ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES Vol 34

8/10/2019 ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES Vol 34

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MASHIDALAXJIN NOXJASZAN,BURASZAN ADALDUNDA LUS QINHAINI MONGGHULNI ZHOPEN

FADINGMEMORIES,FADEDLIVESMONGGHUL(TU)PHOTOGRAPHSFROM

QINGHAI,CHINA

by

LIMUSISHIDEN,JUGUI,KELLYARD,

AND CKSTUART


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ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES (AHP) is a trans-disciplinary journalfocused on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions, including theSoutheast Asian Massif, i!alayan Massif, the "#tended "astern i!alayas,the Mongolian Plateau, and other contiguous areas$

A%& 'P*+++$lulu$co!asianhp ./0."*+++$plateauculture$org

asian-highlands-perspecties "-MA0/* ahpjournalg!ail$co!0SS. (print)* 1345-6671 (electronic)* 1825-9428 /0:%A% ; '.>3877259 'A// .=M:"%* &S1$A7648 S=:?"'TS*=plands-Asia-Periodicals Tibet, Plateau of-Periodicals

"&0T%0A/ :A%&* Andre+ S!ith, Ari@ona State =niersity :arbara :ro+er,Portland State =niersity :ianca orle!ann, u!boldt =niersity :ill:leisch, 'hina "#ploration %esearch Society 'harlene MaBley, %eed'ollege &aniel :erounsBC, 'harles =niersity &aniel Miller, =S A0& "!ily

eh, =niersity of 'olorado ;ernanda Pirie, =niersity of #ford 17$ ;adingMe!ories, ;aded /ies* Mongghul (Tu) Photographs fro! Jinghai 'hina$Asian Highlands Perspectives47$


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CONTENTS

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ACKNOLEDGEMENTS

He thanB Ti!othy Thurston, %in chen rdo rje,


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PREFACES


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MUXIGU UGO

/i!usishiden

e nige jang #liu huuin @hopenni ?ugui da budaghula neHuu@inni o!ajaa, ?angja, uarin, Tughuan, Pudang,Shdangja, /ughuari, Shgeayili ne ayilidihangsa so!eoyiilasoBiji rsanna$ SoBigu sghuudini ali @hopennida Bunni nira, alisghuudi @holaja, Ben @holaji ghuja, yan deel !usija, te Bunni

yiibii@i ya!ahgii adaligi laja ne yiiguani jiuri r+a$ .ijeeri @hopen

hudu shde+a nda turagunsa !u#i darang haran Bidi fansa !u#i@holaja$ .iuduri !alang ne sanba deelni Mongghul ghajarishdi!usilidin gua$

e Bile!a bura#ja jida bu !ulani sghuudi Mongghulhgi a!ahgiigu@ai !usina, a!ahgii adali lana, ne yiiguani ne pujiura digiisan tigiihanayiilidi Bileji ghua shdaguna$ ?i#eerilaji Bilesa ne dide Bunhuangsala yan idaji jiula +arisan shdarighana Bualagu turang@i#inchai a+u funisani darang shduguhgi guaiji Ha@ari #ji huuchaini

@angda yii sga+a rjelas@anni @uu!a funiguni !iinliu@i shdaguniniBii !usisanni ne yiiguala yiiguani te sghuudigu Mongghulni lasanadali+a$ .iuduri !alang ughua buragha#ja$ .e pujiu nansa huinahanayiilidi, hgengii ne jinani Mongghulhgidi yiiguani sghangi liuBi#+aBiji sgilisa hudungi baisiniQ

;an sarada nasina, ne pujiuragu !u#igu ugoni jiurigusghuudini bu, /i!usishiden Buja tijin Bidi nesilaja, !uBa tayin lina$

.eragu @hopenhgini bu yiiguani nda Bilesa tada+a darang s@aliu+a$A!aga gisa nda jiu ne pujiuragu @hopenhgini sghuudi aa!a turaja,jiu te sghuudigu adalini bu da+aji rsanna$ iiguala puja jida hgengiinininba$ .e @hopenhgini nige rjesa jiu !asi@aguni !uula gharighadini$.e pujiuni jiuridigu bu jina !uulanii yang nigeni shge lisiganiburagha shdaja, sgilisada nigiiji beesini$ A!aga gisa ne yiiguala !unisgilidi gaanghula da+a#ja$ .in jinanihgidina nigiiji lisigangi +arishdasa sgilisa #jiribughula da+a#ja$ A!aga gisa aaba aa!ahgi jiu

tigii Buungi turaja, sgili jiu tigiinga$Muni aaba, /i!u@hun!aa Bilena gan !ulani sghuudi

Mongghul Bunhgi !usisan deelhgini ara Mongghulni deella

.


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slidanni, huina dii jangna jangna Tii+arini deeldi fura#ja gina$ .enige a!a ugola Bilesa budahgini #jiu ne ara Mongghulla hansitada+a$ .iuduri !alang ne &unguuni Shgeayilidihang dide Bunhgi!usisan shduri deelhgini rjesa darang ara Mongghulni log yiina$ .epujiuragu @hopenra ahangi deel, !aligha, haihgini darang +arisanjiuhgini s@aliudiji jiuri+a$ &an nehgi yiijin fura#ja, ara Mongghulnilog yiiguni yi#i rjeji gharigha adani$ A!as@ada huinagu Bunhgi nansahuina ne gu@aini suriji ya!a yanglasa gaan @uyungi yiina$

.e pujiuni jiuridilani ne Fein Stuart bagha#i hudu Bujigharigha+a, ganni hgali gigu faarida gua$


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MONGGHUL PHOTOGRAPHS

/i!usishiden

he u@hu 'ounty goern!ent +ebsite1 reported in 2>14 thatthe countyEs population +as 46>,57> (!ale R 184,463, fe!aleR 166,192)$ The non-an population +as reported to nu!ber81,894, or appro#i!ately t+enty-fie percent of the total$ The!inority populations included Tu (92,675), Tibetan (22,>12),

ui (9,888) and others (each less than 15>)$ JinghaiEs total Tupopulation +as reported as 2>7,714$2

He hae introduced the Mongghul in considerable detail inthe conte#t of the larger Tu population (including the Monguor,Mangghuer, Hutun people, and others) (a et al$ 2>14, /i!usishidenet al$ 2>14, /i!usishiden and Stuart 2>11) in 'hina, and +ill notrepeat that here$ :riefly* the Mongghul are deeply influenced byTibetan :uddhis! and speaB dialects that hae !any si!ilarities tothe Mongolian language$

The earliest i!ages of the Mongghul +ere taBen by ?anet and;redericB Hulsin during their e#pedition to north+est 'hina fro!1821 to 1825$4 The fe+ i!ages in the Hulsin collection are !ostlyportraits$ The ne#t i!ages of the Mongghul +ere taBen by Dhuangueben (18>8-1837), a Shanghai-based photographer +hoacco!panied the ninth Panchen /a!a (1334-1846) in todayEs JinghaiProince (Dhuang et al$ 2>>8)$ Dhuang isited the conte!poraryu@hu Mongghul area in about 1845, +here he !ade i!ages thatdepicted nu!erous aspects of daily life (including far!ing, building,do!estic tasBs)$ e also docu!ented Mongghul +o!enEs traditionaldress in great detail$ The !issionary and ethnographer, /ouis Schra!,also tooB photographs in the traditional Mongghul region in the early

1http*+++$hu@hu$go$cnuaihiI%ead.e+s$asp.e+s0&R14>, accessed16 March 2>14$2

http*+++$stats$go$cn+as7>gjtjjIdetail$jspsearch+ordR'&'1&6"5channelidR 9986recordR2, accessed 16 March 2>14$4See http*+++$a!a@on$co!'hinas-0nner-Asian-;rontier-Photographsdp>967118931 and archie at http*17>$276$185$1>colshort&isplay$cf!Start%o+R1, accessed 28 ?anuary 2>17$

T


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t+entieth century +hile on !issionary assign!ent in todayEs easternJinghai Proince (2>>9 U1857-1891V)$

The photos in this booB +ere taBen after 1878 and +ere taBenpri!arily by arious co!!ercial photographers in ining, /an@hou,:eijing, and /hasa$ A fe+ photos at the end of this booB depict!odern Mongghul and their clothing$ He gie infor!ation about thepeople in the photographs, including (+here possible) birth and, asappropriate, death dates photographer +here the photograph +astaBen and, brief biographical infor!ation$

A photo studio e#isted in Heiyuan To+n in 1859$ :eginning in1861, Hang %ongguo (b$ 1852) +orBed as a photographer in HeiyuanTo+n, +here 0 interie+ed hi! on 2> ?une 2>1>$ Hang is ui

('hinese Musli!) and +alBs uneenly, due to a hip joint beco!ingbadly infected in his youth$ is parents !oed to Heiyuan To+nfro! the Dibo area of Shandong Proince in 1853$ e neer returnedto Dibo$ is father +as assigned to +orB in the u@hu &epart!entStore$


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Songduo and 'aijiabu to+nships$ After taBing photos in a illage, hereturned to Heiyuan, deeloped the fil!, printed the photos, andthen returned to the illages to delier the photos to his custo!ers$

e said Mongghul eagerly +elco!ed an opportunity to bephotographed$ Hhen he isited a Mongghul illage, illagers asBed tohae their photo taBen$ This +as particularly true for +o!en, +horushed into their ho!es, opened their do+ry chests, chose their bestclothes, and !ade up nicely$ Photos +ere usually +ith fa!ily andfriends$ ;e+ people had a photo of only the!seles because ofpoerty$ The bacBdrop +as usually the !ain building if it +as in theho!e courtyard, the front gate of the ho!e, or green fields if it +as insu!!er$

;ro! 1861 to 1835, Hang and his +orB!ates tooB graduationphotos of students and teachers at schools, and in !any goern!entunits$ Hang gae this account of his photography in u@hu*

Mongghul like photos of themselves because their clothes are so

colorful and beautiful. Mongghul clothes are the most beautiful

among China's fifty-six nationalities. During such festivals as the

Fifteenth Day of the First Lunar Month and the econd Day of the

econd Lunar Month in !eiyuan "o#n$ many Mongghul carriedtheir heavy robes on their backs or on horseback from Mongghul

areas. %nce they reached Laoye "emple&in Dasilu illage in the

eastern outskirts of !eiyuan "o#n$ they rested$ put on their

robes$ and made up. "hey then directly came to our photo studio

for photos before they moved on to en(oy the festival.

