SECURITY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES – THE ASIA/ PACIFIC REGION (B)

(ASIA2030)

SECURITY ANALYSIS PROGRAM

FACULTY OF ASIAN STUDIES

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

2008

United Nations peacekeeping forces from Thailand participate in a ceremony marking the transfer of control of East Timor (Timor-Leste) to East Timorese forces in Los Palos, East Timor, on July 23, 2002.

SECURITY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES THE ASIA/PACIFIC REGION (B) ASIA2030 (2008) CONVENER Dr Marcus Mietzner Faculty of Asian Studies Australian National University T: 02 6125 5111 E: marcus.mietzner@anu.edu.au Tutor Dr John Monfries Faculty of Asian Studies Australian National University T: 02 6125 8568 E: john.monfries@anu.edu.au

COURSE OUTLINE The purpose of ASIA2030 – Strategic and Security Studies (B) is to extend the student’s understanding of the different dimensions of security in the Asia-Pacific region by examining various issues, actors, threats and means to promote security. ASIA2030 is organised around three themes: o Theme 1: A Contested Concept. This theme allows you to revisit the concept of security, and to consider how to apply it in the making of security policy. o Theme 2: Security of What? Traditional and non-traditional actors and issues in the Asia-Pacific Region. Under this theme we will examine a range of areas, including transnational crime, technology, environmental issues, health security, economic security and energy security. On the last week of this theme, special emphasis will be given to discuss the security of the Pacific states. o Theme 3: Promoting Security in the Asia-Pacific Region. The final theme looks at different approaches to promoting security in the region, and will consider the issues of democratisation in Asia, role of civil society, multilateral arrangements, international law and the UN, human rights law, international humanitarian law, separatism and ethnic violence and intervention and peace operations as examples of the range of approaches. It will conclude the course with a discussion on how these approaches should be balanced in Australia’s policy towards Asia. Marcus Mietzner will convene the course. Guest lecturers for the course include specialists from the Faculty of Asian Studies of ANU, the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Pacific History, International Relations and other departments of the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, as well as experts from other parts of the university and outside with backgrounds in Australia’s foreign affairs establishments. The course consists of one 2-hour lecture session per week for eleven weeks, with weekly follow-up tutorials.

COURSE OBJECTIVES ASIA2030 aims to: o Develop a broad knowledge of the major traditional and non-traditional security issues in the Asia-Pacific region (at the inter-state, intra-state, and trans-national levels), including an understanding of the essential theoretical approaches and concepts necessary for interpreting them; o Develop a familiarity with the key disciplinary principles and methodologies in security and strategic studies; o Enhance the student’s research, writing, presentation and analytical skills; o Encourage a collaborative approach to learning, including reflective thinking skills, teamwork in an academic environment and an appreciation of different points of view; o Promote the capacity to think critically about strategic and security studies, including an ability to:

o consider the implications of, and relationships between, events and ideas; o assess evidence, draw independently formed arguments and conclusions.

LECTURERS Week 1: Tuesday 22 July Course Introduction Dr Marcus Mietzner and Dr John Monfries (one-hour session only) Week 2: Tuesday 29 July Human Security and Non- Traditional Security Approaches Guest lecturer Week 3: Tuesday 5 August Trans-national Crime and Peacekeeping Guest lecturer Week 4: Tuesday 12 August Development Models Development in Pacific Micro-economies Dr Paul D’Arcy Week 5: Tuesday 19 August Resource Disputes and Communal Violence Dr Paul D’Arcy Research paper due 22 August Week 6: 26 August - No lectures Week 7: Tuesday 2 September

Democratisation and Military Rule Dr Paul D’Arcy Week 8: Tuesday 9 September Energy Security TBA Human Rights in the Region Dr Marcus Mietzner Essay due 12 September Week 9: Tuesday 16 September Health and Security, and Maritime Security Dr Paul D’Arcy Week 10: Tuesday 23 September Asian Regional Security Architecture Dr Ron Huisken, SDSC The Environment as a Security Issue Dr Lorraine Elliott, International Relations, RSPAS MID-SEMESTER BREAK Week 11: Tuesday 14 October Technology and Warfare Prof Hugh White International Law and Security Dr Hitoshi Nasu, Law Faculty Week 12: Tuesday 21 October Civil Society and Security Guest lecturer Small Arms And Landmines Stephanie Koorey, SDSC Week 13: Tuesday 28 October - Australian Security Prof Paul Dibb, SDSC Course Wrap-Up and Discussion of Exam Marcus Mietzner and John Monfries

LECTURE VENUE Venue: J J Dedman Building (bldg 27), Lecture Theatre JD 102, (behind the Manning Clark Centre) – see map Time: Tuesdays, 09.00 am-11.00 am

TUTORIALS Tutorials will begin in the second week of term. They are held on Tuesdays and Thursdays and will always treat the topic of the lecture of the same week. Tutorials run for 55 mins. Tutorial enrolment is through Web CT. • Tuesday 2-3 pm (4.44) • Tuesday 3-4 pm (4.44) • Thursday 2-3 pm (4.44) • Thursday 3-4 pm (4.44) You are strongly encouraged to maintain contact with your tutor by e-mail and discussions during consultation periods. To that end, all students are required to provide their email address so that the course coordinator can create a ‘class list’. Please provide more than one address if you wish, but the primary contact is your student email account (because some email servers reject group emails). Your tutor will advise consultation times and preferred contact methods in the first tutorial.

