!"

"

!"#$%&'&()*+'",-)./"0&1"23/"4%&256./72)0)*+2)&7"&0"8/.)/9+'"

:&7/;!72'/1"<&=>?"01&="23/":1)2)?3"6?'/?"+7."@&123/17"

A-1&%/"

"

"

!"#$#%&'()*%#$%&'()$*("+,"-'./&$+0+12"

3*45$'64(2"+,"7+'8"

9%&!:;<2+'8=&.=>8"

" " " " " "

" " " " " "

" " " " " "

"

?0$&6$".4($"&6@""

-6/A2B"9=?="C:!:=""!"#$%&'&()*+'",-)./"0&1"23/"4%&256./72)0)*+2)&7"&0"8/.)/9+'":&7/;!72'/1"<&=>?"01&="23/":1)2)?3"6?'/?"+7."@&123/17"A-1&%/B"3*%>A046/$D"#&(&6/$$("+,"(/$"

EF-G"H+'8$D"I+*$"J$6$&'./"K'+>%B"/((%@LLMMM=MA'1=*$("="

N"9($5$"-6/A2B"O>*$"C:!:"

" "

C"

"

+,"-./01".-*%2."#'%

"

P/$",+00+M4*1"(&A0$"%'$6$*(6"&"A&64."+5$'54$M"+,"(/$"'&*1$"+,",+')6".+))+*02"4D$*(4,4$D"&.'+66"*+'(/$'*"Q>'+%$"A$(M$$*".="-#"R;:"&*D"!S::=""P/$"(2%+0+12"

46"A&6$D"+*"-6/A2"C::S"TM/$'$4*"4(6"+'414*6"&*D"6(&(46(4.&0"A&646B"&6"M$00"&6"(/$"6%&(4&0"'&*1$6"+,"$&./"(2%$B"&'$"D46.>66$D"4*"D$(&40UB"&*D"%'+54D$6"&"A&64."

,'&)$M+'8",+'"$,,4.4$*("4D$*(4,4.&(4+*"+,"+AV$.(6=""-6"6>./"4("46"/+%$D"(/&("(/46"D+.>)$*("%'+54D$6"&">6$,>0"/&*D1>4D$",+'",4*D6"6%$.4&046(6B".>'&(+'6B"&*D"

$W.&5&(+'6"&048$=""X&*2"+,"(/$"(2%$6"4D$*(4,4$D"/&5$"A$$*"6>AV$.("(+"(2%+0+14.&0"6(>D2"4*"(/$4'"+M*"'41/("T6$$",+'"$W&)%0$"H4A$'1"!YZ["+*"P2%$6"Y"&*D"!RUB"

M/40$"'$14+*&0"6%$.4&046(6")&2"%'$,$'"(+">6$"'$14+*\6%$.4,4.".0&664,4.&(4+*6="""E*"6>./".&6$6"(/$"%'$6$*("(2%+0+12")&2"A$">6$D"4*".+)A4*&(4+*"M4(/"(/$6$")+'$"

,+.>6$D"6(>D4$6B"A>(",+'"&*2"0&'1$\6.&0$".+)%&'46+*B"&"A'+&D\A&6$D"(2%+0+12"6>./"&6"(/46"46"*$.$66&'2=""]+'",>'(/$'"D$(&40"+*"%&'(4.>0&'"(2%$6B"'$&D$'6"&'$"

'$,$''$D"(+"(/$"046("+,",>'(/$'"'$&D4*1"&%%$*D$D"(+"(/$"%'$6$*("%&%$'="

"

P/$"(2%+0+12"46"'$,$''$D"(+"4*"&"04((0$")+'$"D$(&40"4*"-6/A2"C::S"&*D"C::[B"M/4./"/&6"A$$*">6$D"&6"(/$"(2%+0+14.&0"A&646",+'"&00"M+'8"%>A046/$D"A2"(/$"&>(/+'"