Chinese put on Mongghul costumes that ) had in my

photo studio if they sa# Mongghul taking photos in their colorful

clothing. Many tourists from outside *u+hu come to my photo

studio to dress in Mongghul clothes and have their photos taken.,efore /0$ the price of a 1.2& x 3.41 cm photo #as

four jiao$2six jiaoif it #as 3.2 x 2.1 cm$ eight jiaoif it #as 2.2 x

7/aoye Te!ple is a +ood, three-story structure located in the center of&asilu Gillage$ 0 +as unable to establish +hen it +as originally built$ All&asilu Gillage residents +ere classified as an in 2>1>$ /ocals said thatillage residents and residents of nearby areas +ho built the te!ple +ere

once Mongghul$ /ater, +hen 'hinese !igrated to Heiyuan To+n, theysettled around the te!ple and Mongghul retreated to the northern part ofu@hu$ After 'hinese people arried, they built a dru!-to+er in todayEsHeiyuan To+nEs center in 1927 (told to !e by !y father, /i!u@hun!aa)$5Ten"iaeuals one !uan$


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/.& cm$ and .1 5M, for a 1 x / cm photo. ) used the eagull

10 and 32 cameras. ,oth #ere made in hanghai. ,ackdrops

included the ummer 6alace and "iananmen 7uare in ,ei(ing8

9an(ing Chang(iang 5iver ,ridge8 4 !est Lake in *ang+hou$

:he(iang 6rovince8 and !anshou Mountain.;

Hang had fe+ negaties of historical photos$ Hhat he hadBept had been taBen by goern!ent units such as the u@hu 'ountyArchies, &ata ffice, and rgani@ation :ureau$ ther negaties +erelost +hen the photo studio !oed in about 1895 or later, +hen theinterior of the studio +as redecorated$

0n 1832, a second, priately-o+ned photo studio - the &ru!To+er Photo Studio - opened in the southern outsBirts of Heiyuan

To+n$ 0t +as run by a !an fro! >2 because of a lacB of custo!ers$ Many Mongghul+ere photographed in this studio$

Mongghul traditionally glued their fa!ily photos on roughpaper in the order of generations, i$e$, the older generation(grandparents or parents) on the top, follo+ed by succeedinggenerations$ The photos glued on paper +ere then put bet+een t+o

pieces of glass, the edges fi#ed in a +ooden fra!e, and then attachedto a +all of the !ain roo!, !aBing it easy for fa!ily !e!bers andisitors to ie+ and enjoy the photos$ 0n 2>1>, !ost fa!ilies had onephoto fra!e - so!e had t+o or three$ The latter +as particularly trueif a fa!ily had a !e!ber +ith a goern!ent job because such peoplehae !ore opportunities to hae their photos taBen$ After 188>,!odern photo albu!s +ere readily aailable in shops and so!efa!ilies began putting photos in such albu!s$ ther fa!ilies put

photos bet+een the pages of booBs$ After 2>>>, Mongghulincreasingly replaced their traditional old +ooden and adobe houses+ith !odern-style bricB and concrete ones$ Traditional photo boards+ere then rarely seen$ Seeral reasons e#plain this$ 0t is !uch easierto use nails to affi# photo boards to +alls in traditional +ood andadobe houses than it is to +alls in !odern ho!es, there is a sensethat fi#ing photo boards on +alls is EoutdatedE, and !ost adults hae a

!obile phone that !aBes it easy to use to taBe and Beep photos$

9'onstruction began in 189> and finished in 1893$6A fa!ous hill in :eijing$


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After a personEs death, Mongghul often cut their figure fro! aphoto, belieing that it +as bad lucB to hae a photo of the deceasedin the ho!e$ Many Mongghul secretly burned their photos inside astoe in the ho!e +hen they +ere old because they belieed that theirlingering photos +ould sadden suriing fa!ily !e!bers$ Si!ilarly,!ost old people did not +ant their photos taBen$

&r$ 'F Stuart sho+ed !e t+o or three old Tibetan photos inhis ho!e in ining 'ity in about 2>>9, and encouraged !e to +orBon a collection of photos fro! u@hu that +ould docu!entMongghul life in the t+entieth century$ 0 scanned photos !ostly in!y relatiesE and friendsE ho!es because it +as easy to gainper!ission to do so$ ;or non-relaties, such per!ission is hard to

obtain because there is concern the photos +ill be lost or ill-used$ At!y relatiesE ho!es, 0 asBed for photos fro! their neighbors, clan!e!bers, and other illagers, first e#plaining +hy 0 +anted to scanthe photos and the purpose of this project$ After scanning thephotographs, 0 asBed the! to put the! bacB in their photo fra!eagain$ This lessened their concern that their photos +ould be lost orda!aged$ 0 also pro!ised to gie the! copies of their photos afterthey had been edited$

The original condition of these photos can be seen in, fore#a!ple, photos nu!bered 1>, 42, and 39, +hich +ere beyond ourability to restore$


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PUBLICINTELLECTUALS,

TECHNOLOGY,ANDPHOTOGRAPHS

ASARCHIVE

Ti!othy Thurston (hio State =niersity)

he aailability of digital ca!eras and social !edia in thet+enty-first century !aBes photographs a ubiuitous featureof daily life for !any$ Hhile the phrase WA picture is +orth athousand +ordsW is hacBneyed, photographs can jog the!e!ory, often leading to long re!iniscences that see! toproe the adage right$ n so!e occasions, a photograph !ay

proide insight into the uniue cultural +orld of a particular !o!ent$At still other ti!es, the photograph, as part of an archie, can proidedirect, isual insight into the !aterial culture and lied e#periences ofcertain periods$ 0 discuss the alue of the photographic archie, in theconte#t of this booB, as insight into the lies of people oer a period of

great social and cultural upheaal, as a teaching tool, proiding arecord of technological changes in +estern 'hina, the role of theauthor as an organic intellectual, and the +orB of such intellectuals int+enty-first century grassroots cultural preseration$

The ethnography on the Tu - the official, u!brella ter! forthe group to +hich the Mongghul of u@hu belong - has tendedto+ards the study of eents* particularly of !arriage and festial$This is perhaps because they proide easily obserable and fi#edpoints in the lies of co!!unities, and are thus !ore easily studiedin short bursts of ti!e by EoutsidersE$ Hith the Tu in particular, the.adun harest festial has receied considerable attention in the field(Hen 2>1>, %oche 2>11, Dhu and Stuart 1889)$ Such restrictions donot, ho+eer, apply to natie ethnographers liBe /i, +ho hae +orBedoer the years, adding breadth and depth to Tu studies$ 0nconjunction +ith scholars such as 'F Stuart, /i has proided in-

depth, detailed, and intuitie research on the ebbs and flo+s ofMongghul daily life based on the sort of long-ter! engage!ent +ithlocal co!!unities not seen since the +orB of /ouis Schra!, the

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;le!ish !issionary +ho lied in the area bet+een 1811 and 1822(2>>9 U1857-1891V)$

This booB begins +ith a brief discussion of the deelop!ent ofco!!ercial photography in the u@hu area, as +ell as the socialplace of photographs +ithin traditional socio-religious cultures, fore#a!ple, the burning of i!ages of deceased friends or relaties infear that they !ight return to negatiely influence the liing$Photographs are then proided that docu!ent ho+ photographs aredisplayed +ithin the ho!e$ This is freuently in large, collage-liBefra!es$ This presentation is then follo+ed by indiidual photographs+ith co!!entary describing the +hen and +here of their production,and the people in each i!age$ :iographic detail includes ethnicity,

language abilities, fa!ily ties, educational bacBground, garb, and (atti!es) !edical history$

This is yet another of /iEs innoatie +orBs$ is earlierpublications include his participation in a first-of-its-Bind, natie-language folBtale collection (?ugui et al$ 2>12) +ith e#tensie notesproiding !etadata, including the taleEs perfor!ance conte#t and!ultiple ersions of the sa!e tale, rather than condensing the! intoa single ideal te#t$ Hith his +ife, ?ugui (/i!usishiden and ?ugui2>11), he has created an ethnographic noel detailing seeralgenerations of her fa!ilyEs history, as +ell as another studydiscussing a host of topics ranging fro! !aterial culture to joBelore(/i!usishiden and Stuart 2>11)$

This !ost recent addition to /i!usishidenEs burgeoningcorpus is an e#cellent e#a!ple of the +orB and role of ethnic !inorityorganic intellectuals in t+enty-first century 'hina$


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on so!e+hat dubious class distinctions$ This tendency to understandpeople as EorganicallyE belonging to a single ethnic group, and topriilege that distinction aboe all others is e#tre!ely i!portant$ 0t isfair to suggest that /i!usishidenEs body of +orB seeBs to direct theideas of his ethnic group to issues of cultural preseration in +aysthat are less-freuently protected in 'hinaEs e#tensie intangiblecultural heritage projects, including language preseration(/i!usishiden and &ede 2>12), and preseration of the !ost basic!aterial cultural practices, !any of +hich are di!ly understood X ifat all X by the youngest generations$

0n the present olu!e, &r$ /i focuses on photographs as aisual record of the unprecedented technological, social, and political

changes the Mongghul hae e#perienced oer the past fifty years$ 0tdoes not clai! to present the earliest photographs fro! the u@huMongghul area$ The +orBs of Dhuang ueben (Dhuang et al$ 2>>8)!ost liBely taBe that honor$ &r$ /iEs diligence in docu!enting,collecting, and studying the incipient !o!ent of public photographicconsu!ption proides uniue insight into the lied e#perience oftechnological change in the post-/iberation period$ 'losee#a!ination of the portraits and acco!panying captions reealse#traordinary eolution in clothing, education, and festiale#periences$ The latest and !ost recent pictures - seeral are fro!personally o+ned digital ca!eras - are poignant te#ti!ony totechnological adances$

As if it +as not enough !erely to present such i!ages, this+orB artfully and co!pellingly blurs the lines bet+een seeralestablished acade!ic (and less-than-acade!ic) genres including

ethnography, coffee table booB, and historical record, placing theisual record at the center of analysis$ A!ong Hesternanthropologists, photographs are !ore freuently supple!ent ordetail, rather than the focus of study$ They are also used to argue ascholarEs stance on certain pheno!ena$ ;or e#a!ple, ScheinEs +riting(1888) on the !odern life of ethnic !inorities in Southeast 'hinauses the photograph as a !ere artifact illustrating her points about!odernity$ Mean+hile, photographs, in their interaction +ithcultural nor!s and religious ideas, are also a treasure of great aluein local co!!unities$


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The photographs Schein describes seeing in the ho!es of herinfor!ants, photographs that feature biBini-clad +o!en, are read assy!boli@ing !odernity in distinctly Hestern ter!s$ 0n contrast,:ro+nEs suggestion that indigenous cultures - proble!atic as thatter! !ay be +hen used in relation to 'hina

like their !estern counterparts$ have al#ays been interested in

the possibilities of ne# technology and have never deliberately

appropriated it #ithout considering its impact on customary

culture ;/=.