COURSE L ITERATURE RECOMMENDED TEXTS Alan Collins (ed), Contemporary Security Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Ken Booth (ed), Critical Security Studies and World Politics, New York: Lynne Rienner, 2005 Muthiah Alagappa (ed), Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998 William T. Tow, Ramesh Thakur, and In-Taek Hyun (eds), Asia's Emerging Regional Order: Reconciling Traditional and Human Security, Tokyo and New York: United Nations University Press, 2000 The required tutorial readings can be found each week in Web CT under the ASIA 2030 (2008) section, and are compulsory reading for full student participation in tutorial discussions. Each week has three types of reading: • Required. These readings are contained in the brick and will be discussed in the tutorials. • Recommended. These readings are either contained on Web CT, or available in the library or in the internet . They will provide you with additional help when preparing presentations and essays. It is recommended that you familiarise yourself with at least some of them before tutorials. • Αdditional. These readings can be found in the general collection and in the electronic journals. They will help you to prepare essays and learn more about the subject. Note: Some of the required readings might seem dated. Publication dates that are long past should, however, not be taken as a sign of dated content. The academic discussion tends to concentrate on one issue for a few years, and then move on once the important facts and theories are agreed upon. Not everything that is true and valid gets repeated every year. Classics in the field of strategy, like Thucydides or Sun Tzu, are even still read and quoted today, thousands of years after they have been written.

COURSE ASSESSMENT AND TASKS In order to pass this course each assessment task must be completed. BREAKDOWN OF ASSESSMENT

Tutorial Attendance and Participation: 15% Research Paper (2,200 words) 35% Due: 22 August Essay (1,500 words) 25% Due: 12 September Take Home Exam (1,500 words) 25%

RESEARCH PAPER (2200 words) This assignment allows you to develop a deeper understanding of a security issue and consider how this issue could influence the region’s future. You may choose to build upon your ideas from ASIA 2028. You must advise your tutor if you are doing that. The assignment is: “Select an issue or actor covered in ASIA 2030, and identify how that issue or actor could influence the region’s security over the next 5 to 10 years”. The research paper is due on 22 August, 2008 (11.55 pm) through WEB CT. It will allow you to submit till 29 August, 2008 (11.55 pm). Research papers will not be accepted after 29 August 2008. Research Papers submitted late without an approved extension will incur a reduction of 2% of the final mark per day in accordance with Faculty of Asian Studies Guidelines. Any student having difficulties in meeting the submission date is strongly encouraged to talk to their tutor. Students wishing to apply for an extension must contact John before 19 August, 2008. If required, the student will be asked to provide a formal written request for an extension. RESEARCH PAPER LAYOUT REQUIREMENTS Papers must be typed, using “12” font and 1.5 or double-spacing. The paper must include a bibliography and be referenced in accordance with the normal conventions. The length is 2000 words, +/- 10%. Plagiarism – in forms including copying, paraphrasing, summarising and cobbling –is unacceptable and will attract severe penalties. Please read the handout at: http://www.anu.edu.au/academicskills/online_materials/reading_notetaking_and_plagiarism/plagiarism.pdf. ESSAY (1500 words) The essay topic or topics will be released later in the semester. The essay is due on Friday 12 September (11.55 pm) through WEB CT. It will allow you to submit till 19 September, 2008 (11.55 pm). Essays will not be accepted after 19 September 2008. Essays submitted late without an approved extension will incur a reduction of 2% of the final mark per day in accordance with Faculty of Asian Studies Guidelines. Any student having difficulties in meeting the submission date is strongly encouraged to talk to their tutor. Students wishing to apply for an extension must contact John before 16 September, 2008. If required, the student will be asked to provide a formal written request for an extension. Layout requirements are as stated for the Research Paper – see above. TUTORIAL PARTICIPATION Tutorial attendance is compulsory. A minimum of eight tutorials must be attended in order to pass the course.

You are expected to make a full contribution to tutorials by engaging in the discussion and participating in the activities assigned by your tutor. Since much of the work during second semester consists of examining security concepts and themes, tutorial discussions will be vital for developing your comprehension and understanding. Failure to attend tutorials without a legitimate reason (and generally some form of documentary evidence to support your reason) will adversely affect your tutorial participation mark. EXAMINATION The course finishes with a take-home examination, on a subject or subjects to be released later. ASSESSMENT GRADING – GUIDELINES The general criteria or rationale for the various marks given for assignments are: A Pass mark (50-59%) indicates that the assignment addresses the topic chosen, demonstrates understanding of the issues it entails, and provides a basic answer to the question. It demonstrates familiarity with the set material and shows awareness of the need to argue a case. The student has demonstrated an ability to arrange ideas and express them with sufficient clarity to enable his or her audience to follow what is said without difficulty. Written work includes appropriate citations and references showing what use has been made of the work of others. A Credit mark (60-69%), as well as the above, indicates a demonstrated ability to respond critically to the work of others and think analytically about the issues it contains. It shows ability to weigh up alternative points of view and the evidence supporting them. It indicates that the student is able to construct an argument or develop a theme in a systematic manner. It also indicates that the student has shown an awareness of the wider context in which the issues need to be understood, including the strategic context. A Distinction mark (70-79%), in addition to the above, indicates that the student has demonstrated an ability to consider the issues from a number of perspectives and to understand their interrelation. The answer is clear and insightful, the argument is well structured and appropriate evidence is used. The student has also shown an understanding of relevant general concepts and theories, and ability to combine these with information from other sources to form a coherent view that is clearly the student's own. A High Distinction (80-100%) mark, further, indicates that the student has demonstrated a thorough understanding of the topic in all its major aspects and/or an ability to approach the topic from a fresh direction and generate new insights. This may involve, for instance, bringing to the topic a wide range of ideas and showing an ability to establish connections between this and other topics or fields; or demonstrating a capacity to 'unpack' and analyse, in a revealing way, the complexities of events or ideas. A High Distinction mark implies a sophisticated level of argumentation that includes, where appropriate, the use of general concepts and theories. A Fail mark (less than 50%) indicates that the student has not answered the question; has failed to show a basic understanding of the main issues or has failed to address these issues in a fruitful way; has failed to communicate ideas with reasonable clarity; has failed to meet minimum standards of presentation; has failed to reference their work. While each case will be considered separately, work deemed to constitute plagiarism will be given a failing mark. [See also the section on ‘The ANU Grading System’, in the brochure Start Making Sense, by the Academic Skills and Learning Centre, ANU, 2004, pp. 24-25.]

