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ASSIGNMENT #1

Q1. Why operating system is called as reactive system?

ANS- Operating system always responses back to the user for every action heperformed.So, an operating system is also called as reactive system.

Q2.List and compare number of operating systems available.

Name Creator

Latest

stable

version

Cost,

availability

Preferredlice

nse[g 1]

Target system

type

AIX IBM 7.1Bundled with

hardwareProprietary

Server,NAS,workst

ation

Android Android,

Inc.,Google

Android 4.1

Jelly BeanFree

Apache2.0,

GNUGPLv2

Consumer,

enterprise,

military,education

AmigaOSclas

sic

Commodore

International,Ha

age &

Partner,Hyperi

on

Entertainment

3.9

Bundled with

hardware up to

version 3.0

(Amiga

International

Hardware came

with 3.1);

versions 2.1,

3.0, 3.1, 3.5,

3.9 also

available asseparate

packages

Proprietary, open

source clone

available

underAROSPubli

c License

Workstation,person

al computer

AmigaOS 4 Hyperion

Entertainment4.1 update 4

4.0 bundled

with hardware;

4.0 for classic

and 4.1

available as

standalone

ProprietaryWorkstation,

personal computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIX_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIX_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPLv2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPLv2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPLv2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haage_%26_Partnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haage_%26_Partnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haage_%26_Partnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haage_%26_Partnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haage_%26_Partnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_versions#AmigaOS_3.5.2C_3.9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_versions#AmigaOS_3.5.2C_3.9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AROShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AROShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AROShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AROShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_versions#AmigaOS_3.5.2C_3.9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haage_%26_Partnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haage_%26_Partnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haage_%26_Partnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPLv2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIX_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license

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Name Creator

Latest

stable

version

Cost,

availability

Preferredlice

nse[g 1]

Target system

type

package at 99

eComStation

Serenity

Systems,

Mensys BV

2.1

Home-student

edition (max. 5

per site)

$149.00

business

edition $259.00

ProprietaryServer, workstation,

personal computer

EPOC32 Psion PLC ER5 Commercial Proprietary PDA

FreeBSDThe FreeBSD

Project9 Free BSD

Server, workstation,

NAS,embedded

DragonFly

BSDMatthew Dillon 2.10 Free BSD

Server, workstation,

NAS, embedded

Haiku Haiku Inc. R1/Alpha3 Free MIT Personal computer

HP-UXHewlett-

Packard

11.31 "11i

v3"$400 Proprietary Server, workstation

IBM i IBM 7.1Bundled with

hardwareProprietary Server

Inferno Bell Labs Fourth

EditionFree

MIT,GNU

GPL,GNU

LGPL,LPL

NAS, server,

embedded

iOS Apple Inc. 5.1.1Bundled with

hardware

Proprietaryhigher

level API layers;

open source coresystem (ARM

Smartphone,music

player,tablet

computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EComStationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EComStationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psion_PLChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psion_PLChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_licenseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_licenseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly_BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly_BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly_BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Dillon_(computer_scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Dillon_(computer_scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucent_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucent_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucent_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucent_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Dillon_(computer_scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly_BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly_BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_licenseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psion_PLChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EComStationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license

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Name Creator

Latest

stable

version

Cost,

availability

Preferredlice

nse[g 1]

Target system

type

versions):APSL,

GNU GPL, others

IRIX SGI 6.5.30Bundled with

hardwareProprietary Server, workstation

GNU/Linux

Richard

Stallman,LinusTorvalds, et al.

Linux

kernel3.4;G

NU C

Library2.13

Free

GNU GPL, GNU

LGPL, others

See:Comparison of

Linux distributions

Mac OS Apple Inc. 9.2.2

Bundled

with68Kand

PowerPC

Macs;

versions 7-9

sold as retail

upgrades[g 6]

ProprietaryWorkstation,

personal computer

OS X Apple Inc. 10.8

Bundled with

hardware;

upgrades sold

separately:

Desktop $169

(one-user Mac

box set), $29

(one-user MacOS X v10.6

upgrade)

Family Pack

$229 (5-user

Mac box set),

$49 (5-user

Mac OS X

v10.6 upgrade)

Proprietaryhigher

level API layers;

open source coresystem (Intel-

PowerPC

versions):APSL,

GNU GPL, others

Workstation,personal computer,

embedded

OS X Server Apple Inc. 10.7

Bundled with

hardware; and

sold separately:

Proprietaryhigher

level API layers;

open source core

Server

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvaldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvaldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvaldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvaldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-freeMac-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-freeMac-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-freeMac-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-freeMac-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvaldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvaldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license

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Name Creator

Latest

stable

version

Cost,

availability

Preferredlice

nse[g 1]

Target system

type

$499 (unlimited

clients)

system (Intel-

PowerPC

versions): APSL,

GNU GPL, others

MINIX 3Andrew S.