0ndeed, this booB sho+s that local ethnic !inority groups also haefound +ays to so!eti!es incorporate the ne+ technology ofphotography into their uniue traditional religio-cultural +orldie+sand proides !ore than one hundred i!ages to illustrate preciselythis point$ The portraits sho+ people in their best finery, and +iththeir friends$ They are gli!pses into !o!ents of rest and rela#ation,+hile the captions proide insight into the labor that characteri@edthe life bet+een these fossili@ed !o!ents of respite$

#ngghul Phtgraphs also has great alue as a !odel and

teaching tool - a isual aid and supple!ent to teach people abouttheir o+n cultures$ The isual !aterial can also sti!ulate intenseconersations about social changes as a fa!ilyEs collection is sho+nfro! oldest to ne+est photograph$ 0t is an inspiring !odel$ ;ore#a!ple, +hile reading an earlier copy of this booB, 0 sho+ed it to anelderly Jinghai natie$ e +as interested enough that he brought outseeral of his fa!ilyEs oldest i!ages and talBed to !e about the!$ ;orstudents planning to engage in natie ethnography, this booB is aninspiration for a ne+ style of +orB that can greatly enhance ourunderstanding of the e#periences of co!!unities in 'hina in thepost-/iberation period$


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PHOTOGRAPHS,POER,AND

CULTURALRESILIENCYIN

THEETERNALPRESENT

%in chen rdo rje (=niersity of Girginia)

hotographs are i!bued +ith !ultiple !eanings that aree!bedded in localsE present life and past e#perience$ This isespecially the case for indigenous populations +here illiteracyoften priileges i!!ediate for!s of culture, such asphotographs, as opposed to abstract cultural alues$ 0n thisregard, photographs effectiely co!!unicate local !e!ories

and local for!s of Bno+ledge$'o!fort in life, as e#pressed in the early t+enty-first century

by locals building ne+ ho!es, renoating old ho!es, furnishingho!es +ith ne+ furniture and !odern appliances, as purchasing!odern ehicles, is clearly !uch desired and sought after, often in an

intensely co!petitie conte#t$ At the sa!e ti!e, local Bno+ledge and!e!ories of the past are !ajor factors constituting distinct culturalidentity and help locals !aBe sense of their e#istence and the!seles$&r$ /i!usishiden tells us that the first photographers in his ho!earea +ere fro! outside the Mongghul area and conseuently, +e!ight conclude that outsider influence changed Mongghul life$.eertheless, such influence is al+ays !ultidi!ensional$ ;or localpeople, the photos Bept in their ho!es +ere a +ay of telling storiesand the lied aspects of their co!!unity interfacing +ith !odernity$The acts of taBing and Beeping photographs both directly andindirectly, facilitates re!e!bering and interpreting the past in a +aythat they can control through their o+nership$ Photographs, asre!inders and representations, suggest !eaningfulness and po+er inan unfa!iliar, eer-changing +orld$ After the !id-t+entieth century,haing a photo albu! or photo board +as also an indicator of status$

This collection of photos catalogues, to the e#tent possible,+hen the photograph +as taBen, the location, the subject of thephotograph, and the photographer$ This proides a isual record of

P


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'learly then, the cost of photographs !ade the! a lu#ury to ruralresidents$

/ocal +ealthy fa!ilies +ho traelled +idely often had a clocBand photos or a photo board hung on the +all in the !ain liing roo!of their ho!e$ The photos +ere obious indication that the fa!ily +as+ell off$ This +as co!!only understood$ Most fa!ilies had nophotos of anyone in the fa!ily$ The sa!e +as true for the Mongghularea$ &r$ /i!usishiden tells us that, in particular, those +ith photosof the!seles and their fa!ilies had goern!ent jobs and +ere thus+ell off$

My fa!ily did not hae a fa!ily photo until !y brotherbrought his then girlfriend (no+ his +ife of fifteen years), to !eet !y

parents in the fall of 1888$ ;or this occasion, !y fa!ily stopped theusual fa!ily chores X plo+ing and other far! +orB X and donnedne+ or clean clothes$ My future sister-in-la+ brought gifts to each of!y fa!ily !e!bers X clothes and large uantities of candies$

0 +ant to pause to co!!ent on candy, since at that ti!e thesocioecono!ic and cultural significance of candies to the localsparalleled that of photos$ Although currently, +e thinB of candies asso!ething to delight and re+ard children, at that ti!e, candies +eregenerally e#changed only bet+een adults and elderly people$ At theti!e of !y brotherEs girlfriendEs first isit, candies +ere fine gifts$ 3

/iBe candies, photos and photo-taBing +ere not taBen lightlyin the illages in the 188>s and earlier$ My future sister-in-la+brought a ca!era and tooB photos of each of us on our o+n, as +ell asgroup pictures$ This +as a high priority of her isit$ T+o or three days+ere deoted to fa!ily photo-taBing and !any illagers +ere

enious$ 0t +as one of the fe+ !ain topics of illage gossip for theyear$ My fa!ily relished seeing the!seles in the photos and Beptthe! as pleasant re!inders of the past$ Photo-taBing helpedstrengthened the bond bet+een !y fa!ily and !y brotherEsgirlfriend$ 0t +as an i!portant fa!ily eent, the !e!ory of +hich +econtinue to cherish$

0n 2>17, !y fifteen-year-old nephe+ uses an iPhone to taBephotos$ :oth his parents use s!art phones for the sa!e purpose$ The

3o+eer, +hen 0 +as a child, $la maand !onBs gae candies to deoteesX and in so!e areas, +ere still doing so in 2>17$


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t+o digital ca!eras his fa!ily o+ns are rarely used$ Selfies andfa!ily photos are taBen for granted, and shared ia phones andco!puters$ 0n the early t+enty-first century, photo boards and photoalbu!s are already seen as relics$

These anecdotes testify to the fast-paced changes to localcultures and lifestyles$ :efore the late 188>s, there +as, of course,change, but it proceeded at a slo+ pace$ Today, the pace is rapid$/ocals !anage the transitions +ith arying degrees of success$

The gulf bet+een acade!ia and the cultures they study isoften ery +ide and !erits co!!ent$ Most research is conducted onthe basis of acade!ic interest and alue X both to the acade!y in+hich and for +hich the research is for!ulated, and the indiiduals

doing the research$ Acade!ic practice thus calls into uestion theconcerns of the acade!ic co!!unity and ho+ +ell they reflect, align+ith, adocate for suit X or do not X local cultures$ This chas!bet+een the local and acade!ia !ay create a dialogue that does notproceed on eual ter!s$ He should not fall icti! to our perceiedand then i!posed i!ages of i!poerished, yet cheerful-looBing locals$'ultures can be oer-ro!antici@ed, +hich oerlooBs the struggles andsuccesses of their lies$ /ocal co!!unities desere !uch oerduecredit for their cultural resilience and their ability to creatielyincorporate technologies into traditional +ays$ 0t is these intricacies,triu!phs, and tragedies that are so inti!ately and po+erfullyco!!unicated in this picture booB by a local in the !idst of rapid,chaotic change$


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PHOTOGRAPHS


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# $%

P&'' b'*+ -. Y.&//0 &'123

The first photo +as taBen in anshuuEs (!y !otherEs cousin) ho!e,o!ajaa Gillage, &onggou To+nship, u@hu 'ounty by EPhags padon Egrub on 6 ctober 2>12$ The board +as fi#ed on a side +all ofthe !ain roo!$ Photo 2 +as on a table and leaning against the +all inthe !ain roo!$


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8

F-9y!T&*22 .+ D/*-:-;:-3

This photo +as taBen on the;ifteenth &ay of the ;irst /unarMonth in 1863 in the u@huPhoto Studio, Heiyuan To+nduring an annual loe song!eeting$ ;ifty-three (b$ 1857), a

far!er fro! Shgeayili Gillage,&onggou To+nship +ith a!iddle school education, hasfour children$ The +o!an is;ifty-threeEs illiterate +ife,&uriji#ji (b$ 1859)$ er parentsEho!e is in /i!ang Gillage, inthe sa!e to+nship as her

husbandEs ho!e$ She !arriedand !oed into ;ifty-threeEsillage +hen she +as eighteen$

0 first joined the ;ifteenth &ay of the ;irst /unar MonthMeeting in Heiyuan To+n in about 1866$ People cro+ded the streets$Many Mongghul ca!e fro! surrounding areas +earing colorfulMongghul clothing$Da%i8(&in&iang)1>EShaan#i-style folBsongsE, +ere

perfor!ed on a large stage in the to+nEs +estern outsBirts$ o+eer,fe+ people +atched the opera perfor!ances, preferring to paradebacB and forth on the streets a!ong the huge cro+d, or !aBe s!allpurchases$ 0t +as a !uch-anticipated opportunity for Mongghul todisplay their colorful, e!broidered clothing$ oung people tried to

8WDa%inarrate historical or legendary incidents, or ro!antic stories

inoling rich !aidens and talented scholars $$$W (;letcher 2>>1*499)$1>'in&iangis thought of hae originated during the Jin &ynasty (221-2>6:')$ 0t also Bno+n as Shaan#i pera and is considered to be one of theoldest for!s of 'hinese operas (uang 2>>8*259)$


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!eet their loers and elders ca!e to !eet their relaties$ So!e sat onthe ground drinBing liuor and singing loe songs$

:y 2>>8, this festial +as !uch di!inished$ ;e+er and fe+erpeople participated$ Today, it is rare to see Mongghul clothing, unlessthere is an officially organi@ed shehu(local 'hinese song and danceperfor!ances) or Mongghul an(hg Ecircle dance perfor!anceE$0nstead, the festial has beco!e a ti!e for shopping$

:efore 1878, there +as a platfor! in Heiyuan To+n that local'hinese called Turentai EMongghul platfor!E because u@hu areaMongghul gathered there for hua)er11 Eloe songE !eetings$ Manysongs +ere sung only in Mongghul$

0n this photo, &uriji#ji +ears a dalimg Eround-bri!!ed hatE

that is usually green or blue$ Plastic flo+ers are attached to the hat sothat they stand upright$ A to+el +as padded inside the hat to aoidinjuring the +earer, and to preent s+eat flo+ing do+n the face onhot su!!er days$ She +ears long siler earrings$ er go+n is a%suudeel edged +ith red, yello+, green, blue, and purple (fie-colored)long sleees$ A gugua(iEsleeeless short go+nE is +orn oer the%suu*A colorful rectangular piece of e!broidery called diudiuri EpocBetE isse+n on the right upper part of the gugua(i)s right upper part$ She+ears a &anda(i (decoration !ade +ith three or four suare-shapede!broidered sections) +hich hangs on her right thigh fro! the sash$

;ifty-three +ears a sheep-sBin robe featuring a cloth coer andedge decorated +ith dang(ihuaE+oolen clothE$

11/o+ry (2>11*84) describes hua)er*

;lo+er songs (hua)er), a type of folB song co!!on in north+estern'hina, are so!eti!es classified by 'hinese researchers as shan)ge(!ountain songs)$ ;lo+er songs are sung at local festials held inrural areas of


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=

F'*2-7. '/*- -. S&72y-6- V-6672 -. &2 #>?@3

&urijisishiden tooB this photo in Shgeayili Gillage in the 183>s +henforeign tourists began isiting Mongghul areas$


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?

