ASEAN ASEAN

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Nurani ChandrawatiNurani ChandrawatiInternational Relations DepartmentInternational Relations Department

FISIP University of IndonesiaFISIP University of Indonesia

Viet NamPop : 85 MGDP : US$ 52 BDef Budget: US$ 3.3 BGDP Per Capita: US$ 281.1

SingaporePop : 4,2 MGDP : US$ 185 BDef Budget: US$ 4,8 BGDP Per Capita: US$ 25,191.2

PhilippinesPop : 88 M GDP : US$ 110BDef Budget: US$ 1,2 BGDP Per Capita:US$ 247.3

Brunei DarussalamPop : 370,000GDP : US$ 6BDef Budget:US$360 MilGDP Per Capita:US$ 7,462.5

MyanmarPop : 48 MGDP : US$ 75 BDef Budget: US$ 4,2 BGDP Per Capita: US$ 20.4

IndonesiaPop : 220 MGDP : US$ 365BDef Budget: US$ 2,5 BGDP Per Capita: US$ 854.4

CambodiaPop : 13,8 M GDP : US$ 5,5 BDef Budget: US$ 75 BGDP Per Capita: US$ 328.8

MalaysiaPop : 25 MGDP : US$ 125 BDef Budget: US$ 2,7 BGDP Per Capita: US$ 2561.2

LaosPop : 6,5 MGDP : US$ 3,6 BDef Budget: US$ 15 MGDP Per Capita: US$ 23.2

ThailandPop : 65MGDP : US$ 5,5 BDef Budget: US$ 3.1 BGDP Per Capita: US$ 1,416.7

ASEAN PROFILEASEAN PROFILE ITS MEMBERS VERY DISSIMILAR IN ITS MEMBERS VERY DISSIMILAR IN

TERMS OF THEIR PHYSICAL SIZE, TERMS OF THEIR PHYSICAL SIZE, ETHNIC COMPOSITION, SOCIAL-ETHNIC COMPOSITION, SOCIAL-

CULTURAL HERITAGE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE AND IDENTITY, COLONIAL EXPERIENCE IDENTITY, COLONIAL EXPERIENCE AND POST COLONIAL POLITIES. IT AND POST COLONIAL POLITIES. IT MEANS THAT ASEAN IS UNITY IN MEANS THAT ASEAN IS UNITY IN

DIVERSITY.DIVERSITY.

ASEAN OBJECTIVESASEAN OBJECTIVES ALTHOUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ASEAN ALTHOUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ASEAN

WAS A PRODUCT OF A DESIRE FROM ITS WAS A PRODUCT OF A DESIRE FROM ITS FOUNDING FATHER TO CREATE A FOUNDING FATHER TO CREATE A MECHANISM FOR WAR PREVENTION AND MECHANISM FOR WAR PREVENTION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, BUTCONFLICT MANAGEMENT, BUT

THE FORMAL OBJECTIVES OF ASEAN THE FORMAL OBJECTIVES OF ASEAN FORMATION ACCORDING TO THE BANGKOK FORMATION ACCORDING TO THE BANGKOK DECLARATION ON AUGUST 8 1967 WAS DECLARATION ON AUGUST 8 1967 WAS FOCUSING ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND FOCUSING ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL COOPERATION THEN POLITICAL CULTURAL COOPERATION THEN POLITICAL AND SECURITY ARRANGEMENT. AND SECURITY ARRANGEMENT.

ASEAN OBJECTIVESASEAN OBJECTIVES

There were only a general statement There were only a general statement regarding to the purposes of ASEAN in regarding to the purposes of ASEAN in security field that ASEAN ASEAN will security field that ASEAN ASEAN will promote the stability and peaceful promote the stability and peaceful condition in region through the condition in region through the respectfully of international law and respectfully of international law and justice and building relationship among justice and building relationship among ASEAN members on the the basic of ASEAN members on the the basic of principle of United Nations Charter. principle of United Nations Charter.

SCHOLARS PERCEPTION SCHOLARS PERCEPTION ABOUT ASEANABOUT ASEAN

Michael Leifer assumed that the formation of Michael Leifer assumed that the formation of ASEAN more serving the domestic interest of ASEAN more serving the domestic interest of ASEAN original members or was known as collective ASEAN original members or was known as collective internal security or inward looking. internal security or inward looking.

Amithav Acharya added that the specific catalisator Amithav Acharya added that the specific catalisator that push the appearances of ASEAN in the beginning that push the appearances of ASEAN in the beginning were concerning of the founding fathers to anticipate were concerning of the founding fathers to anticipate internal stability, regime insecurity and domestic internal stability, regime insecurity and domestic vulnarebality. vulnarebality.

