Ass Anaphy2
-
Upload
ces-rivera -
Category
Documents
-
view
230 -
download
0
Transcript of Ass Anaphy2
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 1/26
Human Anatomy
Chapter 1
The Human Body: An Orientation
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 2/26
I. Definitions• Anatomy is the study of thestructure and shape of the body and
body parts and their relationships toone another.– Gross anatomy – examining large easily
observable body structures.
– Microscope anatomy – examining cellsand tissues using a microscope.
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 3/26
I. Definitions (con’t) • Physiology is the study of how thebody and its parts work or function.
– Neurophysiology – explains how thenervous system works.
– Cardiac physiology studies the functionsof the heart.
• Anatomy and physiology are alwaysrelated. FORM FOLLOWSFUNCTION.
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 4/26
II. Levels of
Organization• Atoms – building blocks of
matter. They combine toform:
• Molecules – water, sugars, and
proteins.• Molecules associate in
specific ways to form cells.
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 5/26
II. Levels of
Organization (Con’t) • Cells are the smallest units of all livingthings.
• Cells that are similar and have a common
function are called tissues.• An organ is a structure, composed of twoor more tissue types, that performs aspecific function for the body.
• A group of organs that cooperate toaccomplish a common purpose is called anorgan system.
• All 11 organ systems make up an organism .
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 7/26
Integumentary System• External covering of the body
• Waterproofs, cushions and protects
• Excretes salts and urea in sweat andhelps regulate body temperature
• Sense organ – pain and pressure
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 8/26
Skeletal System• Bone, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
• Support and protection
• Attachment of the skeletal muscles• Hematopoiesis – the formation of
blood cells
• Store house of minerals
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 9/26
Muscular System• Only one function – contract
• Movement occurs when muscles contract
• Three types of muscle tissue– Skeletal muscles - movement
– Cardial muscles - heart contraction
– Smooth muscles – intestines, internal organs
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 10/26
Nervous System• Fast-acting control system• Consists of the brain, spinal
cord, nerves, and sensoryreceptors.• The body must be able to
respond to stimuli.• The Central Nervous system
assesses the informationreceived and responds.
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 11/26
Endocrine System• Slow acting control system of thebody.
• Produces and releases hormones intothe blood.
• Includes pituitary, thyroid, adrenals,
thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries,testes, and parathyroid glands.
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 12/26
Cardiovascular System• Made up of the heart and bloodvessels.
• Blood is the transporting fluid• Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones,and other substances to and fromthe cells where waste is exchanged
and removed.
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 13/26
Lymphatic System• Closely related to the cardiovascular system.
• Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and
other organs like the spleen and tonsils.• Fluid leaks from the blood vessels and thissystem returns the fluid back to thecirculatory system.
• Lymph nodes help cleanse the blood andhouse the cells involved in immunity.
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 14/26
Respiratory System• Keep the body constantly suppliedwith oxygen and remove carbondioxide.
• Includes nasal passages, pharynx,larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
• Lungs have tiny air sacs in which gas
exchange occurs
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 15/26
Digestive System• Tube within a tube system running fromthe mouth to the anus.
• Includes the oral cavity (mouth),
esophagus, stomach, small and largeintestines, and the rectum.
• Break down food into usablemacromolecules.
• Large intestines job is to reclaim water.
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 16/26
Urinary System• The body produces waste which must beremoved.
• Nitrogenous wastes (urea and uric acid)
must be removed.• Sometimes called the excretory system• Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
urethra.• Maintains body’s water and salt balance
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 17/26
Reproductive System• Produce offspring
• Sperm produced by testes
• Eggs produced by ovaries• Fertilization occurs when sperm is
deposited into the female by the
penis.
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 18/26
HOMEOSTASIS• The key to understanding the interactionsof the body systems as well as disease andwellness is understanding homeostasis.
• Homeostasis is the body’s ability tomaintain relatively stable internalconditions even though the outside world
is continuously changing.
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 19/26
The Language of
Anatomy• To accurately describe body parts andposition we have to have a reference pointthat is accepted universally. This is
helpful when the coroner finds a body andmust describe the body.• Anatomical position – The assumption that
the body is erect with the feet parallel
and the arms hanging at the sides with thepalms facing forward.
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 20/26
Directional Terms (pg. 12)Superior/cranial/cephalad Toward the head or upper part of thebody or structure; above
Inferior (caudal) Away from the head end or toward thelower part of a body or structure;below
Anterior (ventral) Toward the front of the body (belly)
Posterior (dorsal) Toward the back of the body; behind
Medial Toward or at the midline of the body;on the inner side of
Lateral Away from the midline of the body; onthe outer side of
Intermediate Between a medial and lateral structure
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 21/26
Directional Terms (pg. 12)Proximal Close to the origin of the body part orthe point of attachment of a limb tothe body trunk
Distal Farther from the origin of a body part
or the point of attachment of a lumb tothe body truck
Superficial Toward or at the body surface
Deep Away from the body surface; more
internal
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 22/26
Anterior Body Landmarks(pg. 13)
Abdominal Anterior body trunk inferior to theribs
Antecubital Anterior surface of the elbow
Axillary Armpit
Brachial Arm
Buccal Cheek area
Carpal Wrist
Cervical Neck region
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 23/26
Anterior Body Landmarks(pg 13)
Digital Fingers and toes
Femoral Thigh
Inguinal Area where thigh meets the trunk
Nasal Nose area
Oral Mouth
Orbital Eye area
Patellar Anterior knee
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 24/26
Anterior Body Landmarks
(pg 13)Peroneal Lateral part of the leg
Pubic Genital region
Sternal Breasbone area
Tarsal Ankle region
Thoracic Chest
Umbilical Navel
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 25/26
Posterior Body Landmarks
(pg 13)Cephalic Head
Deltoid Curve of the shoulder
Gluteal Butt
Lumbar Lower back
Occipital Posterior surface of the head
Popliteal Posterior knee area
Scapular Shoulder blade region
Sural The area of the calf muscle
Vertebral Area of the spine
8/3/2019 Ass Anaphy2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ass-anaphy2 26/26
Body Planes (pg 14)• Body planes and sections can be used to
describe either the entire body or any partof the body such as an organ.
• There are several ways to “cut” body. – Sagittal section – cut down the middle to create
left and right sides. (aka midsagittal or mediansection if the cut makes equal sides)
– Frontal or coronal section – a cut that dividesthe body into anterior and posterior sides.– Transverse or cross sections – A cut is made
along the horizontal plane dividing the body intosuperior and inferior parts.