REFERENCING Referencing is one essential step to ensuring rigour in your work and for the correct attribution of sources. You may use either the Chicago or Harvard citation styles, and while the choice is yours, you must be consistent in the application. Chicago citation style. The citation is contained in a footnote to the text: 1. Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1991, p 124. 2. Ibid, pp.221-4. 3. Even here, the authors fold strategic considerations into preferences by making the preference for resource maximisation conditional upon the survival of the state. See Bill McSweeney, Security, Identity and Interests, Cambridge Studies in International Relations, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p.24. 4. Buzan, op cit, p.162. 5. Victor D. Cha, ‘Nuclear Weapons, Missile Defence and Stability: A Case for “Sober Optimism”’, in Muthiah Alagappa (ed), Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features, Stanford University Press, Stanford California, 2003, p.459. 6. Alan Mitchell, ‘Plenty of oil, little to show for it’, The Weekend Financial Review, 2-3 October 2004, p.45. 7. ‘The Dragon and the Eagle’, The Economist, 30 September 2004. 8. International Crisis Group, ‘Taiwan Strait II: The Risk of War’, Asia Report No 54, 6 June 2003, available: http://www.crisisweb.org//library/documents/ report_archive/A4009 91_06062003.pdf, accessed 5 July 2004. Harvard Citation Style. The citation is contained in the body of the text: ‘A group of states whose primary security concerns link together sufficiently closely that their national securities cannot realistically be considered apart from one another (Buzan, 1991: 190).’ Bibliography. You must submit a bibliography with all written work. The bibliographic style remains the same irrespective of which citation style you choose. Examples: Buzan, Barry, People States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1991. Victor D. Cha, ‘Nuclear Weapons, Missile Defence and Stability: A Case for “Sober Optimism”’, in Muthiah Alagappa (ed), Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features, Stanford University Press, Stanford California, 2003, pp.458-496. International Crisis Group, ‘Taiwan Strait II: The Risk of War’, Asia Report No 54, 6 June 2003, available: http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1651&l=1, last accessed 17 July, 2006. Sweeney, Bill, Security, Identity and Interests, Cambridge Studies in International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999. Please note the specific way that internet sources are presented. SOURCES The reading list for each week also provide a good start to finding references for your studies. You should look to find a balance between media, think-tanks, journal articles and books in your references, and – most importantly – understand the strengths and weaknesses of each. There are more sources than could be listed here – and you will come to know different ones in time. Some sources that we use regularly are listed below.

You are encouraged to do a ‘refamiliarisation’ at the Chifley and Menzies Libraries to learn more about the sources available. You should also enter some of the key terms for the course into www.google.com or http://scholar.google.com/ to see the range of writings on these topics. MEDIA

• Local. SBS news and current affairs (including Jim Lehrer News Hour); ABC AM, PM, Insiders, Asia-Pacific Profile, Foreign Correspondent and 1440 News Radio (on the AM band); The Australian, Sydney Morning Herald, Australian Financial Review and The Age. • International. The Economist, Far Eastern Economic Review, The Washington Post, International Herald Tribune, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly. Most Asian countries have an English-language daily that is well-worth tracking. ELECTRONIC SOURCES (search through the library website to get access to the articles) • http://www.ciaonet.org/ • http://www.ingentaconnect.com/ • http://www.jstor.org/ • http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/ • http://www.extenza-eps.com/ • http://www.rand.org/publications/ • http://muse.jhu.edu/ • http://www3.oup.co.uk/jnls/online/ • www.crisisweb.org

THEME 1 SECURITY – A CONTESTED CONCEPT WEEK 1 – 22 July COURSE INTRODUCTION - SECURITY CONCEPTS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE ASIA2028 started with a broad discussion of strategy and security. In the first week of Asia 2030, we will discuss the overall course structure, the main concepts and issues to be dealt with and the assignment requirements. Dr Marcus Mietzner will lead the discussion this week. Please note that the required reading for this week is also relevant for Week 2 and for discussion in the first tutorial in Week 2. You should spend time thinking about the topic for your research paper. In general, you should begin to research in an interesting area covered in ASIA2030 and find some literature to get you started. This might include looking at relevant readings from the (complete) Reading List, searching the Library Catalogue and searching journal search engines, such as Project Muse, JSTOR, Proquest, CIAO Online, Ingentia and Blackwell Synergy.

