page 6: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Morphology• A word like “yes”, however, has no
internal grammatical structure. We can analyze the sounds, but none of them has any meaning in isolation.
![Page 7: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Morphology• The smallest unit which has a meaning
or grammatical function that words can be broken down into are known as morphemes.• So to be clear: “un” is a morpheme.• “yes” is also a morpheme, but also
happens to be a word.
![Page 8: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
MorphologyThere are several important distinctions that
must be made in morpheme :
(1) – Free vs. Bound morphemes
• Free morphemes are morphemes which can stand alone. We have already seen the example of “yes”.
![Page 9: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Morphology
• Bound morphemes: never exist as words themselves, but are always attached to some other morpheme. We have already seen the example of “un”.
![Page 10: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Morphology• When we identify the number and types of
morphemes that a given word consists of, we are looking at what is referred to as the structure of a word.
• Every word has at least one free morpheme, which is referred to as the root, stem, or base.
![Page 11: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Morphology
• We can further divide bound morphemes into three categories:
• prefix un-happy• suffix happi-ness• infix abso-blooming-lutely• The general term for all three is affix.
![Page 12: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Morphology(2) – Derivational vs. Inflectional morphemes• Derivational morphemes create or derive new
words by changing the meaning or by changing the word class of the word.
• For example: • happy → unhappy• Both words are adjectives, but the meaning
changes.
![Page 13: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Morphology
• quick → quickness• The affix changes both meaning and
word class - adjective to a noun.• In English: Derivational morphemes
can be either prefixes or suffixes.
![Page 14: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Morphology• Inflectional morphemes don’t alter words
the meaning or word class of a word; instead they only refine and give extra grammatical information about the word’s already existing meaning.
• For example:• Cat → cats• walk → walking
![Page 15: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Morphology• In English: Inflectional morphemes
are all suffixes (by chance, since in other languages this is not true).• There are only 8 inflectional
morphemes in English:
![Page 16: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Morphology• -s 3rd person sg. present• “He waits”• -ed past tense• “He waited”• -ing progressive• “He is waiting”
![Page 17: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Morphology• -en past participle• “I had eaten”• -s plural• “Both chairs are broken”• -’s possessive• “The chair’s leg is broken”
![Page 18: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Morphology• -er comparative• “He was faster”• -est superlative• “He was the fastest”
![Page 19: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Morphology• Inflectional morphemes are required by
syntax. (that is, they indicate syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence).For example:
• Nim loves bananas.but
• They love bananas.
![Page 20: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Morphology• Derivational morphemes are different with
inflectional morphemes. In the syntax does not require the presence of derivational morphemes; however, it indicates semantic relations within a word (that is, they change the meaning of the word). For example:
kind → unkind• He is unkind• They are unkind
![Page 21: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Morphology• A morpheme is not equal to a syllable:• "coats" has 1 syllable, but 2
morphemes.• "syllable" has 2 syllables, but only 1
morpheme
![Page 22: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
MorphologyTypes of Word-Formation Processes
A first word-formation process is known as affixation, which is forming new words by the combination of bound affixes and free morphemes.
![Page 23: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
MorphologyThere are three types of affixation:
• Prefixation: where an affix is placed before the base of the word
• suffixation: where an affix is placed after the base of the word
• infixation: where an affix is placed within a stem (word + inflection) (abso-blooming-lutely)
![Page 24: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Morphology• While English uses primarily prefixation
and suffixation, many other languages use infixes.
• These are Infixes in English : Hallelujah >> Hallebloodylujah Fantastic >> Fan-flaming-tastic ( Engagement)Absolutely >> Absobloominlutely (of course )
![Page 25: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Morphology• In Tagolog, a language of the Philippines,
for example, the infix ‘um’ is used for infinitive forms of verbs (to _______)
EXAMPLE :• sulat ‘write’ sumulat ‘to write’• bili ‘buy’ bumili ‘to buy’• kuha‘take’ kumuha ‘to take’
![Page 26: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
MorphologyA second word-formation process is known as Compounding, which is forming new words not from bound affixes but from two or more independent words: the words can be free morphemes, words derived by affixation, or even words formed by compounds themselves.
• e.g. girlfriend air-conditionerblackbird looking-glasstextbook watchmaker
![Page 27: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Morphology
• Compound words have different stress, as in the following examples: The wool sweater gave the man a red neck.The redneck in the bar got drunk and started
yelling
![Page 28: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Morphology
• In compounds, the primary stress is on the first word only, while individual words in phrases have independent primary stress.blackbird black birdmakeup make up
![Page 29: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
MorphologyA third word-formation process is known as Reduplication, which is forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme (total reduplication) or part of a morpheme (partial reduplication).
>> English doesn’t use this, but other languages make much more extensive use of reduplication.
![Page 30: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Morphology• In Indonesian, for example, total
reduplication is used to form plurals:• rumah ‘house’ • Rumah-rumah ‘houses’• ibu ‘mother’• Ibu-ibu ‘mothers’• lalat ‘fly’• Lalat-lalat ‘flies’
![Page 31: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Morphology A fourth type of word-formation process is known as Blending, where two words merge into each other, such as: brunch from breakfast and lunch smog from smoke and fog
![Page 32: Assalamualaikum wr . w b GROUP 1 (Class A) The Six Senses](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/5681660f550346895dd95132/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Thanks for your attentionAssalamualaikum wr. Wb
Hope this material is useful for us