ASEAN  Submarine  Cable  Interna2onal  Connec2vity  

 (Protec2on  and  Risk  Mi2ga2on)  

ENGR.  GEORGE  P.  TARDIO Na2onal  ICT  Planning  Division  

DOST-­‐ICTO,  Philippines  

Expert  Consulta2on  in  the    Asia-­‐Pacific    Informa2on  Superhighway  and  Regional  Connec2vity  

Thimphu,  Bhutan  01  -­‐  02  October  2014  

Ø  Interna(onal  Connec(vity  

Ø  Submarine  Cable  Connec(vity  Risks  and  Assessments  

Ø  Submarine  Cable  Protec(on  Regime  

ü  Regula(ons  ü  Best  Prac(ces  ü  Capacity  Building  

Outline  

ASEAN  Interna2onal  Connec2vity  

In  2012,  ASEAN  is  served  by  24  key  submarine  cable  systems  with  a  Total  Lit  Capacity  of  4.08  Tbps  and  Poten(al  Capacity  of  41.24  Tbps  

AP  Submarine  Cable  Systems  

Submarine  Cables   Length  Asia-­‐Pacific  Cable  Network  2  (APCN2)   19,000  km  

Asia  Pacific  Gateway  (APG)   10,400  km  

Asia-­‐America  Gateway  (AAG)   20,000  km  

Asia  Submarine-­‐cable  Express  (ASE)   7,500  km  

FLAG  Europe-­‐Asia  (FEA)   28,000  km  

Southeast  Asia  Japan  Cable  (SJC)   8,900  km  

South-­‐East  Asia  -­‐  Middle  East  -­‐  Western  Europe  3  (SEAMEWE3)     39,000  km  

South-­‐East  Asia  -­‐  Middle  East  -­‐  Western  Europe  4  (SEAMEWE4)   20,000km  

Primary  Causes  of  Cable  Faults  

Tyco Telecommunications (US) Inc. Confidential and Proprietary

Primary Causes of Cable FaultsFishing gear types that contacts the sea bed are a primary cause of cable faults

Recent developments in AIS and vessel tracking have shown that ship anchors are a more significant cause of cable faults than previously thought

Dredging operations; seismic activity; catastrophic weather; theft; abrasion from cable movement due to hard sea bed and strong undersea currents

source: NASA

New  Resilience  

Preven2ve  -­‐  concentrate  on  what  causes  the  majority  of  problems  

Regulatory  approach  

Generate  awareness  or  problems  

Resilient  networks  (system  view  &  response)  

Collabora2ve  industry  &  Govt  and  university  

Strategic  maintenance  approach  

STRATEGIC,  MULTI-­‐LEVER,  

ADAPTIVE  APPROACH  

Risk  Assessment  Factor  

Concentration Risk Overreliance  on  a  set  of  submarine  cable  amongst  all  the  available  submarine  cable  sysytem.    

Architecture Risk Vulnerable  when  there  is  no  adequate  built-­‐in  redundancy  given  the  inherent  physical  network  design  of  a  submarine  cable  system.    

Capacity Risk Bandwidth  capacity  is  not  sufficient  to  meet  the  bandwidth  demand  by  the  country.    

Route Risk No  diversity  route  to  address  its  bandwidth  demand  in  the  event  of  disaster  and  disrup(on.      

RIVALRY  

DISASTER  READINESS  

A   B  

A  

A   B  

C   D  

Risk  Scale  HIGH  

LOW  

Substan2al  efforts  should  be  made  to  reduce  the  risk.  Risk  reduc2on  measures  should  be  implemented  urgently  within  a  define  2me  period.  

RISK

 SCA

LE  

Low  

Moderate  

High  

Considera2on  should  be  as  to  whether  the  risks  can  be  lowered  to  a  tolerable  level  and  preferably  to  an  acceptable  level  but  the  costs  of  addi2onal  risk  reduc2on  measures  should  be  taken  into  account.  

No  addi2onal  controls  are  required.  Ac2ons  for  further  reduce  these  risks  are  assigned  very  low.  

Risk  Assessment  Summary  

Sustaining  Network    Development  

Emergency  Response  

Early  Restora2on  

Response  to  recovery    

Preparedness    

Risk  Reduc(on    

Response,  Recovery  and  Development  

Risk  Reduc2on  Framework  

• Interna2onal  cable  laws  • Cable  protec2on  corridors,  forbidden  zones  • Civil  recovery  of  damages  under  general  mari2me  law  • Special  permits  

• Preven2ve  inspec2ons/warnings  

• Permits  during  installa2on  and  repair  

• Customizes  maintenance  based  on  local  environment  

• Informa2on  to  fishing  industry  /mariners  

• Cable  route  published  charts,  maps  on  board  

• Exact  cable  posi2ons,  or  areas  where  fishing/anchoring  is  restricted  

• Informa2on  campaign  

• Planning  and  survey  tools  • Burial  depth  based  on  soil  condi2ons  

• Deep  water  data  PLANNING  DESIGN  AND  REVIEW  

INFORMATION  AND  

EDUCATION  

EFFECTIVE  LEGISLATION  

OPERATIONS  AND  

ADMINISTRATIVE  PROCEDURES  

Useful  Tools  

•  Iden%fying  seismically  ac%ve  areas  of  the  Pacific  plate  and  historical  analysis  