REQUIRED READING FOR WEEK 1 Muthiah Alagappa, ‘Rethinking Security: A Critical Review and Appraisal of the Debate,’ in Muthia Alagappa, ed., Asian Security Practice, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1998, pp. 27-64. John Baylis and James J. Wirtz, ‘Introduction’, in John Baylis, James Wirtz, Eliot Cohen and Colin S. Gray (eds.), Strategy in the Contemporary World, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007, pp. 1-15. RECOMMENDED READING David Jones and Mike Smith, ‘The Changing Security Agenda in Southeast Asia: Globalization, New Terror, and the Delusions of Regionalism,’ Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, No. 24, 2001, pp 271-288. David Kang, ‘Acute conflicts in Asia After the Cold War: Kashmir, Taiwan and Korea’, in Muthiah Alagappa (ed), Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features, Stanford University Press, Stanford California, 2003, pp. 349-379. FURTHER READING Anthony Burke, ‘Caught between National and Human Security: Knowledge and Power in Post-crisis Asia’, Pacifica Review, Volume 13, Number 3, October 2001, pp. 215-239. Dan Henk, ‘Human Security: Relevance and Implications,’ Parameters, Vol. XXXV, No. 2, Summer 2005, pp. 91-106. WEEK 2 – 29 July Human Security and Non- Traditional Security Approaches Guest lecturer In these lectures, the guest lecturer will revisit the concepts of human and traditional security, and further discuss their similarities and differences. In particular, we will examine in how far the academic discussion regarding both is, or can be made more relevant to policy makers. Tutorial Questions

- How far should the concept of security be extended? Is there a limit? If so, what

should the limit be? - Are some aspects of non-traditional security more amenable to security

approaches than others? - How can you convince policy-makers that non-traditional security approaches are

valid? REQUIRED READING

Nicholas Thomas and William T. Tow, ‘The Utility of Human Security: Sovereignty and Humanitarian Intervention,’ Security Dialogue, Vol 33, No. 2, pp. 177-192.

Alex J. Bellamy and Matt McDonald, ‘The Utility of Human Security’: Which Humans? What Security? A Reply to Thomas and Tow,’ Security Dialogue, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp 373-377. RECOMMENDED READING

Paul M. Evans, ‘Human Security and East Asia: In the Beginning,’ Journal of East Asian Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2004, pp. 263-284. Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, Second Edition, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, Chapter 10. Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams, ‘Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods’, Mershon International Studies Review, No. 40, 1996, pp. 229- 254. Benjamin Miller, ‘The Concept of Security: Should it be Redefined?’, The Journal of Strategic Studies, 24:2, June 2001, pp. 13-41. WEEK 3 – 5 August PEACEKEEPING AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME Guest Lecturer This lecture examines an issue of enormous complexity and significant risk: When to intervene? Governments and international institutions have asked this question a number of times in the last decade and a half, and they have clearly not always got the answer right. In this session, our guest lecturer will talk about the similarities and differences between Australia’s interventions in Bougainville, East Timor and the Solomon Islands. The second lecture will cover trans-national crime in the region. What is it? How does it affect regional security? Tutorial Questions: −What political and military challenges do peace operations pose? What can and what cannot be achieved by them? −In which regards have Australia’s interventions been successful, and in which have they not achieved their objectives? −Why is trans-national crime considered a security threat in Southeast Asia? –In what circumstances can and should state sovereignty be overtaken by international action? REQUIRED READING INTERVENTION AND PEACEKEEPING Michael Evans, ‘Contemporary Military Operations’, in Strategy and Security in the Asia-Pacific, Robert Ayson and Desmond Ball, eds, 2006, pp. 39-54.

TRANSNATIONAL CRIME John McFarlane, ‘Transnational Crime and Asia-Pacific Security’, in Sheldon W. Simon (ed), The Many Faces of Asian Security, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, 2001, pp. 197-229. RECOMMENDED READING Benjamin Reilly, ‘Internal Conflict and Regional Security in Asia and the Pacific’, Pacifica Review, Vol. 14, No. 1, February 2002, pp. 7-21. Arun R. Swamy and John Gershman, ‘Managing Internal Conflicts: Dominance of the State’, in Muthiah Alagappa (ed), Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features, Stanford University Press, Stanford California, 2003, pp.497-535. Mohammed Ayoob, ‘Humanitarian Intervention and State Sovereignty,’ International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Spring 2002), pp. 81-102. David Hegarty, Peace Operations in the South Pacific: Lessons from Bougainville and Solomon Islands, Paper for Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Conference Island State Security 2003: “Oceania at the Crossroads” Session IV: “Ways Out” Honolulu, Hawaii, 15-17 July 2003. John McFarlane, Organised Crime and Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region: The Reality and Response, Working Paper 370, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Canberra, July 2002. Ralf Emmers, ‘ASEAN’s Response to Transnational Crime’, Australian Defence Studies Centre Working Paper No 70, October 2002. WEEK 4 – 12 August DEVELOPMENT AND SECURITY Dr Paul D’Arcy Lecture 1: Development Models Lecture 2: Development in Pacific micro-economies (Note – the second session will be 50 minutes only, because of the constraints of Paul’s schedule). The Pacific Island nations are a series of archipelagos with relatively small populations by world standards. Most are politically independent, but few have succeeded in forming self-sustaining economies without external support, especially in the form of large grants and aid packages from their former colonial rulers. Most of the colonial powers in the Pacific used few resources to control and develop their Island territories. The result was that Pacific Island nations inherited limited modern infrastructure, and a great deal of their traditional culture remained intact. Corruption and limited provision of government services plague much of the Pacific today, prompting questions about how to bring about sustained economic development and whether tradition is a barrier to progress or a source of stability in a time of globalization and change.

