ASPECTS OF CONNECTED SPEECH.pptx

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    PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

    ASPECTS OF CONNECTEDSPEECH

    Pramod l Suraya l Laily l Hafizah l Syafiqa

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    RYTHM

    Rhythm - The notion of rhythm involves somenoticeable event happening at regularintervals of time.

    English speech rhythmical. Rhythm is detectable in the regular

    occurrence of stressed syllables.

    The theory that English has stress- timedrhythm implies that stress syllables will tendto occur at relatively regular intervals.

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    It is whether they are separated by unstressed

    syllables or not, it would not be the case in

    mechanical speech.

    Example:

    1 2 3 4 5

    Walk down the path to the end of the canal

    The stress-timed rhythm theory states that the

    times from each stresses syllable to the next

    will tend to be the same

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    Rhythmical structure diagram

    s w

    twen ty

    S = strong

    W = weak

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    s w

    pla ces

    S = strong

    W = weak

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    twenty places

    w s

    s w s wtwen ty pla ces

    : consider the phrase twenty places whereplaces normally carries strong stress thantwenty. (rhythmically stronger)

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    If we look at this phrase in the context of

    longer phrase twenty places further back,

    and build up the further back part in similar

    way, we would end up with more elaborate

    structure

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    w s

    w s w s

    S w s w s w s

    Twen ty pla ces fur ther back

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    The strength of the syllable can be measured

    by counting up the number of s symbol

    occurs on it.

    s s s s

    s s s

    s

    ------------------------------------------------twen ty pla ces fur ther back

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    The grid above may be correct for very low

    speech.

    Many English speakers feel that even though

    in twenty places the right hand foot is the

    stronger, the word twenty is stronger than

    places in twenty places further back when

    spoken in conversational style.

    This is because English speech tends towards a

    regular alternation between stronger and

    weaker.

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    Example:

    Compact (adjective) : kmpkt

    compact disk (noun) : kmpktdsk

    stresses are altered according to context.

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    ASSIMILATION

    The different realization of a phoneme as a resultof being near some other phoneme belonging toa neighbouring word.

    Every consonant and every vowel is affected byits neighbouring consonants and vowels. Thisadaptation of segments to each other issometimes referred to as assimilation.

    Assimilation is something which varies in extentaccording to speaking rate and style; it is morelikely to be found in rapid, casual speech and lesslikely in slow, careful speech.

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    Example:

    consider a case where two words are combined, the

    first of which ends with a final consonant (which wewill call Cf) and second of which starts with a single

    initial consonant (which we will call Ci); we can

    construct a diagram like this:

    If Cfchanges to become like Ci in some way, theassimilation is called regresive (the phoneme that

    comes first is affected by the one that comes after

    it); if Cichanges to become like Cf in some way, the

    assimilation is called progressive.

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    Main Differences Between

    Consonants

    i) differences in place of articulation

    ii) differences in manner of articulation

    iii) differences in voicing.

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    Assimilation of Places

    Assimilation of places is most clearly

    observable in some cases where a final

    consonant (C

    f

    ) with alveolar place ofarticulation is followed by an initial consonant

    (Ci) with a place of articulation that

    is not alveolar.

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    Example:

    the final consonant in that t is alveolar t.

    In rapid, casual speech the t will

    become pbefore bilabial consonant, as in:

    that person p psn Before a dental consonant, t will change to a

    dental plosive, for which the symbol is t, as in:

    that thing t ; get those etz

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    However, the same is not true of the other

    alveolar consonants: s and z behave

    differently, the only noticeable change being

    that s becomes, and z becomes, when

    followed byor j, as in: this shoe u;

    those years jz.

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    Assimilation of Manner

    Assimilation of manner is much less noticeable,and is only found in the most rapid and casualspeech; generally speaking, the tendency is againfor regressive assimilation and the change in the

    manner is most likely to be towards an easierconsonantone which makes less obstruction tothe airflow.

    It is thus possible to find cases where a final

    plosive becomes a fricative or nasal (e.g. thatside s sad, good night nnat), but mostunlikely that a final fricative or nasal wouldbecome a plosive.

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    In one particular case we find progressive

    assimilation of manner, when a word-initial follows a plosive or nasal at the end of

    a preceding word: it is very common to find

    that the Ci becomes identical in manner to the

    Cf but with dental place of articulation.

    For example:

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    Assimilation of Voice

    Assimilation of voice is also found, but again

    only in a limited way. Only regressive

    assimilation of voice is found across word

    boundaries, and then only of one type.

    If Cf is a lenis (i.e. voiced) consonant and

    Ci is fortis (i.e. voiceless) we often find that

    the lenis consonant has no voicing; this is nota very noticeable case of assimilation.

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    When Cf is fortis (voiceless) and Ci lenis

    (voiced), a context in which many languagesCf would become voiced, assimilation ofvoice nevertakes place.

    example: I like that black dog alakt blk d. It is

    typical of many foreign learners of English toallow regressive assimilation of voicing to

    change the final k of like to g , the final t ofthat to d and the final k of black to g.

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    The nature of elision may be stated quitesimply: under circumstances sounds disappear.

    In certain circumstances a phoneme may be

    realized as zero, or have zero realization or be

    deleted.

    Elision is the omission of certain sounds in

    certain contexts.

    Elision is typical of rapid, casual speech. When native speakers speak, quite number of

    phonemes that the foreigner might expect to

    hear are not actually pronounced.

    ELISION

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    Loss of weak vowel after p,t,k

    In words like potato, tomato, perhaps,

    today, the vowel in the first syllable may

    dissappear. The aspiration of the initial plosive takes up

    the whole of the middle portion of the

    syllable.

    /pte.t/ , /tm.t/ , /phps/ , /tde/

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    Weak vowel + n, l, r become syllabic

    consonant

    tonight (tnat)

    police (plis)

    correct (krekt)

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    Avoidance of complex consonants clusters

    No normal English speaker would everpronounce all the consonants between the last

    two words of the following

    George the Sixths Throne /dd skss rn/

    Something like sksrnor sksrnis more

    likely pronounced for the last two words

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    In clusters of three plosives or twoplosives plus a fricative, the middle

    plossive may dissappear, so that the

    following pronunciation results:

    acts /ks/

    lookedback /lkbk/scripts/skrps/

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    Loss of final v in of before consonants,

    for example:

    Lots of them /lts m/ Waste of money/west mni/

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    It is difficult to know whether contractions of

    grammatical words should be regarded as

    examples of elision or not. The best known

    cases are:

    had, would: spelt d, pronounced d (after

    vowels), d(after consonants)is, has: spelt s, pronounces s (after fortis

    consonants), z (after lenis consonants)

    will: spelt ll

    have: spelt ve,pronounced v (after vowels),

    v(after consonants)

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    LINKING r

    The most familiar case is the use of linking

    'r' : the phoneme rdoes not occur in syllable-

    final position in the BBC accent but when the

    spelling of a word suggests a final r and aword beginning with a vowel follows, the

    usual pronunciation is to pronuounce with r.

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    Intrusive 'r'

    It is a sound inserted between two vowels

    where no '-r-' is written.

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    THE END