Asian Development Bank’s Gender and Economics Policy Research

8/9/2019 Asian Development Bank’s Gender and Economics Policy Research

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UN Women Asia-Pacific Regional Expert GroupMeeting on Gender and Macroeconomics

Asian Development Bank’s

Gender and Economics Policy Research

Yesim Elhan-KayalarBangkok, 15 December 2014

The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian

Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the

data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do notimply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.


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Introduction Ongoing and planned research on gender

and economic policy by ADB’s Economics

and Research DepartmentCurrent research on gender and economic

policy

Preliminary findings, policy recommendationsto improve female labor force participation!"!P#

$pcoming %or& on gender %age gap, 'uality

of gro%th, (ob ladder in developing economyconte)t

Applications through operational sector

%or& 2


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Variations in FLFP

Source: Max Fisher, Washington Post, 13 Feb 2014, using World Bank Development Indicators.


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Regional Variations in FLFP

4

0

20

40

60

80

L a t i n A m e r i c

a & t h e

C a r i b b e

a n

A D B D M C s : A

v e r a g e

S u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a

M i d d

l e E a s t

N o r t h A f r i c a

D e v e l o p e d

E c o n o m

i e s &

E u r o p e a n U n i o n

Male

Female


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Why does Female Labor Force

Participation (FLFP) differ?

Source: WEF Global Gender Gap Report, October 2014


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Source: WEF Global Gender Gap Report, October 2014


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Although therehas beenprogressto%ards gendere'uality ineducation*

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

PRIMARY EDUCATION

SSA

Oceania

Western Asia

Northern Africa

LANIC

Southeast AsiaCaucasus and Central Asia

East Asia

South Asia

SECONDARY EDUCATION

SSA

Oceania

Western Asia

South Asia

Caucasus and Central AsiaNorthern Africa

Southeast Asia

East Asia

LANIC

TERTIARY EDUCATION

SSA

South Asia

Western AsiaCaucasus and Central Asia

East Asia

Northern Africa

Southeast Asia

LANIC

Gender parity index for gross enrollment

ratios

Source: United Nations, Millennium Development Goals Report 2014


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0

2

46

8

10

K y r g y z

s t a n

P R C

P a p u a N e w

G u i n e a

A f g h a n i s t a n

I

n d i a

I n d o n

e s i a

P h i l i p p

i n e s

Average years ofschooling, 2000-2012

Male Female

Transition from School to Workforce

Girls lose out on education Women left further behind

Source: ILO. 2013. Key Indicators of the Labor Market, 8th edition.

0

30

60

90

K y r g y z s

t a n

P

R C

P a p u a N

e w

G u i n e

a

A f g h a n i s

t a n

I n

d i a

I n d o n e s i a

P h i l i p p i n e s

Labor Force ParticipationRate, 2012 (%)

Male Female


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Scope of the T!&

4uantify the economic cost to society due to gender ine'uality

using both macro2 and micro2level analyses5 and 1dentify gender issues and economic development that are

common across countries, as %ell as those that are specific toa country, a subregion, a region6

'utputs&

ender ine'uality measured and analy7ed89imulation toestimate the impact of improved !"!P on potential gro%th andanalysis of opportunity or forgone costs of gender ine'uality

Priority gender issues identified for selected D:Cs for design ofappropriate gender policies and strategies

9haring &no%ledge on economic analysis for gender

development8 dissemination %or&shops, publications

Technical !ssistance ( II


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Factors that ontribute to Lo) FLFPFactors that deter )omen from entering )ork force

Supply(side constraints&

"imits on mobility, frictional unemployment Access to net%or&s

Domestic responsibilities, part time %or& opportunities

"emand(side onstraints&

Perceptions, discrimination 9hortage of female role models

Factors that contribute to )omen lea%ing )ork force

Supply(side constraints&

"ac& of fle)ibility, domestic responsibilities

9ocial norms around marriage and childbearing

9afety concerns

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hallenge of *ndogeneity& +ultidimensional Issue

Social

Norms

LaborMarketPolicies

Labor Supply

• Opportunity cost ofwork, including:

• Housework• Child care

• Foregone leisure

• Other householdincome

• Earned (by otherhousehold

members)• Unearned

• Social costs (stigma,mobility, norms)

Labor Demand

• Female wages andmale-female wagegaps

• Discrimination

• Comparative

advantage• Work environment

• Flexibility• Discrimination &

harassment

• Opportunities forgrowth andadvancement

• Location

FLFP

Labor MarketPolicies

Social

Norms

Labor Supply

Source: Schaner & Das. 2014. Female Labor Force Participation in Asia: Indonesia Country Study. Unpublished manuscript.