Tutorial Questions: Tradition, Stability and Modern isation in the Pacific This week’s tutorial questions are: • What major barriers do Pacific Island nations face in attempting to create modern, prosperous societies in the current era of globalisation? • Can and should traditional elements of Pacific Island culture be integrated with modern, western style institutions to achieve modernity? • Given the constraints they face and nature of their societies, what development priorities and goals will be most effective and beneficial for Island nations? REQUIRED READING Firth, Stewart, “Pacific Islands Trade, Labor, and Security in an Era of Globalization,” The Contemporary Pacific, vol. 19(1), 2007, pp. 111-135. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/contemporary_pacific/v019/19.1firth.pdf Ward, R.G., "South Pacific Futures: Paradise, Prosperity, or Pauperism?", The Contemporary Pacific, vol. 5(1), 1993, pp. 1-22. RECOMMENDED READING

Schoeffel, Penelope, ‘Social Change’, in K.R. Howe, Robert C. Kiste, & Brij V. Lal (eds.), Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1993, pp. 350-380. Bertram, I.G. & Watters, R.F., "The MIRAB Economy in South Pacific Microstates", Pacific Viewpoint, vol. 26(3), 1985, pp.497-520. 17 Nero, Karen, “The Material World Remade” in D. Denoon (ed.) The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 359-396. FURTHER READING Barcham, M., “The Politics of Economic Reform: The Failure of PNG’s 1995 Structural Adjustment Programme”, Revue Juridique Polynesienne, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 193-211. Crocombe, Ron, The South Pacific, Suva, 2001. WEEK 5 – 19 August Dr Paul D’Arcy RESOURCE DISPUTES AND COMMUNAL VIOLENCE Lecture 1: West Papua and Mining Lecture 2: Muslim versus Christian in the Southern Philippines (Note – the second session will be 50 minutes only, because of the constraints of Paul’s schedule). Colonial boundaries took little account of pre-existing political, ethnic, cultural and religious divisions. The result has been to create a series of culturally diverse postcolonial states. Ethnic and cultural minorities often face barriers to political and economic advancement in such circumstances. They may even face an influx of population into

their territory in response to population pressure elsewhere or resource wealth within their lands. West Papua (or Irian Jaya) in Indonesia and the lands of Muslim peoples within the overwhelmingly Roman Catholic Philippines are two classic examples of these circumstances. Both have faced intermittent and bloody warfare since the influx of outsiders into their lands from the late 1960s/early 1970s. Justice and an end to violence remain elusive for both groups. Tutorial Questions: The Southern Philippines and Indonesian Papua This week’s tutorial questions are: −What are the main local, national and international forces influencing inter-communal tensions in the Southern Philippines? −How do these various influences and levels interact with each other? How has the combination of problems underlying the conflict altered in recent decades? −How should these underlying problems be tackled, and in what order of priority? –How much benefit from the mining projects in Papua (Irian Jaya) province accrues to the local people? REQUIRED READING Daniel Joseph Ringuet, “The Continuation of Civil Unrest and Poverty in Mindanao,” Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 24(1), April 2002, pp. 33-49. T.J.S. George, ‘The Lure of Land’, in his Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippines Politics, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1980, pp. 107-128. Octovianus Mote and Danilyn Rutherford, “From Irian Jaya to Papua: The Limits of Primordialism in Indonesia's Troubled East”, Indonesia, Vol. 72, (Oct, 2001), pp. 115-140, Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University. RECOMMENDED READING Thomas M. McKenna, Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines, Anvil Publishing, Manila, 1998, pp. 113-137. Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers, Report of the Secretary General on the Question of Muslims in Southern Philippines, ICFM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-30 June, 2000, http://www.justpeace.net.ph/process/peacetalk/p2000_0811_03.htm, 2000. FURTHER READING : SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES Armour, Rollin, Islam, Christianity, and the West: A Troubled History, New York, 2002. Banlaoi, Rommel C., “The Role of Philippine-American Relations in the Global Campaign Against Terrorism: Implications for Regional Security”, Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 24(2), 2002, pp. 294-312.

WEEK 6: 26 August - No lectures WEEK 7: 2 September DEMOCRACY AND M ILITARY RULE Paul D’Arcy Lecture 1: From dictatorship to democracy in the Philippines Lecture 2: From Democracy to Military Rule in Fiji (Note – the second session will be 50 minutes only, because of the constraints of Paul’s schedule). Most established western nations were unified through force of arms with their current democratic forms only emerging much later. Similarly, most successful modern Asian nations forged ahead economically under autocratic rule initially and only later moved towards more democratic forms of rule. Modern states elsewhere were initially forged and held together by colonial military rule rather than any internal unity or harmony. It s therefore perhaps not surprising that many of the later have reverted back to strong authoritarian rule in the decades following their granting of independence by colonial powers with democratic constitutions modelled on those of their colonizers. This week’s lectures and tutorial examine what processes erode democracy in favour of authoritarian rule, and how democracy can be restored. Key issues are whether democracy is appropriate or beneficial for post-colonial states, and if so, what form of democracy is best? Tutorial Questions: Fiji and the Philippines This week’s tutorial questions are: −What were the main differences between the Fiji coups of 1987 and 2000? What underlying tensions and issues do the coups have in common? −Why was the new, post-1987 coups’ democratic constitution overthrown so easily in 2000? What are the prospects for a peaceful return to democracy? –What were the key factors in the fall of President Marcos? – How satisfactory was the restoration of democracy in the Philippines? REQUIRED READING Roderic Alley, ‘Fiji’s Coups of 1987 and 2000: A Comparison’, Revue Juridique Polynesienne, vol. 1, 2001, pp. 217-234. Brij V. Lal, ‘’Chiefs and thieves and other people besides’: the making of George Speight’s coup’, Journal of Pacific History, vol. 35(3), 2000, pp. 281-308. Choi, Jungug, “Philippine Democracies Old and New: Elections, Term Limits, and Party Systems”, Asian Survey, vol. XLI (3), 2001, 488-501.