Tanenbaum 3.1.8 Free BSD Workstation

NetBSDThe NetBSD

Project5.1.2 Free BSD

NAS, server,

workstation,

embedded

NetWare Novell 6.5 SP8$184 (one-

user)Proprietary Server

NeXTStep NeXT 3.3

Bundled with

hardware, then

sold separately

Proprietary Workstation

OpenBSDThe OpenBSD

Project5.1 Free ISC

Server, NAS,

workstation,

embedded

OpenIndiana

Many, based on

software

developed

bySun

Microsystemsa

nd many others

FreeCDDLmostly, and

othersServer, workstation

OpenVMS DEC(nowHP) 8.4

Commercial,

free non-

commercial use

Proprietary Server, workstation

OS/2IBM

andMicrosoft

4.52 $300 ProprietaryPersonal computer,

server

PC-BSD PC-BSD

Software9 Free BSD

Personal computer,

workstation, server

Plan 9 Bell Labs Fourth

EditionFree LPL

Workstation, server,

embedded,HPC

QNXQNX Software

Systems6.5.0

Commercial; a

free testing

version exists

that needs

authorization

code before

ProprietaryWorkstation, server,

embedded

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTStephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTStephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenIndianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenIndianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett_Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett_Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett_Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett_Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenIndianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTStephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license

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5/11

Name Creator

Latest

stable

version

Cost,

availability

Preferredlice

nse[g 1]

Target system

type

installing

Solaris Sun 11 11/11

Commercial; a

free 90 days

evaluation

version exists

CDDL Server, workstation

SymbianOS Symbian Ltd. 9.5 Commercial Proprietary Phones

Symbian

platform

Symbian

Foundation 3.0.4 Free EPL embedded

Windows

Server(NT

family)

Microsoft

Windows

Server 2008

R2(NT

6.1.7600)

$469 WebServer; other

editions

dependent on

number

ofCALspurcha

sed

ProprietaryServer, NAS,

embedded, HPC

Microsoft

Windows(NT

family)

Microsoft

Windows

7(NT

6.1.7600)

Home Basic

retail $99.95,

Home Premium

retail $119.95,Business retail

$299.95,

Ultimate retail

$300.95[1]

Proprietary

Workstation,

personal

computer,media

center,Tablet PC,

embedded

Microsoft

Windows

(classic

family)

Microsoft

Windows

Me(Win

4.90.3000)

Outdated, no

longer soldProprietary

Personal computer,

media center

RISC iX

Acorn

Computers 1.21c

Bundled with

hardware Proprietary Workstation

RISC OS Acorn

Computers3.71

Bundled with

hardwareProprietary

Education, personal

computer

RISC OSRISCOS

Ltd,Pace plc4.39

Bundled with

hardware, then

sold separately

at $127 (70)

ProprietaryEducation, personal

computer

RISC OS

Castle

Technology,RISC OS Open 5.17

Free for non-

commercial use

(recentreleases);

Shared Source

Education, personal

computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_Access_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_Access_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_Access_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_theater_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_theater_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_theater_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Tablet_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Tablet_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Tablet_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_iXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_iXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISCOS_Ltdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISCOS_Ltdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISCOS_Ltdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_plchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_plchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_plchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OS_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OS_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OS_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OS_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OS_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OS_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OS_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OS_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OS_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_plchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISCOS_Ltdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISCOS_Ltdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_iXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Tablet_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_theater_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_theater_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_Access_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license

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Name Creator

Latest

stable

version

Cost,

availability

Preferredlice

nse[g 1]

Target system

type

formerly

bundled with

hardware

RISC OS RISCOS Ltd 6.20

Bundled with

hardware, then

sold separately

at $127 (70)

ProprietaryEducation, personal

computer

ZETA yellowTAB 1.5 Discontinued Proprietary

Personal computer,

media center,

workstation

STOP 6, XTS-

400BAE Systems 6.4.U1

Unknown;

supplied to

customers on-

demand by

BAE Systems

Proprietary Server, workstation

ReactOS

ReactOS

development

team

0.3.14 FreeGNU GPL, GNU

LGPL

Workstation,

personal computer

VxWorks Wind RiverSystems

6.9 Paid Proprietary Embedded Real-time systems

z/OS IBM 1.12

Monthly license

fee, about $130

and up

Proprietary IBM mainframe

z/VSE IBM 4.3Monthly license

feeProprietary IBM mainframe

Q3. Explain reason for process creation and process termination.Reason for process creation:-

A process is created in response to the submission of a job. A new process is created when

a new user attempts to log on in an interactive environment. In all the cases the operating

system is responsible for the creation of the process. An operating system can also create a

process on behalf of an application.

Process creation is only the first management action performed by the OS on the process.

Since the process will use the resources made available by the OS, further OS activity will

typically be needed to manage those resources on behalf of the process. This involves the

release of the CPU control from the process to the OS.1) The creation of a process image in a certain address space, which typically involves the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnussoft_ZETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YellowTABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YellowTABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTS-400http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTS-400http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTS-400http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VxWorkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VxWorkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_mainframehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/VSEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/VSEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/VSEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_mainframehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VxWorkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReactOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTS-400http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTS-400http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YellowTABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnussoft_ZETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems#cite_note-license-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license

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loading of the executable code for the task from some mass storage medium;

2) The creation and initialization of a PCB for the process, and its insertion in one of the

process control queues (typically the ``ready'' one).