Q-:-/, C&.71-.:--, .+ S*.73

This photo +as taBen in the+inter of 1835 in ;ifty-threeEs illage$ Thephotographer +as a !an+ith an official job inHeiyuan To+n$

The boy on the+o!anEs lap is ;ifty-threeEssecond son, Jijiu (b$ 1863),+ho +as ill at the ti!e$ Theillage purghan EdeityE had,through a spirit !ediu!,ordered ;ifty-threeEs fa!ilyto put a chain around JijiuEs

necB and locB it to protecthi! fro! illness$ The chain+as re!oed +hen he +asten and at an age +hen his parents thought he +as old and strongenough to +ithstand attacB fro! eils$ ;ifty-threeEs illagepurghan is/ong+ang E&ragon FingE$ There are three sedaned &ragon Fingpurghan in the illage te!ple - Hhite &ragon, ello+ &ragon, and

:lacB &ragon$ Many boys +ore locBed chains around their necBsyears ago, particularly first-born sons +ho are traditionally regardedas the !ost i!portant$ ;e+ boys +ore such chains in 2>>8$ Jijiuattended junior !iddle school, and then beca!e a illage far!er$

The +o!an is ;ifty-threeEs !other, 'hang!injii (184>-2>>9)$er parentsE ho!e and husbandEs ho!e are in the sa!e illage$ Theboy standing by 'hang!injii is ;ifty-threeEs older son, Srang (b$1869), +ho has +orBed in the .ational Ta# :ureau in u@hu since

graduating fro! .orth+est .ationalities =niersity in 1888$


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>9 U1857-1891V*276)!entioned*

?s ) al#ays observed$ the love of the grandparents for their

grandchildren holds the family united$ because only #hen the

grandparents love their children can the daughters-in-la#$ #ho

are so numerous in the family$ forgive each other's and the

grandparent's shortcomings and deficiencies. Love for the

children is the oil that makes the #heels of the Monguor family

turn smoothly. 9o Monguor can #ithstand the love displayed for

his children.


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>

S*.7 .+ F-9y!T&*223

This photo +as taBen insu!!er 1869 in theu@hu Photo Studio,Heiyuan To+n$ Srang (b$1859) on the left, is afar!er and fro! the

sa!e illage as ;ifty-three$ Srang receiedonly a pri!ary schooleducation$ e and ;ifty-three +ear Mongghul"apen(i Eshort sleeelessgo+n +ith a front

gar!entE, e!broideredMongghul sashes, and+ide trousers$ Srang+ears shoes +ith plasticsoles and green a!ps,called &iuhai Eautu!nshoesE$ ;ifty-three +ore shoes !ade of cloth and fla#$ At the ti!e thephoto +as taBen, cloth could be bought fro! local shops run by the

goern!ent in Heiyuan and to+nship seats$ Around 1853, onceshops +ere opened in to+nship seats, Mongghul +o!en beganse+ing $asi haiEcloth shoesE$

The e!broidered tobacco bags in the sashes reflect a ti!e+hen !any Mongghul !en s!oBed throughout the day$ +ning ane#cellent, prepared pipe +as i!portant for a !an$ Hhen t+o !en!et, they +ould sit together, and start to chat, e#change pipes and

tobacco bags, e#a!ine each otherEs pipes and tobacco bags, ands!oBe using their co!panionEs pipe$ A tobacco bag +as a !anEspersonal treasure, se+n by a sister, +ife, or loer$ The !iddle and


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lo+er sections +ere e!broidered and attached to the bagEs opening+ere one or t+o strings of coral, agate, Jing &ynasty copper coins,and a hooB used to clean the pipeEs brass bo+l$

Tobacco pipes +ere t+enty to thirty centi!eters in length andthe !outhpiece +as agate or co!!on stone$ Tobacco bo+ls +ereoften !ade of brass and the ste! +as sheep, yaB, or goat bone, as+ell as precious +ood$

Prior to 1853, there +ere no !atches or lighters in theMongghul area, conseuently, pipes +ere lit +ith flint and tinder$Men often Bept t+isted pieces of sesa!e stra+ inside their sashes$The stra+ +as re!oed, lit, and then snuffed out once they finisheds!oBing$

Tobacco for ho!e use +as locally gro+n in a s!all plot insideor outside the fa!ily courtyard$ Tobacco +as also bought in shops$

0n 2>>8, only so!e !en born before 1877 did not prefer!odern cigarettes, regardless of the uality or price$ 0nstead, theys!oBed local tobacco$ 0n the countryside, it +as also e#tre!ely rareto find e!broidered tobacco bags and pipes used by !en +ho +ereproud of the!$ ;or e#a!ple, in !y natal Tughuan Gillage, &an!aTo+n only ;ather and one of his uncles s!oBed using a pipe$ thers!oBers preferred cigarettes$


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#@

N.7b'7 .+ Q/.:--312

.angbog (1872-2>>>) +asfro! Pudang Gillage, &an!aTo+n, illiterate, and a far!er$e had four sons and fourdaughters, and +as !ypaternal grandfatherEs sisterEs

son$ is elder brother is a!onB in %gulang Monastery$14is younger brother +as giento another clanEs fa!ilybecause they had no son$.angbog died of a cerebralhe!orrhage in 2>>>$ The+o!an in this photo is his

illiterate +ife, Juanjii (b$1872)$

This photo +as taBenin 1894 in Heiyuan To+n at the u@hu State Photo Studio +hen theyattended the Second &ay of the Second /unar Month Meeting$JuanjiiEs parentsE ho!e is in the sa!e illage as her husbandEs ho!e$

Hhen 0 scanned this photo at her ho!e on 9 .oe!ber 2>>3,

Juanjii +as suffering fro! hypertension$ She lied +ith her first sonin her old ho!e$ er other three sons had !oed out to separateho!es$

JuanjiiEs hat is an aim(i Eear hatE or spen+a Efour piecesE$:oth !en and +o!en +ear this hat$ 0n 1894, at the ti!e the photo+as taBen, this hat +as a sign of +ealth$ 0t is round and decorated+ith yello+ or siler-+hite patterns$ 0ts lo+ bri! has four hanging

12This photo +as da!aged beyond restoration$14%gulang (ouningsi &gon lung dgon pa) is a historically i!portant!onastery located in Sitan Gillage, Hushi To+n, u@hu 'ounty$


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pieces long enough to coer the ears on cold days$ These four pieces!ay be folded and put inside the fur lined hat during +ar!er +eather$nly relatiely better-off fa!ilies could afford such a hat$ .angbogEshat is a,uniga malighaEfo# hatE$ SBillful Mongghul tailors !ade suchhats$ "arly on sno+y +inter !ornings, !en +ent to !ountains andhillsides to catch fo# because of the alue of fo# pelts, and alsobecause they considered it entertaining$ A fo#Es trail +as follo+ed toits burro+, +here the fo# +as suffocated +ith s!oBe fro! burningstra+ at the den opening$ :y 2>>8, +hen a fo#-sBin sold for about6>> %M:, fo# had al!ost disappeared in Mongghul areas$


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##

Q/.:-- .+ Q-;-&/3

0n this photo, Juanjii holds a bottle as Ji#ihua (1893-1885) addsstra+ to the fire$ They are distilling miinliu Elocal highland barleyliuorE in Ji#ihuaEs parentsE ho!e$

0n the su!!er of 1837, /i ?iuyan, a Mongghul reporter for'inghai Dail!, ca!e to Ji#ihuaEs parentsE ho!e and tooB this pictureto illustrate ho+ Mongghul !ade miinliuliuor$ Ji#ihua +as born in

Pudang Gillage$ Around 1885, after a dispute +ith her husband at hisho!e in %dangyan Gillage, Hushi To+n, she co!!itted suicide$

Mongghul !aBe liuor using both barley and +heat$ Ho!engenerally !aBe the liuor and often taste the first course of distilling$A Mongghul fa!ily, in the past, distilled three to four ti!es a year,and !ore freuently if there +ere such festiities as +eddings$

:y 2>>8, fe+ Mongghul households distilled liuor, other

than those in re!ote areas of Hushi To+n, Songduo andongya@igou to+nships, u@hu 'ounty and &ala MongghulTo+nship, /edu %egion$ The !ain purpose of distilling in 2>>8 +asto present it to guests and i!portant people as a special gift$


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#%

N.:*-+/*-:-, L1/+-.:-*-, .+ L-1-./*-3

This photo +as taBen in the u@hu State Photo Studio in the +interof 189> +hen /a!udinjiri +ent to Heiyuan To+n to pay the annualstate grain ta#$ /a!udinjiri tooB his t+o sons +ith hi!$ 0t +as theboysE first isit there$ The boy to the left is .anjariduriji (b$ 185>),fro! Shdangja Gillage, &an!a To+n$ At the age of eight, he +as sentto study in uarin

Pri!ary School ina neighbor illage$;our years laterafter graduating,he dropped outbecause of an eyeinfection$ estayed at ho!e for

si# years, far!ingand herding sheep$Then, fro! 1893-186>, he +orBed inthe u@hu :eishanE.orth MountainE;orest Mill,

located in todayEs?iading To+n,u@hu 'ounty$

0n 1861, he+as assigned to theu@hu ;ar!house;actory, HeiyuanTo+n and +orBed

there until 1868, +hen he returned to +orB in the u@hu :eishan;orest Mill as an official e!ployee$ &uring this ti!e he freuentlydranB liuor, had high blood pressure, and subseuently had a