RECOMMENDED READING Aikman, C., “Making multi-racial democracy work in Fiji”, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, vol.40 (3), 1999, pp.285-294 (review article). Amitav Acharya, ‘Democratization and the prospects for participatory regionalism in Southeast Asia,’ Third World Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2003), pp. 375-390. Roland Rich, Democratic Peace Theory-What Relevance to East Asia? Centre for Democratic Institutions, RSSS, ANU, Canberra, 2003. Lawson, Stephanie, “Chiefs, Politics and the Power of Tradition in Contemporary Fiji,” in Geoffrey White and Lamont Lindstrom (eds.) Chiefs Today: Traditional Leadership and the Postcolonial State, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1997, pp.108-118. FURTHER READING : FIJI

Fraenkel, Jonathan, “Institutions without Architects: Reassessing Fiji’s May 1999. Elections in the Wake of George Speight’s Coup’, Revue Juridique Polynesienne, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 151-171. FURTHER READING: THE PHILIPPINES Asian Studies, Special Issue on the Transition from Dictatorship to Democracy after the Philippine Revolution of February 1986, vol. XXIV-XXV, 1987-1988.

THEME 2 SECURITY OF WHAT ? TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL ISSUES AND ACTORS IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC WEEK 8 – Energy Security ENERGY SECURITY John Monfries (TBC) HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE REGION Marcus Mietzner Tutorial: Energy Security and Human Rights Tutorial questions are: –Security of energy supply is an important issue for many Asian countries, but what can they do to safeguard or guarantee it? –What are human rights? Are human rights the same for all people everywhere? –Are human rights a security issue? REQUIRED READING Tsutomu Toichi, ‘Energy Security in Asia and Japanese Policy,’ Asia-Pacific Review, Vol. 10, No. 1 (May 2003), pp. 44-51.

Xu Yi-Chong, ‘China’s Energy Security’ Australian Journal of International Affairs, 2006, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp 265-286. Chris Brown, Human Rights, Chapter 31 in The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, John Baylis and Steve Smith (Eds), 2005, 689- 705. RECOMMENDED READING ICRC, Discover the ICRC, ICRC, Switzerland, pp 14-27. Bryan S. Turner, ‘Rule of Virtue: China and Human Rights’, Journal of Human Rights, 2007, Vol. 6, pp. 265-271. Thomas Homer-Dixon, ‘Scarcity and Conflict’, Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy, Spring 2000, pp. 28-35. Laurie Skuba Jackson and Piyachatr Pradubraj, ‘Introduction: Environmental conflict in the Asia-Pacific’, Asia-Pacific Viewpoint, Vol. 45, No. 1, April 2004, pp. 1-11. WEEK 9 – 16 September HEALTH SECURITY Paul D’Arcy Lecture 1: Epidemics and Pandemics in World History Lecture 2: Maritime Security (Note – the second session will be 50 minutes only, because of the constraints of Paul’s schedule). Epidemics and pandemics periodically ravage communities, regions and occasionally much of humanity. The worst kill far more than any war in history or any natural disaster, and effective countermeasures either take time to develop or remain elusive. The speed and global reach of modern transport means the chance of effective quarantine is remote. The relatively low death toll due of the recent SARS outbreak was more due to luck than good management. Yet security specialists tend to give priority to other threats such as terrorism or potentially belligerent neighbours to pour money into military hardware and border protection. This tutorial examines issues involved in ensuring effective public health countermeasures are put in place against health threats in both a national and international context. To what extent is the suspension of cultural and civil liberties justified for the greater good, and who should decide where the greater good lies? Tutorial: Public Health and Maritime Security This week’s tutorial questions are: • What criteria should be used to assess when issues of national security and public health override local cultural sensitivities in reacting to potential epidemics and pandemics? • How important is public health compared to other development and security priorities for both national governments and international aid donors?