Risk  Mi2ga2on  Method  

•      HIGH  

HIGH  LOW  

Risk  Impact/Probability  Chart  

Impact  of  Risk  

Prob

ability  of  O

ccuren

ce  

Government/Regulators    -­‐  Can  Help!  Eliminate  Permit  requirements  for  repairs  to  interna(onal  cables  beyond  territorial  seas  jurisdic(onal  claims    

Expedite  the  permibng  process  inside  territorial  seas  to  an  agreed-­‐upon  regional  or  interna(onal  protocol    

Accord  cable  repair  ships  innocent  passage  status  for  the  purpose  of  undertaking  repairs  in  territorial  seas  &  flexibility  in  opera(onal  area  aeer  repair  has  begun    

Educate  fishermen  and  mariners  to  avoid  interference  during  cable  opera(ons  and  to  comply  with  interna(onal  law  requiring  1-­‐mile  clearance  from  working  cable  ships    

Ensure  that  laws  and  regula(ons  protec(ng  cable  security  are  enforced    

Facilitate  repair  of  interna(onal  cables  in  a  spirit  of  coopera(on  for  the  mutual  benefit  of  all  na(ons  and  users  of  communica(on  infrastructure    

Cable  and  Route  Informa2on  

Correct information about cable route (cable record) must be collected and stored by the cable operator

Updated charts must be present on vessels

Fishermen must have updated charts on board their vessels and know the location of submarine cables

Information about all submarine power cables must be given to the institute (or similar) responsible for updating charts

Marine officers and pilots must be familiar with local conditions and know who to contact in emergency situations

Fishermen must know if it is forbidden to use bottom trawl in a zone

1

2

3

4

5

6

The cable operator must know how to act when a submarine cable has been hit by an anchor or fishing gear

Fishermen must act correctly when it comes to forbidden zones 7

9

Fishermen must know who to contact if they hit a submarine cable 8

Con2ngency  Planning  Process  

Analyse  poten2al  

emergencies  

Analyse  poten2al  impact  

Establish  clear  objec2ves  &  strategies  

Implement  preparedness  

ac2ons  

Due  to  “Ring  of  Fire”  zones  and    paierns,  submarine  cables  of    Asia  Pacific  regions  is  at  risk  of  large  scale  cable  faults  

Up  to  10  interna(onal  submarine  cables  could  be  affected:                        -­‐  Traffic                                -­‐  Revenue  Loss      -­‐  Outage  dura(on  

•  Resilient  Network          

•  Immediate  restora(on  

•  Prepare  early  warning  mechanism  

•  Informa(on  and  educa(on  

Best  Prac2ces  (New  Zealand)  

Cable  awareness  educa2on  for  mari2me  communi2es  is  impera2ve,  our  “catch  fish  not  cables” phrase  is  central  to  this  campaign.  

Best  Prac2ces  (Denmark)  

 Government  Par2cipate  in  Regular  Mee2ngs  MAS  provide  24/7  Surveillance  of  the  Area  

 Engage  Proac2vely    in  Cable  Protec2on  Measures    

The  Execu2ve  Order  on  Cables  (No  939  of  27th  November  1992):    Act  No  54,  15th  February  1895,  last  revised  1972  Protec2on  Zone  200  Metres  either  side  of  Submarine  Cable  En2tlement  to  Compensa2on  for  Loss  of  Sacrificed  Gear  Viola2ons  shall  be  Fined  

 No  Permit  Required  for  Repair  Opera2ons  

Conven2on  on  the  Interna2onal  Regula2on  for  Preven2ng  Collisions  at  Sea,  1972  apply  to  all  Vessels  

 Jurisdic2on  of  the  Danish  Mari2me  Authority    Requirement  for  Re-­‐burial  of  Repairs  since  1991  Requirement  to  Remove  Out-­‐of-­‐Service  Cables  within  12  Miles  

Best  Prac2ces  (Australia)  

LEGISLATIVE  SOLUTION  •  Implement  na(onal  legisla(on  to  

protect  subsea  cables  •  Crea(on  of  protec(on  zones  or  

corridors  around  cables  •  Restrict  and  prohibit  ac(vi(es  in  

the  zones  •  Introduce  significant  criminal  

penal(es  in  accordance  with  UNCLOS  

•  Educate  seabed  users  www.iscpc.org

Source: Australian Communications & Media Authority

Protecting the infrastructureSee ICPC Recommendation 6

Cable protection zones;

Positions on charts;

Vessel tracking;

Physical protection especially burial;

Education/Liaison

Projecting trends.

Capacity  Building  for  ASEAN  

Strengthen  ASEAN  analysis  planning,    implementa(on  and  preven(ve  measures  

Foster  informa(on  exchange    

Share  and  promote  Best  prac(ces  

Raise  awareness    

Communicate  lessons  learned  

Network  disaster  response  drills  among  ASEAN  

AIM  2015  

AGAIN,    resilience  and  protec2on  of  our  cables  cannot  be  achieved  by  either  government  or  industry  alone,  let’s  

COLLABORATE.    

Thank  you  for  your  a;en%on…