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cerebral he!orrhage$ ;ortunately, he +as treated and recoered,though his speech +as slo+ and slurred$ e retired fro! the forest!ill in ?anuary 1883, and returned ho!e$ e no longer drinBs$instead, he piously Bo+to+s and burns incense at the illage te!ple$

The !an in the center is .anjaridurijiEs father, /a!udinjiri(1824-2>>4)$ The boy on the right is .anjaridurijiEs younger brother,/i!inBuari (1854-2>>4)$

/a!udinjiri +as initially reluctant to taBe his sons +ith hi! tobe photographed out of concern about the! !aBing the t+entyBilo!eter treB to the to+n$ o+eer, the t+o sons insisted and +erefinally allo+ed to sit on bags of grain loaded on a +ooden cart dra+nby a horse$ /a!udinjiri tooB the! to the u@hu State Photo Studio

for this photo$.anjariduriji and /i!inBuari +ear their shduri guudi Elong,

thicB +oolen gar!entE +ith sash$ Their caps are(h(h(idii maligha*-h(h(i suggests a cloth isor that !ay be easily gripped$ Gillagers+ere able to purchase such caps fro! state run shops$ After about188>, Mongghul !en increasingly disliBed +earing hats$

/a!udinjiri +ears a blacB (hanmgmaligha Efelt hatE, shortguudi, and a pair of +oolen pants +ith a loose crotch and baggy seat$The blacB felt hat +as +orn in the alii area, including &an!a,&onggou, Heiyuan, &ongshan, Tai@i, and Hufeng$ oung !en +ore+hite hats +hile older !en +ore blacB hats$ This type of hatdisappeared around the 183>s in the alii area$ At that ti!e, in;ulaan .ara (Hushi, ongya@igou, and Songduo to+nships, u@hu'ounty and the Shdara area, /edu %egion) !ost !en +ore +hite felthats - blacB felt hats +ere rare$ :y 2>>8, only a fe+ ery old !en in

the ;ulaan .araarea still +ore +hite felt hats$/a!udinjiri +as a fa!ous Mongghul singer$ At one ti!e, he

had a +hite beard, +hich e#plains the respectful na!e JighaanSghalidii Aadee EHhite :earded


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#4

N.:*-+/*-:-, R.;:-, .+ L1/+-.:-*-3

.anjariduriji standsbehind his parents inthis photograph, taBenin the +inter 1865, thatfeatures a laBe bacBdrop$is !other, %na#ji

(1829-1887), +as anilliterate far!er$ She+ears a Mongghul blacBdecorated felt hat, 17shduri guudi Elong,+ar! sheep +ool robeE,and !ang(idii haiEe!broidered and tassel-

tipped colorful shoesE$er parents +ere fro!Julang Gillage, &an!aTo+n$

.anjariduriji+ears a Sun atsen(Mao) suit$ After 186>, tailors began +orBing in the u@hu area$

'loth +as bought fro! state run shops and tailors +ere paid to !aBeSun atsen suits$%na#ji and her husband, /a!udinjiri, isited their son +ho

+as +orBing at the u@hu ;ar!house ;actory, Heiyuan To+n$.anjariduriji tooB his parents to the u@hu Photo Studio +here thisphoto +as taBen$

%na#ji died one night fro! an illness that !ade her unableto urinate$

17Mongghul +o!en often Bept se+ing needles inside their hats$


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#5

R.;:- &2* &'12 -. S&72y-6- V-6672 -. #>=@3

%na#ji (b$ 1871), illiterate, fro! Shgeayili Gillage, &onggouTo+nship$ This photo +as taBen in 186> at her ho!e in ShgeayiliGillage$


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#8

L-1-./*- -. &- +'*1-'*y -. G22*1/ -. #>=# &2. &2

'6+-2*3


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#11), isstanding, his ears coered byhis hat$ e graduated fro! ajunior !iddle school, +as a

far!er, and !y sisterEshusband$ 0n 2>11, he died in acar accident in


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#=

L1/+-.:-*- -. 2-y/. T'. -. #>8?3

/a!udinjiri had this picture taBen in the u@hu State Photo Studioin Heiyuan To+n in the +inter of 1853 +hen turned in the!andatory state grain ta#$


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#?

L1/+-.:-*- .+ R.;:- -. #>?5 /- M'/.-.3

/a!udinjiri and his +ife, %na#ji, +ere on pilgri!age at a te!ple atHutai Mountain, Shan#i Proince after isiting :eijing in May 1837$They each hold a string of prayer beads in their right hands$


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#>

L1/+-.:-*- .+ R.;:- -. B2-:-.7 -. My #>?53


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%@

N.:*-+/*-:- .+ D.&// -. #>?% -. 2-y/. T'.3

This photo +as taBen in the autu!n of 1862 in the u@hu PhotoStudio, Heiyuan To+n +hen &an@huu +ent to isit .anjariduriji,+ho +as +orBing in the u@hu ;ar!house ;actory$ .anjariduriji(left) stands ne#t to his +ifeEs brother, &an@huu (b$ 1852), +ho isfro! the sa!e illage as .anjariduriji* Shdangja Gillage, &an!aTo+n$ &an@huuattended a pri!ary school in his illage school and is

a far!er$ &an@huu +ears a Sun atsen suit$


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%#

L1/+-.:-*- '. -67*-172 -. L& -. A/7/ #>>%3


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%%

N.:*-+/*-:-, R.;:-, L-1-./*-, L1/+-.:-*-, .+

S22.y!2-7& -. #>=#3

0n this photo taBen in 1861,%na#ji is the +o!an inthe front$ The older !an isher husband, /a!udinjiri,and ne#t to hi! is their

grandson, Seenty-eight (b$1897), +ho attended thepri!ary school in hisillage$ e is a far!er$ is+ife died in 2>>9 fro!lier cancer$ 0n 2>1>,Seenty-eight +as liing+ith his t+o children$

Seenty-eight +ears a+hite hinda(i EMongghulstyle shirt that buttons onthe right sideE$15

The !an on the leftin the bacB ro+ is.anjariduriji$ .e#t to

.anjariduriji is hisyounger brother, /i!inBuari$ At the ti!e of the photograph,/i!inBuari +as a soldier in


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%5

L-1-./*- .+ L1/+-.:-*- -. G22*1/ -. #>=43

0n this photo taBen at a photo studio in


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%8

/;-&/, By:--, .+ N.:*-+/*-:- -. #>?% &2 B2-&.

F'*2 M-66 -. H/&/3

This photo of .anjariduriji and his +ife +as taBen in about May 1832at the u@hu :eishan ;orest Mill, located in todayEs ?iading TibetanTo+n, u@hu 'ounty, +here .anjariduriji +orBed as an officiale!ployee$ .anjaridurijiEs +orB!ate o+ned a ca!era and tooB thisphoto$ Hu#ihua holds :ayajii, her youngest daughter$


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%?% .2* &2

B2-&. F'*2 M-663

;ro! left* /ei iangchun (b$ 1876), 'hinese, fro! /anjia Gillage,Heiyuan To+n .anjariduriji and ), Mongghul, fro!Pudang Gillage, &an!a To+n$


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%=

Q-&-+2.-*.7, N.:*-+/*-:-, .+ G--.2. &2 B2-!&.

F'*2 M-663

This picture +as taBen by a +orBer at the u@hu :eishan ;orest Millin May 1832$ .anjariduriji is in the center$ To his right is


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%?

N.7..7b'7 -. B2-:-.7 -. #>8>>) +as born in Tughuan Gillage, &an!aTo+n$ e +as a shepherd until he +as about thirteen$ e +as thensent to study 'hinese in an old-style priate school in :uja Gillage,&an!a To+n$ .angnangbog +as the first person to receie a 'hineselanguage education in Tughuan Gillage$ e then +orBed in u@hu


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%>

L-1/&/.1 -. #>


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4@

L-1/&/.1 -. 2-y/. T'. -. #>


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4# $4%

L-1/&/.1 -. G/'6/' -. #>==3

The ne#t t+o photos +ere taBen in :an!a 'ounty,


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44

H7*-1/;:-, D.:.-*.7, S-&/, .+ N--+'-*.7 -. #>?@

-. T/7&/. V-66723

gari!u#ji (Z1872 - Z1837), the +o!an on the left, +as an illiteratefar!er +ho !arried and !oed into her husbandEs ho!e in TughuanGillage$ She +as fro! Slidii Gillage, &an!a To+n, and one of/i!u@hun!aaEs cousinEs +ies$ er husband had been a !onB$ Afterher death in 1837 fro! uterine cancer, her husband resu!ed his life

as a !onB in Mantuu /a!asery in todayEs &an!a To+n$ e died inabout 188>$The other +o!an is !y !other, Saihua (b$ 1875), +ho

!arried and then !oed into Tughuan Gillage, &an!a To+n fro!o!ajaa Gillage, &onggou To+nship$ She gae birth to seenchildren$ er first-born, a son, lied less than a !onth$ The si#thchild +as also a son and died at the age of four fro! diarrhea$

Saihua is an illiterate far!er +ho has li!ited co!petence in

the local 'hinese dialect$ Saihua enjoys teleision progra!s featuringMongghul or herders caring for their sheep and yaBs on the grassland$She also enjoys EAni!al HorldE$ These progra!s appeal to herbecause of their largely self-e#planatory nature$ er li!ited 'hinese!aBes understanding 'hinese-language progra!s difficult$

Hhen she +as younger, Saihua enjoyed singing ghadani dgEloe songsE +ith other +o!en in the fields +hen they +eeded$

The little boy bet+een gari!u#ji and Saihua in the photo is!y youngest brother, &anjansirang (b$ 1866), +ho receied a senior!iddle school education$ e is a far!er$ The other boy is !y youngerbrother, .iidosirang (b$ 1867), +ho graduated fro! .orth+est.or!al =niersity in 1885 and taught in u@hu 'ounty in 2>12$

This photo +as taBen in a potato field in ?uly 183> inTughuan Gillage by a co!!ercial photographer +ho isited theillage$


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/i!u@hun!aaEs !other, Srang#ji (1824-1836), +as fro! S@anghualiGillage, &onggou To+nship$ She +as an illiterate far!er$


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&uring loe song !eetings, +o!en fro! ;ulaan .ara oftenre!oed their ne+ly e!broidered colorful shoes +hen encountering!uddy ground$ They then carried their shoes on their shoulders and+alBed barefoot$ The &an!a /oe Song Meeting is held in the u@huMongghul area during the rainy season$


