Islamic Empires Theme: The historical origins of today’s Islamic world
Asia and Islamic Empires in Transition Time to pull out those maps....
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Transcript of Asia and Islamic Empires in Transition Time to pull out those maps....
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Asia and Islamic Empires in Transition
Time to pull out those maps....
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Ming and Qing Empires
FIRST - On your map mark the Ming dynastySECOND - mark all the extended boundaries that make the Qing dynasty
Here is your reference point - BEIJING
MINGQing
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MING
Ming Dynasty of China 1368-1600
•Early experienced sailors - used boats called junks•Spent $ on northern defense rather than explorations•fortified Great Wall in N. China.•gave land in area to soldiers for defense.
•Restored Confucian ways.•Scholar gentry most important•merit system in securing gov’t offices•farmers •artisans•merchants (lowest b/c they produce nothing)•Nothing foreign allowed - no trade - no foreign people - they considered themselves self sufficient
•DECLINE 1644 Northern tribes united under Manchurian ruler take over. Ming dynasty dies out.
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Qing Dynasty of China 1644-1850
Qing
•Kept Chinese culture and society - including Confucianism•Made native traditional Han Chinese wear queue (tail) to signify submission•Traditional Manchu homeland only for Manchurian - no intermarry - keep own language
•Economy - grows, specialization in areas•canals•silk road•merchants become more important
•Society•literature flourished. Philology - study of history of languages
•Decline•corruption, disasters, foreigners pressure to be allowed to trade•White Lotus Rebellions - peasants rebel. •1796-1800 then off/on ‘til 1850•weakened Qing
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China and the Europeans
Chinese culture views outsiders as inferior barbariansThe Portugueseo Early 1500 Portuguese sailors work around coast to China. Some tradeo 1557 – Trading station allowed at Macaoo Jesuit missionarieso Astronomy open imperial court (they who had to predict such things)o Powerful positions allowed.o Catholic converts w/in high officialso Influence imperial policy
Mark Macao on your map
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China and the Europeans
The Britisho 1600 Tea – all the rage in Br. - British East India Tea Company monopolized tradeo Restrictions: must deal w/ only few Ch merchants. Special foreign settlementso Two changeso Free trade ideas♣Reaction to mercantilism.♣Advocated by other tea merchants not in the loop of Br East India Co♣Asked Ch to open more ports – rejectedo Opium Trade♣Trade w Ch meant lots of silver flowing out of Ch economy♣Trade was for cotton from India but not enough Ch buy♣Intro new product: Opium♣Devasted Ch society♣Huge trade imbalance. ♣Br refuse to stop
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China and the EuropeansThe Britisho o Opium Waro 1839-1842. British defeat the Chineseo 1842 Treaty of Nanjingo Hong Kong to Br. Special living places, enclaves, special rules, extraterritoriality - until 1999 when it reverted back to Chinao Moreo Unequal treatieso More concessions Kwoloon land more portso Now other foreign powers – RussiaFrance, etc. but not the U.S.
Mark Hong Kong on your
map
Mark Taiwanon your map
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China and the EuropeansRebellionso mid 1800s Hong Xiuguan Christian convert. Wants new dynasty. Lots of destruction lots of damange in Yangtze River Valley and in southern chinao Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 (this after the White Lotus Rebellion of earlier times (1796-1850)o Seriously weakened Qing dynastyo Foreign powers take advantage and estb more footholds
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Japanese Shogunate
Mark Japan on your map
1500-1860
o Late 1500s 3 daimyo emerge as leadersBuilt a centralized feudal system in Japan
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Japanese ShogunateOda NobunagaToyotomi Hideyoshio Either weakened diamyo by reducing territory and with sword hunt among peasants. o Peasants may not become warriorso Invaded Korea 2x but Chinese helped Korea defeat ToyotomiTokugawa
Ieyasuo Defeated his enemies. Capitol at Edo (now known as Tokyo). o Clearly took or expanded territories of vassals (diamyo) as neededo Tokugawa shogunate 200 yrso Feudalism + central monarchy.o Peasants paid taxes to daimyo who were supported by samuraio Tokugawa owned ¼ but didn’t rule directly. o Didn’t personally tax whole population. o *Japan remained politically and economically decentralizedo kept diamyo from making allies by requiring that they live in Edo every other year
– families in Edo as hostages – that was expensive for diamyo. o This process transformed many diamyo from warrior to courtiero *Tokugawa helped b/c strong central gov’t meant stability 200 yrso *kept trade restrictions and limited foreigners.