Reason for process termination:-

Normal completion,Time limit exceeded,Memory unavailable,Bounds violation,Protection error,Arithmetic error,Time overrun,I/O failure,Invalid instruction,Privileged instruction,Data misuse,

Operator or OS intervention,Parent termination.

Q. Explain seven state process.Seven state process:-

Apart from the transitions we have seen in five states model, following are the newtransitions which occur in the above seven state model.

Blocked to Blocked / Suspend: If there are now ready processes in the main memory,at least one blocked process is swapped out to make room for another process that isnot blocked.

Blocked / Suspend to Blocked: If a process is terminated making space in the mainmemory, and if there is any high priority process which is blocked but suspended,

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anticipating that it will become free very soon, the process is brought in to the mainmemory.

Blocked / Suspend to Ready / Suspend:A process is moved from Blocked / Suspendto Ready / Suspend, if the event occurs on which the process was waiting, as there is nospace in the main memory.

Ready / Suspend to Ready: If there are no ready processes in the main memory,operating system has to bring one in main memory to continue the execution.Sometimes this transition takes place even there are ready processes in main memorybut having lower priority than one of the processes in Ready / Suspend state. So thehigh priority process is brought in the main memory.

Ready to Ready / Suspend: Normally the blocked processes are suspended by theoperating system but sometimes to make large block free, a ready process may besuspended. In this case normally the low priority processes are suspended.

New to Ready / Suspend: When a new process is created, it should be added to theReady state. But sometimes sufficient memory may not be available to allocate to thenewly created process. In this case, the new process is sifted to Ready / Suspend.

Q4. Difference between Program and Process

- A program is a set of instructions that are to perform a designated task, where as theprocess is an operation which takes the given instructions and perform the manipulations as

per the code, called execution of instructions. A process is entirely dependent of aprogram.

- A process is a module that executes modules concurrently. They are separate loadablemodules. Where as the program perform the tasks directly relating to an operation of a userlike word processing, executing presentation software etc.

Program

Simply a passive entity stores the set of instructions to be executed in the file.

Process

An Active Entity which executes the set of instructions (i.e. program),and has many things

associated with that program to execute like Program counter,regtister etc.

a process is a progam under execution

a program is a series of instructions to perform a particulat task

Process is a part of a program. Process is the part where logic of that particular program exsists.

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Program is given as a set of process. In some cases we may divide a problem into

number of parts. At these times we write a seperate logic for each part known as process. process:part of program is process

program:program is set of process

Program is nothing but the set of all the instruction which requires to carry out some specific

job.Before come into execution they must be convert in binary codes which should be

understood by loader os OS.Generally in Windows it like EXE file which is stored in Portable

Executable (PE) Format on Secondary Memory Like hard disk.

A process is usually defined as an instance of a running Program and consists of two

components:.

1) A kernel object that the operating system uses to manage the process. The kernel object

is also where the system keeps statistical information about the prdlllocess.

2) An address space that contains all the executable or DLL module's code and data. It alsocontains dynamic memory allocations such as thread stacks and heap allocations.

Processes are inert. For a process to accomplish anything, it must have a thread that runs in

its context; this thread is responsible for executing the code contained in the process's

address space. In fact, a single process might contain several threads, all of them executing

code "simultaneously" in the process's address space. To do this, each thread has its own

set of CPU registers and its own stack. Each process has at least one thread that executes

code in the process's address space. If there were no threads executing code in the

process's address space, there would be no reason for the process to continue to exist, and

the system would automatically destroy the process and its address space.

Processis active state of program and it is status of given task mentioned inprogram, it gives the info to main memory about its state nd other details like whatpart it has executed up-to that instance. It keeps track of thestatus of registers andinstances of the resources it hold and required resources, wa cost it incures on thecpu after it is donewith its work.

Programis total information about what has to be done with CPU and otherresources for which it is liable to complete the given task. In some cases it is collection of different Thick weight process and Lite weight process( threads) as wemay require to run various modules of different programs in some single program. Soprocess is like platform onCPUfor running different tasks of given program and part of themain set of process.

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For example while logging into yahoo messenger most of the times we get two instances ofmessenger executablefile instances on applications tab in task manager.

Q5. Explain PCB(Process Control Block).

Ans. A process in an operating system is represented by a data structure known as aprocess control block (PCB) or process descriptor. The PCB contains important informationabout the specific process including

The current state of the process i.e., whether it is ready, running, waiting, orwhatever.

Unique identification of the process in order to track "which is which" information. A pointer to parent process. Similarly, a pointer to child process (if it exists).

The priority of process (a part of CPU scheduling information). Pointers to locate memory of processes. A register save area. The processor it is running on.

The PCB is a certain store that allows the operating systems to locate key information abouta process. Thus, the PCB is the data structure that defines a process to the operatingsystems.

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