ASEAN INTRA-RELATION ASEAN INTRA-RELATION PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

THERE ARE MANY PROBLEMS THAT THERE ARE MANY PROBLEMS THAT INFLUENCE THE RELATION BETWEEN INFLUENCE THE RELATION BETWEEN

ASEAN MEMBER COUNTRIES ASEAN MEMBER COUNTRIES ESPECIALLY IN POLITICAL AND ESPECIALLY IN POLITICAL AND

SECURITY FIELDS SUCH AS BORDER SECURITY FIELDS SUCH AS BORDER DISPUTES, NON-CONVENTIONAL DISPUTES, NON-CONVENTIONAL ISSUES, ETHNIC AND RELIGION ISSUES, ETHNIC AND RELIGION

ISSUES AND ARMS ACQUISITION.ISSUES AND ARMS ACQUISITION.

ASEAN MECHANISMASEAN MECHANISM

ASEAN NEVER USE A FORMAL ASEAN NEVER USE A FORMAL MECHANISM TO SOLVE THE MECHANISM TO SOLVE THE

POLITICAL AND SECURITY PROBLEMS POLITICAL AND SECURITY PROBLEMS BETWEEN ITS MEMBERS. BECAUSE BETWEEN ITS MEMBERS. BECAUSE POLITICAL AND SECURITY ISSUES POLITICAL AND SECURITY ISSUES

ARE ALWAYS SEEN AS A SENSITIVE ARE ALWAYS SEEN AS A SENSITIVE ISSUES.ISSUES.

ASEAN WAYASEAN WAY

UNDERSTANDING AS INFORMALITY, UNDERSTANDING AS INFORMALITY, ORGANIZATION MINIMALISM, ORGANIZATION MINIMALISM, INCLUSIVENESS, INTENSIVE INCLUSIVENESS, INTENSIVE

CONSULTATION LEADING TO CONSENSUS CONSULTATION LEADING TO CONSENSUS AND PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES. AND PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES. IT ALSO A CLAIM ABOUT THE PROCESS OF IT ALSO A CLAIM ABOUT THE PROCESS OF

REGIONAL INTERACTION AND REGIONAL INTERACTION AND COOPERATION BASE ON DISCRETNESS, COOPERATION BASE ON DISCRETNESS,

INFORMALITY, CONSENSUS BUILDING AND INFORMALITY, CONSENSUS BUILDING AND NON-CONFRONTATIONAL BARGAINING NON-CONFRONTATIONAL BARGAINING

STYLE.STYLE.

ASEAN PATRONASEAN PATRON

ACCORDING TO THE EFFORT TO ACCORDING TO THE EFFORT TO KEEP ASEAN HARMONIZATION, KEEP ASEAN HARMONIZATION, ASEAN ALSO USE THE PATRON OF ASEAN ALSO USE THE PATRON OF SWEPT THE CONFLICT UNDER SWEPT THE CONFLICT UNDER CARPET.CARPET.

INDEED ASEAN HAS FORMAL TREATY INDEED ASEAN HAS FORMAL TREATY AS A RESULT FROM THE FIRST ASEAN AS A RESULT FROM THE FIRST ASEAN SUMMIT IN BALI 1976 SUMMIT IN BALI 1976

TREATY OF AMITY AND COOPERATION TREATY OF AMITY AND COOPERATION (TAC)(TAC)

MUTUAL RESPECT FOR INDEPENDENCE, MUTUAL RESPECT FOR INDEPENDENCE, SOVEREIGNTY, TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF SOVEREIGNTY, TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF ALL NATIONSALL NATIONS

THE RIGHT OF EVERY STATE TO LEAD ITS THE RIGHT OF EVERY STATE TO LEAD ITS NATIONAL EXISTENCE FREE FROM NATIONAL EXISTENCE FREE FROM EXTERNAL INTERFERNCE, SUBVERSION EXTERNAL INTERFERNCE, SUBVERSION AND COERCIONAND COERCION

NON-INTERFERENCE IN THE INTERNAL NON-INTERFERENCE IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF ONE ANOTHERAFFAIRS OF ONE ANOTHER

SETTLEMENT OF DIFFERENCES AND SETTLEMENT OF DIFFERENCES AND DISPUTES BY PEACEFUL MEANSDISPUTES BY PEACEFUL MEANS

RENUNCIATION OF THE THREAT OF USE OF RENUNCIATION OF THE THREAT OF USE OF FORCE.FORCE.