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Japanese Shogunate
Foreign Controlo mid 1500s Portuguese in Japan. Broughto Christianity - Jesuitso Muskets – anti Samurai lifestyleo Tokugawa shoguns conclude Christianity was threat – weaken their authorityo Evicted Portugueseo *island nation meant better able to achieve isolation than China
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Japanese Shogunate
Change in Japano Like China – internal economic changes – production grew and specializedo *US Pres Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry steamed into Tokyo bay in 1853 – amazing technologyo negotiated 1854 – Treaty of Kanagawa. 2 ports to US for food, sheltero signed similar treaties with GB, Fr etco foreigners estb. consulates – diplomatic officeso 1858 – allow ministers, diplomats, extraterritorialityo *1860 civil war in Japan…anti Tokuguawa forces calling for change. o New emperor – Meiji Rule
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Ottoman Empire
Add to your map
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Ottoman Empire1396 1st Sultanate
Elite Armyo Janissaries – young captured men, Christian slaves. Trained as Sultans personal guard. Elite. Became powerful in political arena. Elite slave troops
Timur challenges the Ottomanso Turkko-Mongol leader Timur interrupted Ottoman expansion invaded 1402o Born Uzbekistan, claim descent from Genghis Khan o Timur dieso Civil war among Ottomans as to who next Sultano Murad II took over and began to expando Mehmed II Took Constantinople 1453 – renamed Istanbulo Suleyman greatest Sultan. 1520-1566. The Magnificent. Lawgiver.o Lawgivero Conquered Hungary 1526o Nearly took Viennao Vienna limit but rule most of eastern Europe, western Asia, and Northern Africa
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Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Gov’t and Societyo Sultans – o Grand viziers. second in command to the sultano Two groupso Sultanso Peasants known as reaya (protected flock)o Liquid status ranko Meritocracy
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Ottoman Empire
Declineo Suleyman the Magnficent died 1566. o Navy and army strong but defeats at hands of Europeanso Phillip II 1571 navy against Ottomans
o Loss control of profitable silk and spice tradeo Europeans open water trade routeso Corruption – internal bureaucratic struggleso French invaded Egypt 1798 (Napoleon) an Ottoman possessiono End 1923 when Turkey estb itself as a republic
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The Safavid EmpireAdd the Ottoman and the Safavid Empire to your map
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Safavid Empire is in what today is Iran
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Add the Mughal Empire to your map
The Mughal Empire
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The Mughal Empire
♣1300 – 1500 India controlled by Turkish Muslims.
Challenge by Rajputs – Indian warrior princes♣This internal struggle drew attention of
neighbors.♣Attack by Babur the Tiger – descendent of
Mongol leader TimuroHe focused on India♣1526 attacked Sultanate of Delhi.♣Becomes core of Mughal Empire
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The Mughal Empire
Ruler Akbar♣1556-1603.♣Married Rajput princess♣Gave other Rajputs gov’t positions♣Used force. ♣Control most of N India♣Intro improved tax syst – done on 10 yr average of crop production- more equitable♣Religious Policyo Toleranto Repealed non muslim taxo New creed blend elements of Hindu, Islam, Jainism, Christianity
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The Mughal Empire
♣Height of EmpireoShah Jahan 1628-1658oTaj Mahal at Agra and Hall of Private
Audience. – expensive
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The Mughal Empire
o Mystic Nanak united – Sikh faith♣Devotion to one God♣Lack of idols♣Less rigid social sys♣Conflicted with Hindu beliefs♣1600s Sikhs become militant *enemies of
Mughal Empire and Muslims