ASEES-Energy and Sustainability-Cosme de Arana-Pablo Caballero

8/2/2019 ASEES-Energy and Sustainability-Cosme de Arana-Pablo Caballero

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THE GREEN BRIDGE FOR TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE BETWEEN CHINA AND SPAIN

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY:OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

UNITED INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE (UIC)

ZHUHAI , 20 APRIL 2012

COSME DE ARANA

PABLO CABALLERO


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ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

1 INTRODUCING ASEES

2 THE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MODEL

3 TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY

4 OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA


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1 INTRODUCING ASEES


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Sustainability Meeting the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to

provide for themselves

Protecting the environment while also elevating the

social and economic status of everyone in thecommunity

Sustainability will be the fundamental problem to be solved

in the XXI century:

Governments : Increased responsibility to develop theproper responses to the global challenges, handling the

new technologies appropriately.

Companies: Incorporate sustainable environmentalpractices in their business models.

INTRODUCING ASEES


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The energy resources depletion and environmentaldamage are the greatest challenges that mankind will everface China has emerged as a leading country to promote agreen economy

Great achievements: World leader in renewableenergy technology

Largest wind power and hydro power capacity

installed in the world

Several of the main manufacturers of solar

panels and wind turbines

INTRODUCING ASEES


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11 FIVE YEAR PLAN set a target of 20% in energyintensity reduction and it was accomplished12 FIVE YEAR PLAN sets ambitious targets for 2015to improve the energy conservation and environmental

protection, including:Increasing renewable energy up to 11.4% of the

primary energy

Decreasing carbon intensity by 17%;

Decreasing water intensity by 30%;

And, Increasing forest coverage rate to 21.7%;

INTRODUCING ASEES


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Spain, on its side, has been a pioneer country in thedevelopment of renewable energy for the last decades, and

its a global leader both from an industrial and a

technological point of view.

It has the largest Concentrated Solar Power installedcapacity in the world, with more than 1,000 MW inoperation and other 1.000 MW under construction.

Its the 2nd country in photovoltaic energy installed,with almost 4,000 MW

Its the 4th in wind energy with more than 20,000MW installed, which provide a major share of the

energy mix in Spain

Its 4th in the total renewable energy installedexcluding hydro power, with 26.000 MW

More than 100.000 jobs and over 4,000 companies ofdifferent sizes and activity operate in this sector.

Many R&D centers have been established in this sector

INTRODUCING ASEES


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The present moment is critical for both China and Spain: China is facing future energy and environmentalchallenges,

Spain is up against a structural crisis of its economicmodel that must be overcome through innovation and

boosting the sectors where it has global leadership.

The Sino-Spanish Association for Energy and Sustainability(ASEES) opens a direct channel between Spain and China inthe energy and environment sectors to transform this triple

crisis into a triple opportunity for both countries, combining

Energy, Environment and Economy.

This collaborative platform will build bridges between our

countries to achieve a more sustainable future by

strengthening an intelligent bilateral cooperation

INTRODUCING ASEES


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ASEES (Sino-Spanish Association for Energy andSustainability) is a non-governmental and non-profit

institution.

Working in sectors that concern sustainable development

Renewable EnergyEnergy Efficiency

Environment

I + D + I

Promotes bilateral cooperation between Spain and China.

ASEES is a platform for technological exchange and

promotes the creation of strategic alliances.

INTRODUCING ASEES


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2 THE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MODEL


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IS THIS ENERGY MODEL SUSTAINABLE?

Tolerable Environmental Impact

Economic Development (Reliable

access to lasting energy sources)

Socially Fair. Equal access to

modern energy for everybody



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Tolerable Environmental Impact

Economic Development (Reliable

access to lasting energy sources)

Socially Fair. Equal access to

modern energy for everybody


IS THIS ENERGY MODEL SUSTAINABLE?