ASEANASEANIN THE POST COLD WAR ERAIN THE POST COLD WAR ERA

WHEN THE WORLD ENTERED THE POST COLD WHEN THE WORLD ENTERED THE POST COLD WAR ERA, ASEAN MUST BE FACING MORE WAR ERA, ASEAN MUST BE FACING MORE SECURITY CHALLENGES FROM THE CHANGES OF SECURITY CHALLENGES FROM THE CHANGES OF REGIONAL SECURITY CONDITION AND ALSO NON-REGIONAL SECURITY CONDITION AND ALSO NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY THREATS. THE ASEAN TRADITIONAL SECURITY THREATS. THE ASEAN WAY, TAC, ASEAN CONCORD DID NOT HAVE WAY, TAC, ASEAN CONCORD DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH POWER TO ANTICIPATE THAT ENOUGH POWER TO ANTICIPATE THAT PROBLEMS.PROBLEMS.

THE ANSWER OF THAT CONDITION WAS THE THE ANSWER OF THAT CONDITION WAS THE PHENOMENON OF ARMS ACQUISITION BETWEEN PHENOMENON OF ARMS ACQUISITION BETWEEN ASEAN MEMBERS. BUT THAT CHOICE COULDN’T ASEAN MEMBERS. BUT THAT CHOICE COULDN’T ANSWER THE NEW SECURITY CHALLENGE IN ASIA ANSWER THE NEW SECURITY CHALLENGE IN ASIA PACIFIC.PACIFIC.

THE NEW THE NEW APPROACHMENTAPPROACHMENT

ASEAN SUMMIT 1992 AS A NEW ASEAN SUMMIT 1992 AS A NEW APPROACHMENT FOR ASEAN IN THE APPROACHMENT FOR ASEAN IN THE FUTUREFUTURE

ASEAN THEN DECIDED TO FORM ASEAN ASEAN THEN DECIDED TO FORM ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM WITH THE SPIRIT OF REGIONAL FORUM WITH THE SPIRIT OF MANAGING REGIONAL SECURITY MANAGING REGIONAL SECURITY THROUGH COOPERATIVE AND THROUGH COOPERATIVE AND COMPREHENSIVE SECURITY (CBM, COMPREHENSIVE SECURITY (CBM, PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY AND CONFLICT PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY AND CONFLICT PREVENTION). PREVENTION).

ASEAN ALSO ENLARGED THEIR MEMBERS ASEAN ALSO ENLARGED THEIR MEMBERS TOWARD ASEAN TEN ON 1999. TOWARD ASEAN TEN ON 1999.

ASEAN TOWARD INTEGRATIONASEAN TOWARD INTEGRATION

ASEAN SUMMIT ON BALI 2003 PRODUCED ASEAN SUMMIT ON BALI 2003 PRODUCED BALI CONCORD II AS A BASIC COMMITMENT BALI CONCORD II AS A BASIC COMMITMENT TO BUILD TO BUILD ASEAN COMMUNITY ON 2015ASEAN COMMUNITY ON 2015 WHICH BASED ON THREE PILLARSWHICH BASED ON THREE PILLARS

ASEAN ECONOMY COMMUNITYASEAN ECONOMY COMMUNITY

ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITYASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY

ASEAN SOSIAL AND CULTURE COMMUNITY ASEAN SOSIAL AND CULTURE COMMUNITY

ASEAN VISION 2020ASEAN VISION 2020 focusing on the purpose to make ASEAN on 2020 as a focusing on the purpose to make ASEAN on 2020 as a

concert of Southeast Asian Nations living in concert of Southeast Asian Nations living in peace, stability and prosperity, bonded peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic together in partnership in dynamic development and in a community of caringdevelopment and in a community of caring

This vision will focusing on the greater cooperation This vision will focusing on the greater cooperation between ASEAN members on political and security between ASEAN members on political and security field, making economic cooperation more integrated field, making economic cooperation more integrated and also strengthening the relation between ASEAN and also strengthening the relation between ASEAN Societies through closer cooperation in the basic of Societies through closer cooperation in the basic of common identity, historical background and cultural common identity, historical background and cultural heritage. This vision then develop into Hanoi Plan of heritage. This vision then develop into Hanoi Plan of Action on 1998. Action on 1998.