• What principles and dispute resolution mechanisms were put in place by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)? Are they workable solutions to maritime disputes? • What factors will persuade coastal nations to use conciliation and collaboration rather than force to resolve disputed territory and resources in the South China Sea? REQUIRED READING Christian Enemark, ‘Infectious Diseases and International Security: The Biological Weapons Convention and Beyond’ in Nonproliferation Review, 2005, Vol. 12, No. 1, 107-125. Nicola Piper and Brenda S.A. Yeoh, ‘Introduction: Meeting the Challenges of HIV/AIDS in Southeast and East Asia,’ Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 2005, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp 1-5. Colin McInnes and Kelley Lee, ‘Health, Security and Foreign Policy,’ in Review of International Studies, 2006, No. 32, pp 5-23. RECOMMENDED READING

Lepani, Katherine, Everything has to come up to the Open Space: talking about sex in an epidemic, Gender Relations Centre, RSPAS, ANU, 2005, http://rspas.anu.edu.au/grc/publications/pdfs/WPS_15_Lepani.pdf. Melissa Curley and Nicholas Thomas, ‘Human Security and public health in Southeast Asia: the SARS outbreak’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 58, No. 1, March 2004, pp. 17-32. Luker, Vicki, Gender, Women and Mothers: HIV/AIDS in the Pacific, Gender Relations Centre, RSPAS, ANU, 2002 FLUID FRONTIERS: M ARITIME SECURITY Paul D’Arcy Lecture 2: Piracy, smuggling & the illegal arms trade in Island Southeast Asia Dr Paul D’Arcy will give the second lecture on maritime security issues. Maritime boundaries are far more difficult to police than land borders because of the lack of resident witnesses and the need to concentrate guards on a few expensive boats or planes rather than scatter them along the border as can be done on land. Gaps in government control abound, especially in Island Southeast Asia because of the proliferation of islands with mangrove or forested coasts for concealment. Piracy and smuggling are potentially lucrative means of supplementing incomes for economically marginal sea-folk, as well as big business for international criminal cartels. Seabed fossil fuel deposits, fisheries, and vital sea-lanes mean governments also seek to extend their sovereignty offshore, bringing them into potential dispute with neighbouring nations. An international legal regime has been put in place to settle maritime disputes peacefully. Questions remain as to whether adherence to this regime will be retained as the potential value of offshore resources is quantified.

REQUIRED READING Furtado, Xavier, ‘International Law and the Dispute Over the Spratly Islands: Whither UNCLOS?’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 21(3), 1999, pp. 386-404. Odgaard, Liselotte, “Deterrence and Co-operation in the South China Sea”, Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 23 (2), 2001, pp. 292-306. RECOMMENDED READING Rosenberg, David, “Environmental Pollution around the South China Sea: Developing a Regional Response”, Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 21(1), 1999, pp. 119-145. Townsend-Gault, Ian, ‘Preventive Diplomacy and Pro-Activity in the South China Sea’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 20(2), August 1998, 171-190. Liss, Carolin, “Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia”, Southeast Asian Affairs 2003, pp. 52-68.

THEME 3: PROMOTING SECURITY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION WEEK 10: 23 September ASIAN REGIONAL SECURITY ARCHITECTURE THE ENVIRONMENT AS A SECURITY ISSUE Dr Ron Huisken Dr Lorraine Elliott The first lecture, to be delivered by Dr Ron Huisken, will outline the existing regional security architecture across the Asia-Pacific, and explore its advantages and disadvantages. This is especially timely in view of the Rudd Government’s announced interest in creating a new region-wide security organisation. This week’s second lecture, by Dr Lorraine Elliott, will establish the link between the environment and security. She will also consider examples of where environmental concerns have the ability to create security problems. The environment represents a security actor with the ability to affect security across the gamut of referents – from the global to the individual. The tutorial questions for this week are: − What are the its advantages and disadvantages of existing multilateral regional security organisations? What improvements might be made to current arrangements? - What are the prospects for the Australian proposal? −What environmental issues are most relevant to security in Asia? How do they relate to the concepts of traditional and human security? – How can the environment or disease be used as weapons? Why are they relevant to security even if they are not used as such or cause conflicts? -

REQUIRED READING James J. Wirtz, ‘A New Agenda for Security and Strategy?’ in John Baylis, James Wirtz, Eliot Cohen, and Colin S. Gray, eds. Strategy in the Contemporary World. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007, pp. 337-355. ** Further readings on the multilateral regional architecture topic may be advised later. Lorraine Elliott, ‘Environment and security: what’s the connection?’, Australian Defence Force Journal, no. 174 (2007): 37-50. Donald E. Weatherbee, ‘Environment, Development, and Security in Southeast Asia’ in Sheldon W. Simon (ed.), The Many Faces of Asian Security, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, Boulder, New York and Oxford, 2001, pp. 141-163. RECOMMENDED READING Lorraine Elliott, The Global Politics of the Environment, Macmillan Press Ltd, Basingstoke and London, 2nd ed 2004, pp. 219-241. Alan Dupont, “The Strategic Implications of Climate Change”, Survival, Volume 50, Issue 3, June 2008 , pages 29 – 54. Alan Dupont, East Asia Imperilled: Transnational Challenges to Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001, Chapter 1. Jennifer Brower and Peter Chalk, ‘Vectors Without Borders,’ RAND Review, Summer 2003, 6-10. WEEK 11: 14 October TECHNOLOGY AND WARFARE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SECURITY Professor Hugh White Dr Hitoshi Nasu This week’s lectures examine two issues that are relevant for both the second and the third theme of the course. The possession of high-technology armaments (or even a declaration of intent to acquire new weapons) can have dramatic impacts on relationships between states. Having a basic grasp of technology, and more importantly understanding what new technology can mean, is fundamental to understanding the application of force. But it can also offer misleading or incomplete insights as well. In the first presentation this week, Prof Hugh White will examine the role of technology in strategy, in particular in relation to Revolutions in Military Affairs and arms races, and introduce technological aspects of security in Asia. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SECURITY This week also covers the use of international law and agreements to promote security. In the second lecture, Dr Hitoshi Nasu will speak on the role of international law and the