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This fa!ily photograph +as taBen in the &an!a To+n goern!entseat during the &an!a /oe Song Meeting in 1868 in a co!!ercialphoto shop$ The first girl (left) is Hari!aBa (b$ 1867) fro! ShdangjaGillage, &an!a To+n$ Hhen she reached !arriageable age, ahusband ca!e to lie in her ho!e$16er !other, Sishijinsuu (b$ 1857),

is behind her +ith a baby$ She diorced Hari!aBaEs father, re!arried,and !oed into her secondEs husbandEs ho!e in another area$ Thegirl +ith her !outh open is Dhun!aaog (b$ 1867), the first daughterof !y younger paternal uncle$ er pri!ary school education +as inSlidii Gillage, &an!a To+n$ She is !y younger paternal uncleEs firstdaughter$ She later !arried and !oed to Shgeayili Gillage, &onggouTo+nship$ The +o!an sitting on a chair is Srang#ji, /i!u@hun!aaEs!other$ The girl ne#t to Srang#ji is Dhun!aasuu (b$ 1893), the first

daughter of /i!u@hun!aaEs older sister$ Dhun!aasuu is an illiteratefar!er$ She eentually !arried and !oed to /u#uu Gillage,&onggou To+nship$

The first +o!an in the bacB ro+ on the left is Sishijinsuu$ Sheholds her second daughter, ;ushinjii (b$ 1866), +ho later !arried and!oed to o!ajaa Gillage, &onggou To+nship$ The other +o!an is?iraog (b$ 187>), /i!u@hun!aaEs older sister, +ho !arried and

!oed to Dhuarishidi Gillage, &an!a To+n$ She is Dhun!aasuuEs!other$

16er husband is Mongghul, but does not speaB Mongghul$ is parentsEho!e is in &ongdatan To+nship, Tian@hu Tibetan Autono!ous 'ounty,


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This photo +as taBen in the u@huPhoto Studio, Heiyuan To+n in August1863 +hen 0 +as ten years old$ 0t is !yfirst photo$ My older brother andanother t+o older cousins decided to goto Heiyuan To+n to taBe a picture oneday$ They secretly discussed ho+ not to

taBe !e there, since they thought 0 +astoo young$ 0 oerheard their discussion,and pleaded +ith the! to taBe !e$ Theyrefused$ 0 cried$ Mother also did notagree that 0 should go and beat !e$ 0continued crying until finally they allagreed that 0 could go$

He put so!e barley bread in our shirt pouches early the ne#t

!orning, left, and reached Heiyuan To+n about four hours laterafter a t+enty Bilo!eter +alB$ After finding a photo shop, +e +eretold to sit on a short bench, had our photos taBen in turn, and thentold to get the pictures the ne#t !orning$ He then +alBed fourBilo!eters to o!ajaa Gillage, &onggou To+nship +here MotherEsparentsE lied$ "arly the ne#t !orning, +e returned to Heiyuan To+nand each got four copies of our indiidual photograph$ He +ere

e#cited because this +as our first ti!e to hae photos of ourseles,and +e had +alBed to Heiyuan To+n unescorted by adults$0n this photo 0 +ear a Mongghul style +hite hinda(i EshirtE,

+hich buttons on the right side$ At that ti!e, Mongghul children+ore hinda(i and(hu!(i E+ar! clothes buttoning on the right sideEregardless of the +eather$ 0 +as hot in su!!er and cold in +inter$'loth +as rarely purchased o+ing to poerty$ 'lothes +ere generally+ashed only once a year in su!!er +hen it +as +ar!$ They +ere

neer +ashed in +inter$ There +ere only t+o sets of clothes +orn in ayear$ As a conseuence, clothes +ere ery dirty and lice +ere co!!on$


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This photo +as taBen in the u@hu Photo Studio in August 1863 inHeiyuan To+n$ /i!udan@huu (b$ 1899) is !y older brother and thisis his first photo$ After graduating fro! the 0nner Mongolia ;orestry'ollege, uhehaote (ohhot) in 188>, he +as assigned to +orB in.uo!uhong Gillage, Dongjia To+n, &ulan 'ounty, ai#i Mongolianand Tibetan Autono!ous Prefecture$ ;ie years later, he !oed hisjob to the u@hu 'ounty ;orest :ureau$ +ith !e and t+o of ourcousins$ This is /i!udan@huuEs first picture$


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The first photo (right) +as taBen in theu@hu Photo Studio, Heiyuan To+nahead of !y graduation fro! SlidiiPri!ary School (1863-1832) +hen 0 +asfifteen years old in 1832$ The school

organi@ed

students to goto HeiyuanTo+n to haeour photostaBen for usein our diplo-!as$ The school hired a an to taBe us tothe u@hu Photo Studio$ "ach student

paid three %M: to pay for the an andpictures$

The second photo (left) +as taBenin the su!!er of 1833 at the &ru!To+er Photo Studio, Heiyuan To+n toco!!e!orate !y graduation fro!u@hu .ationalities Middle School

(1835-1833)$ :ecause 0 +ould soongraduate, 0 gae copies of !y photo toclass!ates and friends$


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This photo +as taBen in the +inter of 1885 at the &ru! To+er PhotoStudio, Heiyuan To+n$ 0 had acco!panied !y sister +ho needed tohae her photo taBen because she +as soon to !arry$ er photo +asused in her !arriage certificate$


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My graduation picture fro! Slidii Pri!ary School +here 0 studiedfie years, +as taBen on 21 ?une 1832 on the &an!a %ier banB bythe Slidii :ridge, about t+o Bilo!eters fro! the school$ T+ophotographers fro! Heiyuan To+n +ere asBed to taBe the photos$Students paid the photo e#penses$ The inscription at the top of the

photo reads

32, 9, 21 E


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'ao ?iEan, 'hinese, fro! 'aojiayao Gillage, &onggou To+nship$ Thefourth person is a 'hinese teacher surna!ed Shang fro! "ast &an!aGillage$ The fifth person in this ro+, the boy ne#t to Teacher Shang, isie ian@hen (b$ 1898), a 'hinese fro! Slidii Gillage$ e stoppedschooling after graduating fro! pri!ary school and is a far!er$ isfa!ily +as originally fro! Shaan#i Proince$ is great-grandfatherca!e to u@hu to do business, eentually bought fields in SlidiiGillage, and settled there$

The first person in the bacB ro+ (left to right) is Hei &etai (b$1893), a 'hinese fro! /a+aa Gillage$ e stopped study aftergraduating fro! pri!ary school and is a far!er$ The second boy is!y cousin, /i ongBui (1898-2>1>), a Mongghul fro! Tughuan

Gillage$ e graduated fro! iEan Sports 'ollege in 1882 and +as thenassigned to +orB in the u@hu 'ulture :ureau$ 0n 2>1>, /i ongBaidied fro! cancer of the duodenu!$ 0 a! the third boy$ The fourth boyis


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This photo +as taBen in the u@hu PeopleEs Photo Studio, HeiyuanTo+n on the second day of the second lunar !onth in 188>$ Myyounger sister (left), Jiyansuu (b$ 1861), is illiterate and a far!er$ She!arried and then !oed to Shgeayili Gillage, &onggou To+nship tolie in her husbandEs ho!e$ T+o years later she diorced, re!arried,

and !oed to her second husbandEs ho!e in Shdangja Gillage,&an!a To+n, just opposite our natal illage - Tughuan$%nanhua (center, b$ 186>) is an illiterate far!er fro!

Tughuan Gillage$ She !arried and !oed to Jilian 'ounty, aibeiTibetan Autono!ous Prefecture$ Sangji#ji (right, b$ 1862) is fro!Tughuan Gillage$ Also illiterate and a far!er, she !arried and !oedto &urishidii Gillage, Heiyuan To+n$

These +o!en are representatie of the last generation of

Mongghul +o!en +ho, +ith rare e#ception, receied no schooling$


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The inscription at thetop of the photo reads 37,6,27

EPhotograph of

/abrang Monastery

on 27 ?uly 1837E$ n27?uly 1837, the four!en +ent onpilgri!age by bus to/abrang Monastery,iahe 'ounty,


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0n this photo, &urijisishiden (1843-2>>8) fro! Shgeayili Gillage,&onggou To+nship, is third fro! the left in the front ro+$ 0n August1868, cadres fro! ining isited u@hu goern!ent officials andtooB this picture +ith their ca!era of &urijisishiden and hiscolleagues in Heiyuan To+n$

&urijisishiden, started pri!ary school in 185>$ /ater, he

attended a !iddle school affiliated +ith todayEs Jinghai .ationalities=niersity$ After graduating fro! uniersity, he +as assigned to +orBin todayEs &onggou To+nship$ Subseuently, he +orBed as a schoolhead, and later beca!e a to+nship head in u@hu 'ounty$ 0n 1866, he+as selected as the first u@hu 'ounty goern!ent leader$ e !oedto ining in 1831 to +orB on the Jinghai Proince "thnic Affairs'o!!ittee$ e published nu!erous articles in 'hinese reflectingMongghul life and is one of the first Mongghul +riters fro! u@hu

'ounty$


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.+ *2* -2)3

These photos +ere taBen in the u@hu Photo Studio in the su!!er of183>$ %na#ji (b$ 1871) is &urijisishidenEs illiterate +ife$ She +ears aniudaari EheaddressE$ 0n 1847, the ruling Ma ;a!ily


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u@hu 'ounty officials asBed the +o!an surna!ed &ong in thephoto to pose +earing a felt hat and sit to the right of %na#ji, +hostands in the center +earing niudaari$ Ms$ &ong +as fro! ?iadingTo+n, u@hu 'ounty$ She died so!e years before 2>1>$ She +as a+ell-Bno+n e!broiderer and, as this photo attests, +as still able to!aBe niudaari$ She +as asBed to !aBe the niudaari that %na#ji+ears in this photo and in preious photos$ At the ti!e of this

photograph in 183>, the niudaarihad been on the +ane for al!ostfifty years$ /ocal county officials asBed Ms$ &ong to !aBe theniudaarito better re!e!ber the!$ %na#ji +as then asBed to +ear itfor the photograph, +hich +as taBen in the u@hu Photo Studio,Heiyuan To+n in the su!!er of 183>$


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&urijisishiden tooB this photo in his ho!e illage of Shgeayili,&onggou To+nship in the +inter of 1835$ Mongghul !en historicallygathered at a sunny site by a +all, or on a stra+ pile to spend long+inter days +hen they +ere free fro! far!ing$ They talBed, s!oBed,gossiped, and enjoyed the sunshine$ After 2>>>, relationshipsbet+een parents and sons and daughters-in-la+ +ere often strained$The older generation could no longer control the younger generations

as increasing nu!bers of young people left the illage seeBing +orBand inco!e$ lder people also left to find such poorly paid jobs asdoor-Beepers and street cleaners in ining 'ity$ 0t is unusual to see agroup of old people sitting together in illages in +inter today$