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Energy Demand


PREDICTABLE LACK OF ENERGY SOURCES


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Population Growth & Primary energy supply




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Energy Resources

COAL

GAS

OIL




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Peak Oil

Possible Future Oil Production Path




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Uranium resources (Years)

Energy Demand (%) VS 2005 demand

Nucle

arContribution(%

)



Nuclear power


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CO2 Concentration (600,000yr)

INTOLERABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT



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CO2 Concentration - Temperature (600,000yr)




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Environmental Consequences


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Failing crops

Melting glaciers Sea level raise

Desiccating land

Dying species



Environmental Consequences


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Average per capita emissions 2005


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Land Area

UNEQUAL ACCESS TO ENERGY



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Total Population




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Electricity Production




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Fuel Use




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Carbon Emissions




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Human Development Index


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Electricity deprivation



(reference case IEA WEO 2004)


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3 TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY



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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

TRADITIONAL BIOMASS COAL OIL, GAS AND ELECTRICITY

Biomass-based energy

supply

Start of industrydevelopment with steam

machine and coal

(UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2011)

ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES EVOLUTION



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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000



Coal is the most used

energy source

Transportation and

electricity development

starts

Increase of population

and set of oil based

economy




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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000



Fossil resources

production to decrease

Computering and

communication

development

Alternative energy

technologies R&D




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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

GgoC

reference scenario 550 ppm scenario 450 ppm scenario

(IEA, 2009)


TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY


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EFFICIENCY

RENEWABLES

EMISSIONSCONTROL


TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY


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RENEWABLES


A MATTER OF ENVIRONMENT BALANCE: ITS ABOUT NATUREELEMENTS CYCLE. RENEWABLES HAVE NO DIRECT CO2 EMISSIONS.

A MATTER OF TIME AND QUANTITY: 200 YEARS OFCONVENTIONAL BUT THOUSAND OF MILLIONS YEARS OF SUN

A MATTER OF COSTS: ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES PRICE IS GOING DOWNWHILE CONVENTIONAL IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA


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RENEWABLES

SUN

MOON

EARTH

80000 TW THERMAL AND PHOTONIC

370 TW WIND, CURRENTS AND WAVES

40000 TW WATER CYCLE

40 TW PHOTOSYNTHESIS

30 TW GEOTHERMAL

3 TW TIDE

ABSORBEDRADIATION

120000

TW

EARTHS

INTERNAL

HEAT

30 TW

GRAVITATION

3TW


HUMAN

DEMAND

13 TW



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RENEWABLES


80000 TW THERMAL

AND PHOTONIC

CONCENTRATING

SOLAR POWER

(CSP)

SOLAR

PHOTOVOLTAIC

(PV)

SOLAR THERMAL

Transforms solar radiation directly

into electricity

17% efficiency

Concentrates solar radiation with

mirrors and heats water at high

temperature.

Use steam turbines and can be

combined with biomass supply.

Concentrates solar radiation and

heat water at low temperature.

Easy individual installation for

household use.



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RENEWABLES


40000 TW WATER CYCLE

LARGE

HYDROPOWER

SMALL

HYDROPOWER

Converts potential of stored water

in great dams into electricity

High efficiency but important

landscape and social consequences

Takes advantage of small hydraulicdrops and water flows

Small scale consequences



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RENEWABLES


370 TW

WIND, CURRENTS AND

WAVES

WIND POWER

OCEAN CURRENTS

POWER

WAVE POWER

Turbines and generators

transform wind movement

directly into electricity Management needs due to

wind speed changes

The waves movement pumps oil

into an engine with a power

generator

Nascent stage market

Operation is similar to wind

turbines

Research stage: proper

materials needed under sea

conditions.



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RENEWABLES


40 TW PHOTOSYNTHESIS

BIOGAS

BIOETHANOL

BIODIESEL

Anaerobic digestion process

makes gas from biomass waste

Heating and power uses arepossible

Fermentation and distillation

process from plants

Can be used as fuel in gasoline

engines.

Esterification process from oily

plants

Can be used as fuel in diesel

engines.



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RENEWABLES


30 TW GEOTHERMAL

HIGH

TEMPERATURE

LOWTEMPERATURE

High temperature water is

used to direct heating or powergeneration (by means of a steam

turbine).

Some of the sources difficult to

reach

Uses the ground to evacuate

or transmit heat. Convenient for electric heating

pumps installations



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RENEWABLES


3 TW TIDE TIDAL POWER

Water dam store water when

tide is high and generates power

when tide is low.

Other similar systems are

being developed.



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EFFICIENCY


IF RENEWABLE ENERGIES ARE TO BE DEVELOPED IN TODAYS

ECONOMY, WE STILL NEED FOSSIL FUEL TO SUPPORT THEM.