UN, discussing the sources of international law as well as the role of the UN Security Council in disputes in the Asia-Pacific. The tutorials will consider the following questions: −Is Asia in the grip of an arms race? −Which factors will make it easier, and which will make it more difficult for Australia to rely on technology for its defence in the future? −How does terrorism since September 11 differ from the historical experience of terrorism? –What means can the UN Security Council bring to bear to solve conflicts in the region? REQUIRED READING - MILITARY Michael Evans, ‘Australia and the Quest for the Knowledge Edge,’ Joint Forces Quarterly, No. 30 (Spring 2002), pp. 41-51. Stephen Metz, Armed Conflict in the 21st Century: The Information Revolution and Post-Modern Warfare, Strategic Studies Institute, April 2000, Chapter 1. REQUIRED READING : I NTERNATIONAL LAW

Ryszard Piotrowicz, “The Structure of the International Legal System”, Chapter 2 in Public International Law: An Australian Perspective, Sam Blay, Ryszard Piotrowicz and B. Martin Tsamenyi, Eds, 1997 (this reprint 2002), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 22-57. RECOMMENDED READING Gareth Evans, ‘When is it Right to Fight?’ Survival, Vol. 46, no. 3 (Autumn 2004), pp. 59-82. Bruno Tertrais, ‘Do Arms Races Matter?’, Washington Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4, Autumn 2001, pp. 123-133. Desmond Ball, ‘Information Operations and Information Superiority,’ in Gary Waters and Desmond Ball, Transforming the Australian Defence Force (ADF) For Information Superiority, Canberra Paper 159, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Canberra, 2005. Desmond Ball, Missile Defence: Trends, Concerns, Remedies, Working Paper 360, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Canberra, 2001. ADDITIONAL READING Eugene V. Rostow, ‘War, Law, and the United Nations,’ Orbis, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Winter 1996), pp. 145-158.

Chris Brown, “Human Rights”, Chapter 31 in The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, John Baylis and Steve Smith, Eds, 2005, 689- 705. Bryan S. Turner, ‘Rule of Virtue: China and Human Rights’, Journal of Human Rights, 2007, Vol. 6, pp. 265-271. ICRC, Discover the ICRC, ICRC, Switzerland, pp 14-27. WEEK 12 – 21 October CIVIL SOCIETY AND SECURITY SMALL ARMS AND LANDMINES Guest lecturer Stephanie Koorey Most authors would agree that civil society refers to the intermediate sphere between the state and the private space occupied by the family, in which people engage voluntarily and organize ‘independently to manage their own affairs’ (Blakeley, 2002). The first lecture will discuss the role of civil society and NGOs in a human and traditional security perspective. The guest lecturer will speak on NGOs and civil society movements in the Asia-Pacific region. The second lecture will discuss the danger to human security posed by small arms and land mines. REQUIRED READING Capie, David, Small Arms Production and Transfers in Southeast Asia, SDSC, ANU, Canberra, 2002, Chs 2-3, pp 6-27. Louise Amoore and Paul Langley, ‘Ambiguities of global civil society,’ Review of International Studies, 2004, Vol. 30, pp 89-110. RECOMMENDED READING Katherine Morton, ‘The emergence of NGOs in China and their transnational linkages: implications for domestic reform,’ Australian Journal of International Affairs, 2005, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp 519-532. Angie Zelter, ‘Civil Society and Global Responsibility: The Arms Trade and East Timor,’ International Relations, 2004, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp 125-140. Capie, David, Under the Gun: the small arms challenge in the Pacific, Victoria University Press, Wellington, 2003. WEEK 13 – 28 October AUSTRALIAN SECURITY Professor Paul Dibb, SDSC COURSE WRAP-UP AND DISCUSSION OF EXAM Marcus Mietzner and John Monfries

In the final lecture for the semester, we return to a realist perspective. Professor Dibb, a well-known expert in Australian security studies, will discuss the main issues surrounding this topic. Perceptions, policies and actions of the countries examined throughout the course can have significant implications for Australia. For example, how does Australia view its role in the web of US alliances in the Pacific? How would a clash between the US and China effect Australia – and what would be the repercussions of ‘choosing sides’? How should Australia view nuclear and missile proliferation in the region? How can Australia use its resources to help in the ‘War on Terror’, and where should the focus of those efforts be – in the broader global arena, or closer to home? Can Australia balance a hard-nosed approach to its national interests, while promoting its concerns for equality, human rights and international institutions?

This session will also include an overview of the course and a brief on the exam. This is an opportunity for students to raise any questions before the final examination.

REQUIRED READING Paul Dibb, ‘Is strategic geography relevant to Australia’s current defence policy?’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 60, No. 2, June 2006, pp 247-264. Rod Lyon & William Tow, ‘The Future of the U.S.-Australian Security Relationship’, Asian Security, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 2005, pp 25-52.

RECOMMENDED READING

Greg Fry, ‘The “War Against Terror” and Australia's New Interventionism’ in Nancy Sullivan (ed), Governance Challenges for PNG and the Pacific Islands, Madang, Divine Word University in association with the State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project, Australia National University, DWU Press, 2005.

Anthony Milner, ‘Reviewing our Asian Engagement’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2003, pp. 9-16.

Alan Dupont, Transformation or Stagnation? Rethinking Australia’s Defence, Working Paper 374, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, ANU, Canberra, 2003. Hugh White, The US, Taiwan and the PRC, Managing China’s Rise: Policy Options for Australia, Melbourne Asia Policy Papers 5, University of Melbourne, 2005.