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This photo +as taBen at the PartyEs .inth .ational 'ongress on 27April 1898$ 'hair!an Mao shaBes hands +ith /N 'unjie, +ho said areporter gae her this photo$ /in :iao (18>6-1861) stands to'hair!an MaoEs right$ /ater, /N 'unjie +elco!ed and talBed to uaobang (1815-1838) during his isit to u@hu 'ounty on 27 August1839$ She also +elco!ed and chatted +ith ?iang De!ing during his

isit to u@hu on 16 ?uly 1884$/N 'unjie (b$ 1848) is fro! ranghuali Gillage, Hushi To+n,u@hu 'ounty$ er fa!ily +as so poor +hen she +as a child that sheand her elder sister had no pants to +ear until they +ere eight$ Hhenshe +as about thirteen, she attended a night class focused oneli!inating illiteracy$ Mean+hile, she participated in her illageEsself-organi@ed folB dance tea! and isited neighboring illages toperfor! folB dance$

She !arried +hen she +as about eighteen and !oed to theho!e of her husband, /i Shengrong, in :inBangghuali MongghulGillage, Songduo To+nship$ /ater, she +as selected to beco!e a!ilitia co!pany deputy co!!ander and Ho!enEs ;ederation headof the second natural illage of her husbandEs ad!inistratie illage$0n :eijing, as a Mongghul representatie, she participated in thePartyEs.ational PeopleEs 'ongress$ She +as selected to be a .ational

PeopleEs 'ongress delegate to the Tenth and "leenth 'ongresses ofthe 'o!!unist Party of 'hina held in August of 1864 and in Augustof 1866, respectiely$ She continued to hold the title of AlternateMe!ber, 'entral 'o!!ittee, Tenth and "leenth 'ongresses,'o!!unist Party of 'hina$ She said, W0 sa+ 'hair!an Mao Dedongten ti!es$W


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/N 'unjie +earing a blacB la!b-sBin-hat$ Hhile the date and placesare unBno+n, it can be assu!ed fro! the hat that she +as !arried(only !arried +o!en +ear such hats)$ 0n the second photo, she+ears a 'hair!an Mao badge and holds a booB of 'hair!an MaoEsuotations$


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The inscription at the top of the right side of the photo reads

,

EPhotograph of .orth+est .ationalities 'ollege,

.e+ earEs &ay 1856E$ n 1 ?anuary 1856, +hile a student in the cadretraining class, /aichai had this photo taBen in a photo shop in/an@hou$ e +ears a fo#-fur hat and e!broidered Mongghul sash$

/aichai (b$ 184>) is a local 'hinese +ho, along +ith his

cousins, changed his nationality to Tu$ is father and a fe+ other clan!e!bers !oed to todayEs Tughuan Gillage, &an!a To+n fro!todayEs 'hangning area in &atong ui and Mongghul Autono!ous'ounty before 1878$ At that ti!e, a Tughuan larang Ead!inistratiediision !anaged by incarnation la!asE co!pound courtyard +asbuilt by Tughuan /iing :uddha because he had !uch far! land inthe Tughuan area$ So!e poor people ca!e to lie in the courtyardand beca!e(huangtuEoutsidersE +ho !aBe a lielihood by far!ingthe /iing :uddhaEs land$ /aichaiEs fa!ily !oed to u@hu becauseof intense poerty$ ears later, they !oed to neighboring PudangGillage because of a conflict bet+een his fa!ily and the larang$ :y2>>3, the original fa!ily had increased to !ore than fifteenhouseholds, had inter!arried +ith Mongghul, all spoBe Mongghul,and all +ore Mongghul clothes$ Many chose to be cre!ated afterdeath, in Beeping +ith Mongghul custo!$

/aichai herded sheep fro! the ti!e he +as a young childuntil the age of eighteen, +hen he beca!e a soldier in the area of:in#ian, Shaan#i Proince$ 0n 1852, he +as sent to study for t+o yearsin a cadre training class in todayEs Jinghai .ationalities =niersity$e +as then assigned to +orB in todayEs &an!a To+n as a cadre$ 0n1859, he joined a cadre training class for a year in todayEs .orth+est.ationalities =niersity, /an@hou 'ity, and +as then assigned to+orB in todayEs Hushi To+n, and Tai@i and Songduo to+nships$ eretired in ?une 1834 and deoted his ti!e to herding sheep andplanting trees on the hillside behind his ho!e$


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This photo +as taBenin the u@hu PhotoStudio, Heiyuan To+nin about 1835$ /aichai(on the far right) +ears

a stra+ hat and/i!uBari (on the farleft) Their daughter,Jihua (b$ 1865), alsoappears in the photo$

Jihua receieda senior !iddle schooleducation, !arried,

and !oed to%angghuali MongghulGillage, &onggouTo+nship$ 0n.oe!ber 2>>3 +hen 0 collected these photos in her parentsE ho!ein Pudang Gillage, she +as operating a bread shop in Heiyuan To+n+ith her husband$


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This photo +as taBen at /aichaiEs ho!e in the su!!er of 1837 +hena Mongghul reporter for the 'inghai Dail!isited his ho!e$ Those inthe photo ca!e to his ho!e to drinB miinliu$ /eft to right* iuan!in (b$ 187>), Mongghul, is fro! &ongshan To+nship, and +asan official in u@hu 'ounty$ The older !an +ith a +hite beard and

holding a s!all liuor cup is Sughuasirang (Z1382 - Z1837)$ e +asan illiterate far!er, a +ell-Bno+n Mongghul singer, an orator, andfro! the sa!e illage as /aichaiEs$ The third !an sitting and s!ilingin the corner is /aichai$ The fourth is /a!u#ja (b$ 1843), an illiteratefar!er fro! /aichaiEs illage, and a Mongghul singer$ The fifth !anis Srangja#i (b$ 187>) an illiterate far!er, a silers!ith, also fro!Pudang Gillage$


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My +ife, ?ugui (/u Hanfang, b$ 1898), is a Mongghul natie ofo!ajaa .atural Gillage, Hushi To+n$ She began studying in Jan@aGillage at the age of eight$ 0n 1863, she began an additional t+o yearsof study at Sitan Pri!ary School$ 0n 1832, she started junior !iddleschool in Hushi To+n$ Three years later, she entered [email protected] Middle School in Heiyuan$ She graduated in 1887 fro!the Architectural "ngineering &epart!ent, Jinghai =niersity, in

ining 'ity$ She is the first uniersity graduate fro! her illage$?ugui, fifth fro! left in the front ro+, had this photo taBen in

the su!!er of 1835 +hen she and her class!ates co!pleted junior!iddle school at Hushi Middle School, Hushi To+n$ Photographersfro! the u@hu Photo Studio +ere inited to her school to taBepictures$


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S&''6 -. #>?83?ugui (fourth fro! left) had this picture taBen +ith her fe!aleclass!ates in 1835, at the sa!e ti!e as the preious photo in thecourtyard of Hushi Middle School, +hich included both junior andsenior !iddle school sections$ "ach student paid ten to t+enty %M:for the graduation pictures$ Prior to 183>, !ost students in HushiMiddle School +ere local 'hinese fro! the south of ongya@igou

To+nship$


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)$ The boy is their son, Dhuujari (b$ 1869), +ho studied for threeyears in a illage pri!ary school$ Sishijinsuu is illiterate$ Sheeentually !arried and !oed to her husbandEs ho!e in PudangGillage$

?iutenbog and his son +ear Sun atsen suits$ ;ro! about1859 cloth +as aailable for purchase in local shops in$ Se+ing shopsappeared in the local area fro! about 1865$ After+ards, !enincreasingly began to +ear such !odern clothing$

They all +ear $asihai Ecloth shoesE, +ith cloth and fla# solesfeaturing uppers !ade of blacB cloth$ After local shops appeared,people could easily purchase the sort of hats ?iutenbog and his son

+ear$


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These t+o photos +ere taBen in thesu!!er of 1832$ The first sho+s?iutenbog (left) and a fello+ illager,iihubog (1856-1883), an illiteratefar!er, +ith their ne+ bicycles$ 0t +as

taBen on the roadside in front of theirillage, Shdangja, by t+o 'hinesepassersby +ho brought the! a copy acouple of days later$ "ach paid fie%M: for a photo$ iihubog eentuallydied fro! alcohol abuse$

At that ti!e, locals regardedthe ;lying Pigeon brand, !ade in

Shanghai, to be the best uality bicycle$:icycles +ere first introduced to localareas in about 1832$ A bicycle +aspriced at about 2>> %M: at local state-run shops$ nly relatiely+ell-off fa!ilies could afford one$ +ning a bicycle raised oneEsstatus$

At this ti!e, there +ere only one or t+o !otorcycles in a

to+nship, and these +ere operated by senior to+nship officials$ era period of about ten years, !otorcycles largely replaced horses and!ules$

:y 2>>8, bicycles +ere rarely seen in the Mongghulcountryside, haing been replaced by !otorcycles and cars$ naerage, a Mongghul illage had one or t+o cars$

The second photo +as taBen at the sa!e ti!e$ ?iutenbog andiihubog had put their bicycles aside and entered a canola field,

thinBing the yello+ blosso!s +ould proide a nice bacBground$


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>3 +hen ?ugui and 0scanned this photo, fe+ +o!en +ore such traditional siler earringsin the Mongghul area$ Ho!en regarded such earrings as troubleso!e,old-fashioned, and heay$ So!e +o!en sold their $!in suuga, orput the! inside their do+ry chests$ Today, there are fe+ silers!ithsin Mongghul areas$ This is a dra!atic breaB fro! the past, +hen!any +o!en Bept such je+elry all their lies and later passed it on totheir daughters, daughters-in-la+, or granddaughters$


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This is


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0n 1837, a co!!ercial photographer tooB this picture of Shuujii,'hunhua (center), and /iushihua (right, b$ 1892) during the &an!a/oe Song Meeting in the &an!a To+n seat$ /iushihua is illiterate, afar!er, and one of


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S&//:-- .+ D/*-:-;:- -. #>?4 +/*-.7 &2 D.1 L'2 S'.7

M22-.73

0n 1834, Shuujii (left) and &uriji#ji (b$ 1899) +ere photographedduring the &an!a /oe Song Meeting by a co!!ercial photographer$&uriji#ji, a far!er, has a junior !iddle school education$ After she!arried, she continued to lie in her natal illage$ They +ear longrobes and no hats - typical Mongghul dress for girls and young

un!arried +o!en$ :y the year 2>>>, such costu!es +ere no longerseen in Mongghul areas$