(+"D&($=""E("6/+>0D"A$"*+($D"(/&("(/46"D+.>)$*(".+*6(4(>($6"&"D$5$0+%)$*("+*"(/+6$"%&%$'6"T(2%$"C.B",+'"$W&)%0$B"46"*+("'$,$''$D"(+"4*"-6/A2"C::S"+'"C::[U=""

]>'(/$')+'$B"&"D$(&40$D"D46.>664+*"+,"(/$"(2%+0+14.&0",'&)$M+'8B"(+1$(/$'"M4(/".+*64D$'&(4+*"+,"(/$"./'+*+0+14.&0"&*D"6%&(4&0"'&*1$6"+,"(/$"(2%$6B"&*D"(/$"

6+.4&0"&*D"$.+*+)4."4)%04.&(4+*6"+,"&*2"%&(($'*4*1B"46"4*"%'$%&'&(4+*"T-6/A2")7"%1/%BU="

" "

R"

"

Form Type (after Ashby

2006, 2007)

Description Date Range

1a Small triangular or round-backed, single-

sided combs with iron rivets. Small in size,

generally 5-10cm in length.

c. late 4th -6th

Century

1b !"#$$%&'(()*+,-%-sided combs, with 3 or 4

connecting plates. Iron rivets. Variable in

size, generally 10-15cm in length.

Late 4th- 8th

Century

1c !.*,/-0#12%&'()*+,-%-sided composite

combs. Short, with toothplates extending

beyond the comb back to form a decorative

field. Diverse ornament. Iron rivets. Small

in size, generally 7-10cm in length.

5th-8th Century

2a Single-sided composite combs with

connecting plates of flattened, rectangular

section, usually made of split ribs. Iron

rivets. Variable in size, generally between 7

and 15cm in length.

5th-8th Century

^"

"

2b Hogbacked combs, with connecting plates of

shallow convex section and concavo-convex

3$45*-%6(457%+(8*7/(!8*+,%&'(4$(ornamental

endplates. Iron rivets. Generally between 10

and 20cm in length.

5th-8th Century

2c Long, triangular, single-sided composite

combs. Iron rivets. Generally between 10 and

15cm in length.

c. 8th 9 9th Century

3 Handled and asymmetric combs, with either

an uncut toothplate billet forming a

handhold, or a handle formed from a slotted

antler tine, or a pair of bone plates. Iron

rivets. Variable in size, generally between 10

and 20cm in length.

8th-11th Century

;"

"

4 Crudely manufactured, straight, flat mounts

with 2, 3, or 4 widely-spaced iron rivets

:;#1<$%,4$')(!$*=%7%&(>4?+7)'). Most

examples have connecting plates between 10

and 15cm long, though length appears to

vary in relation to the number of rivets.

10th-12th century

5 Long single-sided combs with iron rivets and

shallow connecting plates (Ambrosiani A).

Large in size, generally 15-25 cm in length.

9th-mid-10th

century

6 Short single-sided combs with iron or

copper-alloy rivets, and deep connecting

plates (Ambrosiani B). Small in size,

generally 10-15cm in length.

10th-11th century

7 Long, irregular single-sided combs with iron

rivets and deep connecting plates. Variable

size; examples are known up to 32cm in

length.

10th-11th century

S"

"

8a Long and short single-sided combs with iron

rivets and connecting plates of triangular

cross-section Variable size, generally 10-

20cm in length.

10th-12th century

8b Long and short single-sided combs with iron

rivets and connecting plates of trapezoidal

cross-section. Variable size, generally 10-

20cm in length.

10th-12th century

8c Long and short, straight, undecorated single-

sided combs, with iron rivets and connecting

plates of hemispherical cross-section.

Variable size, generally 10-20cm in length.

11th-13th century

9 Long and short single-sided combs with

copper-alloy rivets and/or plating. Variable

size, generally 10-20cm in length.

late 10th 9 13th

century

["

"

10 Usually short, double-sided combs with

denticulate endplate-profiles, iron or bronze

rivets, and differentiated, graduated teeth.

Variable size, generally 10-20cm in length.