IN A HARD ENERGY SUPPLY CONTEXT, ITS IMPORTANT

TO TAKE ADVANTAGE FROM ENERGY RESOURCESAS MUCH AS WE CAN

IN GENERAL. NOT TO WASTE USEFUL PLANET RESOURCES



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EFFICIENCY


ENERGY

SUPPLY

ENERGY

DEMAND

ENERGY

SOURCE

ENERGY USE

LOSS

LOSS

LOSS



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EFFICIENCY


ENERGY

SUPPLY

ENERGY

DEMAND

ENERGY

SOURCE

ENERGY USE

LOSS

LOSS

LOSSEFFICIENCY

IMPROVEMENT

EFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENT

EFFICIENCY

IMPROVEMENT

Related to intelligent

use of energy. For

example: close

windows when air

conditioning is working.Related to efficient

consumption. For example:

use high efficiency

equipment.

Related to efficient

production. For example:

super-critical steam

turbines cycle and

combined heat and power.



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EFFICIENCY


ENERGY EFFICIENCY=[USEFUL ENERGY]

[USEFUL ENERGY] + [LOSS]

HIGH EFFICIENCY= [OLD USEFUL ENERGY+ EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT][OLD USEFUL ENERGY] + [OLD LOSS EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT]

LOW EFFICIENCY= [USEFUL ENERGY][USEFUL ENERGY] + [LOSS]

BEST EFFICIENCY= [OLD USEFUL ENERGY+ EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT + USEFUL LOSS][OLD USEFUL ENERGY] + [OLD LOSS EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTUSEFUL LOSS]



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EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLES


GENERAL EFFICIENCY= [WHAT YOU GET][WHAT IS NEEDED TO GET IT]

COAL FIRED STEAM TURBINE=[33 ENERGY UNITS OF POWER]

[100 ENERGY UNITS OF COAL S HEATING VALUE]

PV SOLAR MODULE=[17 ENERGY UNITS OF POWER]

[100 ENERGY UNITS OF SOLAR RADIATION]

COAL FIRED STEAM TURBINE= [COST OF 33 ENERGY UNITS OF POWER]

[COST OF100 ENERGY UNITS OF COAL]

PV SOLAR MODULE=[COST OF17 ENERGY UNITS OF POWER]

[COST OF 100 ENERGY UNITS OF SOLAR RADIATION]



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EMISSIONS CONTROL


CO2

SO2

NOx

ENVIRONMENT

ANTROPOGENIC

ENERGY

ACTIVITIES

FOSSIL FUELS COMBUSTION

PROCESSES INCREASE THE

CONCENTRATION OF SOMESUBSTANCES TO DANGEROUS

LEVELS.

ITS IMPORTANT TO

MONITORIZE AIR QUALITY.CONSEQUENCES FOR THE

ENVIRONMENT, BUT ALSO

FOR HUMAN HEALTH.

BESIDE RENEWABLES AND

EFFICIENCY, OTHER

MEASURES MUST BE TAKEN TOAVOID THE INCREASE OF THIS

SUBSTANCES ON THE

ENVIRONMENT.



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EMISSIONS CONTROL


GREEN HOUSE EFFECT GASES

CO2 is the most emmited GHG and the main source is fossil fuelsburning processes.

Methane management is also important, GHG. Could be usedfor energy purpose as well.

Carbon Sequestration and Storage (CCS) isanother research field.

NOX, SO2 AND PARTICULATE MATTER

Oil and coal direct burning is the main cause of this type of

emissions.

Gasification of coal is an option to make the processcleaner.

De-Sox and De-NOx systems and Particulate control systemsare needed at the great emitters like thermal power plants.



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4 OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA




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HYDRONUCLEAROTHERS

OIL

COAL

GAS

POWERPRIMARY

INDUSTRY

TRANSPORT

HOUSEHOLDS

&SERVICES

LOSS

USED

CHINAS ENERGY BALANCE

N RG N SUST IN ILIT : OPPORTUNITI S IN CHIN



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TARGETS 2011-2015

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

20

20

20

20

MTper

year

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

MTperyear

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

MTper

year

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.001.20

1.40

200

5

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

EnergyIntensity

tce/10000RMB

)