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=@

C&/.&/, G/.b/;:-, S&//:--, D/*-:-;:-, L-/&-&/, .+ G:--

-. #>?5 +/*-.7 6'2 '.7 122-.73

The photograph +as taBen in the su!!er of 1837 by a co!!ercialphotographer during the &an!a /oe Song Meeting$ /eft to right are'hunhua,


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=#

T&2 b*'&2*, G7'7 .+ S.b'7, -. &2-* -6672 -. #>?43

n a su!!erEs day in 1834, a co!!ercial photographer tooB thisphoto of


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=%

Ty-;:- .+ &2* +/7&2* -. #>=5 -. G/1.7 V-66723

Tayi#ji (b$ 1857), an illiterate far!er, holds her daughter,


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G7'7, Z&' Y'.7/', .+ D.:./*- -. P/+.7 V-6672

-. #>?53

0n about 1837, a co!!ercial photographer tooB this photo in PudangGillage$ ;ro! left to right are 12), and&anjanBuari (b$ 1895) are all fro! Pudang Gillage, &an!a To+n$Dhao ongBuo +as illiterate$ &anjanBuari finished pri!ary school$


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=5

D.&//, L-1/;:-, L1, C&.7b'7, .+ L-1/;: -. &2-*

&'12 -6672 -. #>8?3

This Mongghul fa!ilypicture +as taBen in 1853 in&an@huuEs illage +henofficials ca!e to inspect$/eft to right* &an@huu (b$

1876) fro! todayEs %iyueESun-MoonE To+nship,uangyuan 'ounty, ining'ity$ is fa!ily +as erypoor +hile liing in MaangGillage, 21 ongya@igouTo+nship, u@hu 'ounty$ ATibetan fro! the %iyue area

isited Maang and told&an@huuEs father, WMyho!eto+n is a +onderfulplace +ith !uch far!landand nice +eather$ ourfa!ily +ill hae a happy lifeif you co!e there +ith !e$W The Tibetan !an +as so elouent and

persuasie that the fa!ily sold their ho!e, and !oed there$ They+ere disappointed after arriing to find little far!land, fe+ people,and a bad cli!ate that +as !ore seere than in their for!er ho!e$The fa!ily lied in a tent on a hillside and led a hard life, particularlyduring the ery cold +inter$

&an@huu +as born in a tent in the year they lied in the %iyuearea$ The fa!ily then !oed bacB to Maang Gillage in u@hu, but

21So!e residents of Maang, ongya@igou To+nship speaB a Jinghai'hinese dialect not spoBen in other areas and often !arry Mongghul +o!enfro! near their illage, +ho speaB the Farilang Mongghul dialect$ Maangillagers are registered as Tu$


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then they had no ho!e, food, or far!land$ /ater, a relatie arrangedfor the! to be serants of a +ealthy fa!ily in Shdangja Gillage,&an!a To+n, +here they herded sheep and did far! +orB andhousehold chores for the fa!ily$ 0n 1853, the local ad!inistratieillage gae the fa!ily a house and far!land$ 0n 2>1>, the fa!ily +asstill liing in Shdangja Gillage$

&an@huu +as sent to study in nearby uarin Gillage Pri!arySchool for si# years$ e +as then sent to the preparatory class of thecurrent Jinghai .ationalities =niersity, ining 'ity, +here hestudied for three years at the junior !iddle school leel and t+o yearsat the senior !iddle school leel$ e then studied at the college leelfor t+o years$ e +as assigned to +orB in ?ian@ha 'ounty, uangnan

Tibetan Autono!ous Prefecture as a 'hinese language teacher$;ifteen years later, he +as assigned to the u@hu 'ulture 'enter+here he +orBed as an editor for the journal Tu(u(hige E#ngghulSngE$ e began collecting and publishing Mongghul folBlore in the'hinese language in arious journals at this ti!e$ e +as laterassigned to +orB in the &an!a To+n goern!ent$

0n .oe!ber 2>>3, at the ti!e 0 scanned his fa!ily photos athis ho!e, he +as retired and caring for his grandchildren$ e piouslyprayed in his illage te!ple eery day$ e told !e that his biggestregret +as not learning ho+ to +rite Mongghul folBlore in Mongghul$

/i!u#ji (second fro! left 1817-1889) sits on a chair and+ears an aim(i$ She +as an illiterate far!er$ er parentsE ho!e +as?angja Gillage, ongya@igou To+nship$ The little boy +earing a +hiteshirt is &an@huuEs younger brother (b$ 1852)$ is !other +anted hi!to be a !onB and na!ed hi! /a!a (!onB), ho+eer, +hen the

fa!ily +as about to send hi! to a !onastery in 1853, the policy of&oing A+ay +ith Superstition +as i!ple!ented and !onBs +ereforced out of the !onasteries$ /a!a continued to use this na!e$ eis an illiterate far!er$

The fourth !an holding prayer beads is &an@huuEs father(18>3-1893), 'hangbog, an illiterate far!er$ The !an standingbehind the little girl is &an@huuEs older brother (1842-2>>5), /i!u#ja,also an illiterate far!er$ The little girl is /i!u#jaEs daughter, +hodied fro! illness at an early age$


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D.&// .+ &- -92, Q-y.//, -. S&+.7: V-6672 -.

#>=%3

&an@huu and his +ife, Jiyansuu (b$ 1852)$ Jiyansuu is an illiterateTibetan far!er fro! "ast &an!a Gillage, &an!a To+n$ This photo+as taBen in &an@huuEs ho!e in Shdangja Gillage in 1862$


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=)$ See !oie na!es in the Appendi#$


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&an!a To+n is a local 'hinese and +orBed as a secretary in theu@hu 'ourthouse, Heiyuan To+n in 2>>8$


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==

Q-y.//, R..&/1, S22.y!2-7&, D.&//, .+

R/.7&/1 -. #>?% &2 D.1 L'2 S'.7 M22-.73

This fa!ily photo +as taBen bya photographer fro! theu@hu Photo Studio during the&an!a /oe Song Meeting inthe su!!er of 1832$ The

+o!an sitting on a benchholding a baby is &an@huuEs+ife, Jiyansuu, +ho is Tibetan,but +ears Mongghul clothesbecause her husband isMongghul and her husbandEsillage is a Mongghul illage$The baby is &an@huuEs second

daughter, %nan@hu!a (b$1868), +ho later !arried and!oed into her husbandEsho!e in /iuja Gillage, &an!aTo+n$ She has a pri!ary school education and is a far!er$ The boyby Jiyansuu +earing a +hite shirt is &an@huuEs son, Seenty-eight (b$1862)$ e receied a pri!ary school education in his illage school

and is a far!er$ .e#t to Seenty-eight is &an@huuEs oldest daughter,%u@ang@hu!a (b$ 1867)$ Hhen she +as four, she fell off the roof ofher house +hile playing, injured a Bnee, +as !istreated in a ininghospital, and li!ped until 0 perfor!ed surgery in ining in 2>>6$ Sheno+ +alBs +ell$ She !arried and !oed into her husbandEs ho!e inPudang Gillage, &an!a To+n$ The !an behind %u@ang@hu!a is&an@huu$


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=?

D.&//, Q-&-:+.&//, D/*-:--&-:, G7'7, G--.2.,

.+ D.:. -. X-.-.7 C-y -. #>==3

This +as taBen in a photo studio in ining 'ity in about 1866 +hen agroup of Mongghul !et in ining$ ;ront ro+, left to right* &an@huuhas a pen in his left upper chest pocBet$ At the ti!e this photo +astaBen, only educated people or goern!ent e!ployees +ore pens this+ay$ The second is Jishijadan@huu (1847-1833) of Tughuan Gillage,

Hushi To+n, +ho +as a drier$ The third is &urijiishija (b$ 1872),Jishijadan@huuEs younger brother, and a cadre in the procuratoratein


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=>

J-/: .+ Z&/1.b-. -. #>?5 &2 D.1 L'2 S'.7

M22-.73

This photo +as taBen in thesu!!er of 1837 during the&an!a /oe Song Meetingby a co!!ercial photogra-pher$ The +o!an in Tibetan

dress is ?iuja (b$ 185>), theelder sister of &an@huuEs+ife$ ?iuja, +hose natalho!e is in "ast &an!aGillage, !arried a !an fro!her o+n illage$ er dress istypical of the local Tibetanstyle$ She is an illiterate

far!er$ The !an ne#t to heris her husband, Dhu!anbin(b$ 1878), a Tibetan$ e +asa drier and +orBed inTianjun 'ounty, ai#iMongol and TibetanAutono!ous Prefecture$ ?iujiaEs and Dhu!anbinEs !others +ere both

Mongghul$ Tibetan !en in the illage !ostly !arry Mongghul+o!en fro! local illages$ Ho!en in such fa!ilies speaB Mongghulto each other, +hile !en generally speaB only the local 'hinesedialect, though !ost understand so!e Mongghul$ Mongghul +o!en+ho !arry and !oe into a Tibetan ho!e !ay later +ear Tibetanclothes$


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Y.7 S&2.76-. -. 9*'. '9 &2* &'12 -. &2 //1. '9 #>?@3

This +as the only photo eer taBen of ang Shenglian (1811 - Z1832),a local 'hinese +o!an fro! .jaa Gillage, &an!a To+n$ er parents+ere fro! Hari!a Gillage in the sa!e to+n$ She +as illiterate and afar!er$ She began speaBing Mongghul after !arrying and !oinginto a Mongghul ho!e in .jaa Gillage$ er son, an official inHeiyuan To+n, tooB this photo outside the front gate of her ho!e in

the autu!n of 183>$ She suffered fro! liruuEtracheitisE$


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?#

D.:.// .+ S&-. -. 2-y/. T'. -. #> inHeiyuan To+n +hen &anjansuu (b$ 1849) rode a horse fro! herillage to isit her husband, Schin (18>8-1863)$ &anjansuu +as bornin o!ajaa .atural Gillage, Hushi To+n$ She is illiterate$ er !otherran a+ay fro! ho!e +hen &anjansuu +as ery young, and !arried a'hinese !an in Tian@hu Tibetan Autono!ous 'ounty,


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?%

S&-. -. 2-y/. T'. -. #> in the u@hu StatePhoto Studio, Heiyuan To+n$


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?4

S&-. -& '/.y M'.77&/6 62+2* -. 2-y/. T'. -.

#>


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?5 $ ?8

S-;y!.-.2, 6'66y 91'/ -.7

ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES Vol 34

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Transcript of ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES Vol 34