4th- 5th Century

11 Short, tall double-sided combs with iron

rivets and undifferentiated, graduated teeth.

Variable size, generally 10-15cm in length.

6th-8th Century

12 Long, narrow double-sided combs with iron

rivets and undifferentiated, ungraduated

teeth. Variable size, generally 10-20cm in

length.

6th-9th Century

13 Finely-cut double-sided combs of diverse

form, with copper-alloy rivets and

differentiated teeth. Very variable in size,

between 5 an 15cm in length.

12th-15th Century

Z"

"

14a One-piece double-sided combs, often

produced in ivory or elk antler, and featuring

a limited range of ornament (may be

undecorated). Usually c.5 -7cm in height,

but some examples are over 10cm. Their

$%-#7*4+)/*3(8*7/(4?7-@*+,6(-#$,%$(!)3%1*#-(

3?$34)%'(%A#>3-%)6()?1/(#)(7/%(14>0(5$4>(

the tomb of St Cuthbert, is unclear.

11th 9 early 15th

Century

14b One-piece, double-sided combs with

differentiated teeth and minimal decoration,

usually with a lentoid or lozengiform section.

Generally small, 4-7cm in length.

15th-18th Century

14c Variable in size and form, but always

displaying elaborate (figural, vegetal or

zoomorphic) ornament. Frequently in the

Romanesque style.

c.11th -13th

Century

Y"

"

3-#/4"'%5,/%&16,.78#/9#:#,"'%%"

+880'"-5"4.,'@""

!"#$%&'(()*+%,+-".""

/01$&23&" D'&M*"A2"?&("H&06/B"&,($'"D'&M4*16"A2"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"_'8*$2"X>6$>)=""N"`+'(/&)%(+*6/4'$"-'./&$+0+12"C::[="

"

/01$&'(()*+%,+-".*4&

2," " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"a>00"&*D"Q&6("J4D4*1"X>6$>)="Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2"C:!:="

25" " D'&M*"A2"J4./&'D"O&.86+*B"N]4$0D"-'./&$+0+12"9%$.4&046(6"C::;="

26" " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"_'8*$2"X>6$>)="Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2"C:!:="

3," " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"7+'8"X>6$>)6"P'>6(="Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2"C:!:="

35" " D'&M*"A2"?&("H&06/B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"7+'8"X>6$>)6"P'>6(=""N"`+'(/&)%(+*6/4'$"-'./&$+0+12"C::[="

36" " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"7+'8"X>6$>)6"P'>6(=""N"a&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2"C:!:="

7" " D'&M*"A2"]'&*.$6"F/&0+*$'B"NO"#"J4./&'D6"/2"+'"!YYY="

8" " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"7+'8"X>6$>)6"P'>6(="Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2="

9" " D'&M*"A2"?&("H&06/B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"9(&($*6"a46(+'468&"X>6$$(=""N"`+'(/&)%(+*6/4'$"-'./&$+0+12"C::[="

:" " D'&M*"A2"?&("H&06/B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"9(&($*6"a46(+'468&"X>6$$(=""N"`+'(/&)%(+*6/4'$"-'./&$+0+12"C::[="

!:"

"

;" " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"7+'8"X>6$>)6"P'>6(="Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2"C:!:="

<," " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"7+'8"X>6$>)6"P'>6(="Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2"C:!:="

<5" " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"7+'8"X>6$>)6"P'>6(="Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2"C:!:="

<6" " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"7+'8"X>6$>)6"P'>6(="Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2"C:!:="

=" D'&M*"A2"?&("H&06/B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"`P`3"X>6$>)"+,"`&(>'&0"a46(+'2"b"-'./&$+0+12B"P'+*D/$4)="""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

N"`+'(/&)%(+*6/4'$"-'./&$+0+12"C::[="

2>" " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"7+'8"X>6$>)6"P'>6(=""Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2"C:!:="

22" " D'&M*"A2"?&("H&06/B"&,($'"D'&M4*16"A2"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"`&(4+*&0"X>6$>)6"+,"9.+(0&*D=""N"`+'(/&)%(+*6/4'$"-'./&$+0+12"C::[="

