Asian Paths to AutonomyChapter 36 Section 1

India’s Quest for a Homeland

Source of Nationalism in India• Indian National

Congress (1885)• Initial support from both

Hindus and Muslims• British encouraged

development of Muslim League (1906)

• Woodrow Wilson’s self determination

• Lenin’s anti-imperialist views

• Mohandas Gandhi

3

Ghandi’s Passive Resistance• Ahimsa: non-

violence• Satyagraha: passive

resistance (“truth and firmness”)

• Non-cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)

• Boycott of British Institutions

• Armritsar Massacre (1919)

4

The Government of India Act (1937)• Creation of autonomous

legislature▫600 nominally sovereign

princes refuse to cooperate• Muslim fears of Hindu

dominance▫Traditional economic

divide▫Especially severe with

Great Depression• Muhammad Ali Jinnah

(1876-1948) proposes partition, creation of the State of Pakistan

5

The Republic of China• Revolution in 1911

forces Emperor Puyi to abdicate

• Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) proclaims Republic of China in 1912

• Political anarchy follows

• Independent warlord exercise local control

Sun Yat-sen

•Revolutionary leader

•Founder of Kuamintang (KMT)

•Uniting figure in post-imperial China

•Formed fragile alliance with communists

Sources of Chinese Nationalism

•Anti-imperialist sentiments from the 19th century

•May Fourth Movement•Anti-Japanese feelings•Guomindang – Nationalist People’s Party•Chinese Communist Party founded in

Shanghai (1921)▫Leader: Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

Chinese Civil WarJiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)

Mao Zedong

1927-1936

Imperialist Japan

• Japan signs treaties under League of Nations to limit imperialist activity, 1922-1928

• Political chaos in interwar Japan, assassinations

• Militarist, imperialist circles advocate greater assertion of Japanese power in the region

• China a soft target• Mukden Incident (1931)

Comparing India and ChinaIndia China

• Nonviolent movement for home rule

• Anti-imperialist (British)• Independence leads to

internal conflict between Muslims and Hindus

• India Act • Partition of India and

Pakistan after independence

• Armed conflicts• Anti-imperial (Manchu,

Japanese, Europeans)• Internal conflicts due to

warlords, communists and nationalists

• Civil War – communist win