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,igh FLFP for Welfare and Gro)th 9tructural transformation and !"!P

+raditionally !"!P concentrated in informal andagricultural sector

;ith economic development, ne% business processesre'uire higher !"!P

!"!P and Economic ro%th?.3im, "ee, 9hin -./0# 2 the hypothetical removal of

gender bias %ould increase per capita income by morethan =.@ over one generation


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ountry ase Studies - Preliminary Findings China :! ratio at birth /6-5 high !"!P %ith internal migration, lo%

fertility5 lo%er paid positions5 %omen’s %ages ?=@ of men5 limitedaccess to education

1ndia !"!P -@5 cultural norms limit !"!P especially among upper caste


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ountry ase Studies ( II Certain patterns in data have emerged

9ocial norms limit %hether and %here %omen %or&, %ith

house%or& and child care perceived as primeresponsibilities

;omen’s presence in public spaces limited by social norms

and perceptions of safety5 limited mobility inhibit educationand %or& opportunities for %omen

1n China, more educated %omen and in 1ndia, Pa&istan,1ndonesia %omen %ith intermediate levels of education

less li&ely to %or&6 1n 3orea and China, more educated%omen are more li&ely to e)it labor force

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ountry ase Studies ( III

;omen earn F.2.@ of men for same %or&, menconsidered more productive in perception surveys

1n 1ndia, Pa&istan, and 1ndonesia, %omen enter thelabor force at lo%er rates6 +here are high instances offamily and self2employment6

1n all five countries, %omen retire earlier than men Policy recommendations considered vocational

training5 (ob matching5 facilitating mobility, trade, safe

migration

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!"#.s Planned Policy $esearch

Building on these case studies, the follo%ing %ill

also be e)plored %ithin the Asian DevelopmentOutloo& frame%or&

Determinants of the gender %age gap at

:acro level 2 Asia vs other regions

:icro level 2 country studies on thePhilippines and +aipei, China

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!"#.s Planned Policy $esearch (II Cross country analyses of the G'uality of gro%thH in Asia vis2

I2vis other regions


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ADB’s Policy on the Role of ;omen in

Development ;1D#, />KF Policy on ender and Development, />>K

ADB strategy -.-. -..K# and its :idterm Revie%

ender e'uity is one of the F drivers of change ADB uidelines for ender :ainstreaming -./-#5

pro(ect classification system

ender E'uality and ;omen’s Empo%ermentOperational Plan -./=2-.-.# 9ector diversification of gender mainstreaming

9taff capacity development

Translating !nalyses to$ele%ant "e%elopment Support


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27%31%

42%

50%

55% 55%

65%

76%

86%

76% 76%

68%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

P e r c e n t o

f P r o j e c t s

GEN EGM SGE NGE Gender Mainstreaming Gender Concerns

*Category 1: Gender Equity (GEN); Category 2: Effective Gender Mainstreaming (EGM); Category 3: Some Gender

Elements (SGE); Caterogry 4: No Gender Elements (NGE)

Gender Mainstreaming = GEN + EGM Gender Concerns = GEN + EGM + SGE

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!"# Pro/ects With Gender *0uity omponents


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30%

43%

62%

56% 57%

32%

100%

50% 50%

55%

43%

73%

64%

55%

50%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

CWRD (35%) EARD (72%) PARD (58%) SARD (54%) SERD (54%)

2011 2012 2013

Note: The number of projects with gender mainstreaming (GEN and EGM projects) are indicated inside the bar while the percentage

equivalent appears on top. The numbers in parentheses pertain to the 3-year averages for the 2011-2013 period.

7 6 106 14 11 18 14 168 4 7 13 17 10

Gender +ainstreaming in all !"# Pro/ectsby region1 2344(2345


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Gender +ainstreaming in !"# Pro/ects6 of total number1 2345

40

40

100

83

90

52

82

5524

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

Public sector management

Industry and trade

Health and social protection

Agriculture and natural resources

Water

Transportation

Others

Finance sector developmentEnergy

Education

O t h e r

A r e a s

C o r e S e c t o

r s

Percent

Projects with Gender Mainstreaming Rest of ADB projects


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9trong analytical foundation %ith these flagship

publications9ector diversification of gender mainstreaming

%or&

;hile continuing the %or& onEconomic empo%erment

9&illing and employment generation programs

Public sector reform and inclusive nationalplanning

overnance23

Going for)ard7


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For more information

*mail yelhanLadb6org

Website& http%%%6adb6orgthemesgendermain

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Thank you

Asian Development Bank’s Gender and Economics Policy Research

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