8% reduction

17% reduction

16% reduction

10% reduction

SO2Energy Intensity

CO2

NOx



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OPPORTUNITIES SECTORS

POWER GENERATIONINTEGRATE RENEWABLES IN A SMART GRID SYSTEM

EFFICIENCY AT CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANTS

EMISSION CONTROL MEASURES AT THERMAL POWER PLANTS

INDUSTRY MORE EFFICIENT PROCESSES AT HIGH ENERGY INTENSITY

INDUSTRIES

USE OF WASTE ENERGY

TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC/HYBRID VEHICLES DEVELOPMENT OF BIOFUELS

HOUSEHOLDS AND SERVICES SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & MATERIALS

EFFICIENT HEATING, LIGHTING & ELECTRIC DEVICES



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POWER GENERATION

HYDRO

NUCLEAR

OTHERS

OIL

COAL

GAS

POWER

PRODUCED

LOSS

Power production in China more than 80% from thermal

plants. A modern smart grid needed for the increasing demand

management and intermitent energies integration.

Nuclear is also part of the new capacity installation plans.



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POWER GENERATION

SECTOR CURRENT 2020WIND 44,7 GW 200 GWSOLAR PV 0,8 GW 20 GWHYDRO 213 GW 380 GWBIOMASS 5,5 GW 30 GWGEOTHERMAL 24 MW -

China is a world leader at wind turbines and PV modules

production.

Offshorewind power is to be developed in the next years.

New big hydro capacity is recently been constructed.

Biomass fired power plants using direct combustion of agriculture

and forestry waste.

Solar CSP and other technologies still in nascent phase in China

RENEWABLES



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POWER GENERATION

EFFICIENCY

2007 2020Ciclo Subcrtico 464 GW 700 GWCiclo Supercrtico 50 GW 210 GWCiclo ultra-supercrtico 10 GW 85 GWCombined Heat and Power - 200 GW

With supercritical cycles efficiency could increase from 38% to 45%.

CHP has interesting opportunities on the areas with high heat and

electric demand. Energy efficiency can be increased in 30%. Subtitution of small oil fired power plants by gas fired plants with

waste industrial gas like Coal Mine Methane.

Ultra-High Voltage Current systems for reducing power transport

losses. Big storage systems with vanadium redox batteries.



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POWER GENERATION

EMISSIONS CONTROL

2007 2020Coal Fired Thermal Power 524 GW 1040 GWIntegrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) 0 GW 45 GWFlue-gas desulfurization system (FGD) 270 GW 750 GW

Coal gasification is good combined with Carbon

Capture and Sequestration (CCS). They can make

coal combustion clean.

Post combustion FGD systems are needed for

old coal fired plants.



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INDUSTRY

OIL

COAL

GAS

POWER

INDUSTRY

LOSS

USED

50% of the primary energy consumption comes

from industry.

Metal processing industry is the major consumer

Coal is the main energy source tobe used in the main

industrial processes

OTHERS



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INDUSTRY

EFFICIENCYGlobal Energy Use per Ton (Kg of Coal

Equivalent)Internatio

nalreference

China Improvementpotential

Target2010-2020

Steel 642 741 15% 4%

Caustic soda 345 461 34% 7%

Concrete 102 156 53% 13%

Refined Oil 73 104 42% 17%

Aluminium 14.100 14.795 5% 3%

The five major consumers at industry still

have efficiency improvement potential. China has already achieved 20% on the

energy intensity reduction during the 11th Five-

year plan.



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TRANSPORT

OILUSED

TRANSPORT LOSS

COAL&OTHERS

Oil based fuels are the major source of energy at

transportation sector.

Development of bioethanol and biodiesel are a

energy supply alternative.

Hybrid and electric cars are a great field todevelop new models of transportation and power

management.



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HOUSEHOLDS & SERVICES

OIL

COAL

GAS

POWER

HOUSEHOLDS

&SERVICES

USEDLOSS

Sustainable design need to reduce

buildings energy consumption.

Renewables integration: solar PV, solar

thermal, small wind turbines. Eficient heating and LED lighting.

Smart buildings.



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0

24

6

8

10

12

14

16

1820

China UninEuropea

EstadosUnidos

Japon

2008

2009

2010

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

m2

THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Commercial and non-

commercial new

constructions trend

New vehicles marketin China


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ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY:

OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

THANKS FOR YOUR

ATTENTION

[email protected]

ASEES-Energy and Sustainability-Cosme de Arana-Pablo Caballero

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