23" " D'&M*"A2"?&("H&06/B"&,($'"D'&M4*16"A2"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"_'8*$2"X>6$>)=""N"`+'(/&)%(+*6/4'$"-'./&$+0+12"C::[="

27" " D'&M*"A2"?&("H&06/B"&,($'"D'&M4*16"A2"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"_'8*$2"X>6$>)=""N"`+'(/&)%(+*6/4'$"-'./&$+0+12"C::[="

28," " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"4)&1$6"&*D"400>6('&(4+*6"4*"9)4'*+5&"C::;@"!:S\C!C=""Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2"C:!:="

285" " D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/6"A2"(/$"&>(/+'B".+>'($62"7+'8"X>6$>)6"P'>6(=""Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"-6/A2"C:!:="

286" D'&M*"A2"a&20$2"9&>0B"&,($'"%/+(+1'&%/",'+)"(/$"I'4(46/"X>6$>)B"&5&40&A0$"&("

/((%@LLMMM=A'4(46/)>6$>)=+'1L$W%0+'$L/41/041/(6L/41/041/(c+AV$.(6L%$c)0&L4L45+'2c.+)A=&6%W"=""E00>6('&(4+*"Na&20$2"9&>0"&*D"9($5$"

-6/A2"C:!:="

" "

!!"

"

"

;4)84.9-5<(*%5,/%=0-"(#-%>#5/4,9%

"

Ambrosiani, K. (1981). Viking Age Combs, Comb Making and Comb Makers in the Light of F inds from Birka and Ribe. Stockholm, Stockholm

Studies in Archaeology 2.

Ashby, S.P. (2006). Time, Trade and Identity: Bone and Antler Combs in Northern Britain c. AD700-1400. PhD Thesis, Department of Archaeology. York, University of York.

Ashby, S.P. (2007). "Bone and Antler Combs." F inds Research Group Datasheet 40.

Ashby, S.P. (in prep). "Combs from medieval northern Europe."

Biddle, M. (1990). Toilet Equipment: Combs of Horn and Bone. In Biddle, M. (ed.), Object and Economy in Medieval Winchester. (Winchester Studies volume 7.ii.ii). Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp.678-690.

Dunlevy, M.M. (1988). "A classification of early Irish combs." Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 88(C11): 341-422.

F lodin, L. (1989). Kammakeriet i Trondheim ca. 1000-1600. Trondheim, Riksantikvaren.

Galloway, P. (1976). "Notes on the description of bone and antler combs." Medieval Archaeology 20: 154-156.

Hills, C. (1981). Barred Zoomorphic Combs of the Migration Period. In Evison, V.I. (ed.), Angles, Saxons, and Jutes: Essays Presented to J.N.L. Myres. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 96-111.

Hodges, R. (1980). "Dark Age handled combs: A Note." Archaeologia Atlantica 3: 145-146.

!C"

"

M acG regor, A. (1975). "Barred Combs of Frisian Type in England." Medieval Archaeology 19: 195-198.

M acG regor, A. (1985). Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn: The Technology of Skeletal Materials Since the Roman Period. London, Croom Helm.

M acG regor, A., Mainman, A.J., et al. (1999). Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn from Anglo-Scandinavian and Medieval York. The Archaeology of York 17/2. York, Council for British Archaeology.

Riddler, I. (1990). "Saxon Handled Combs from London." Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 41: 9-20.

Smirnova, L. (2005). Comb-Making in Medieval Novgorod (950-1450). An industry in transition. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports

International Series 1369.

Tempel, W.-D. (1970). Die Kämme aus Haithabu (Ausgrabungen 1963-64). In Schietzel, K (ed.), Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 4.. Neumünster, Bericht 4, pp. 34-45.

Wiberg, T. (1987). BKammerC6(D+(Schia, E. (ed.), ,De Arkeologiske utgravninger i Gamlebyen, Oslo Bind 3, Vol 3. Oslo, Alvheim and Eide, pp.

202-208.