ASEAN SECURITY ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

A Security Community exist when a A Security Community exist when a group of countries have forged a sense group of countries have forged a sense of collective identity, meaning they will of collective identity, meaning they will settle differences without resorting to settle differences without resorting to force. The mantra here is renunciation force. The mantra here is renunciation of the use of force or threat of use of of the use of force or threat of use of force. In this regard, it is important for force. In this regard, it is important for ASEAN to develop a higher degree of ASEAN to develop a higher degree of confidence and trust, by which confidence and trust, by which members no longer perceive threats as members no longer perceive threats as coming from within the communitycoming from within the community

ASC PLAN OF ACTIONASC PLAN OF ACTION

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTPOLITICAL DEVELOPMENT SHAPING AND SHARING NORMSSHAPING AND SHARING NORMS CONFLICT PREVENTIONCONFLICT PREVENTION CONFLICT RESOLUTIONCONFLICT RESOLUTION POST-CONFLICT PEACE BUILDINGPOST-CONFLICT PEACE BUILDING

SECURITY COMMUNITY AS A SECURITY COMMUNITY AS A THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKTHEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

SC DEFINITION FROM KARL W. DEUTSCHSC DEFINITION FROM KARL W. DEUTSCH

a a transnational regional comprised a transnational regional comprised a sovereign states whose people maintain sovereign states whose people maintain dependable expectation of peaceful dependable expectation of peaceful change. Because of that security change. Because of that security community as Deutsch mention must be community as Deutsch mention must be building two basic charasteristic. First, building two basic charasteristic. First, the absence of war and the second is the the absence of war and the second is the absence of significant organized absence of significant organized preparation for war preparation for war vis a visvis a vis any other any other members. members.

SECURITY COMMUNITYSECURITY COMMUNITY

Deutsch added that the important prequisite to Deutsch added that the important prequisite to build security community is the process of build security community is the process of building common identity, loyality and “we building common identity, loyality and “we feeling” feeling”

SC CONCEPT FROM SC CONCEPT FROM AMITAV ACHARYA ACCORDING TO AMITAV ACHARYA ACCORDING TO

ASEANASEAN ASEAN could facilitated the ways for building security ASEAN could facilitated the ways for building security

community in the basic of the development of trust, community in the basic of the development of trust, especially through norms of conduct, the development of a especially through norms of conduct, the development of a regional culture built around common values such as as regional culture built around common values such as as democracy, developmentalism or human right, the democracy, developmentalism or human right, the development of regional functional projects that encourage development of regional functional projects that encourage belief in a common destiny and the development of social belief in a common destiny and the development of social learning, involving redefinition and reinterpretation of learning, involving redefinition and reinterpretation of reality, exchange of self-understandings, perception of reality, exchange of self-understandings, perception of realities and normative expectations among the group of realities and normative expectations among the group of states and their diffusion from country to country. states and their diffusion from country to country.

SECURITY COMMUNITY FROM SECURITY COMMUNITY FROM ACHARYA’S PERSPECTIVEACHARYA’S PERSPECTIVE

Acharya noted that there are five Acharya noted that there are five elements inside security community elements inside security community (1) strict and observed norms (1) strict and observed norms concerning of force; on competitive concerning of force; on competitive arms acquisition and contingency-arms acquisition and contingency-planning against each other within planning against each other within the grouping; (2)institutions and the grouping; (2)institutions and processes (formal or informal) for the processes (formal or informal) for the pacific settlement of disputes; (3) pacific settlement of disputes; (3) long-term prospects for war long-term prospects for war avoidance; (4) significant functional avoidance; (4) significant functional cooperation and integration and(5) a cooperation and integration and(5) a sense of collective identity.sense of collective identity.

PROSPECT AND CHALLENGEPROSPECT AND CHALLENGEOF ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITYOF ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY

PROSPECTSPROSPECTS THE EFFORT TO BUILD “WE FEELING” THE EFFORT TO BUILD “WE FEELING”

AS AN IMPORTANT MANNER ON ASC AS AN IMPORTANT MANNER ON ASC THROUGH SHAPING AND SHARING THROUGH SHAPING AND SHARING COMMON NORMS AND VALUES WILL COMMON NORMS AND VALUES WILL GIVE BENEFICIAL CONTRIBUTION TO GIVE BENEFICIAL CONTRIBUTION TO HARNESS THE POWER OF ASEAN TEN. HARNESS THE POWER OF ASEAN TEN.

THE ASEAN SECURITY THE ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY PROSPECTCOMMUNITY PROSPECT

They don’t want to fight each other and always They don’t want to fight each other and always try to solve the dispute problems especially in try to solve the dispute problems especially in security area through conflict resolution on security area through conflict resolution on pacific settlement means. pacific settlement means.

The ASEAN members could improve and The ASEAN members could improve and strenghten their cooperation in security and strenghten their cooperation in security and defense areas to anticipate and also fighting defense areas to anticipate and also fighting together the existential threat from transnational together the existential threat from transnational actor that brings several non-tradisional actor that brings several non-tradisional security threats such as terrorism, piracy and security threats such as terrorism, piracy and maritime terrorism, drugstrafficking, illegal maritime terrorism, drugstrafficking, illegal logging, illegal fishing and human trafficking. logging, illegal fishing and human trafficking.

THE ASEAN SECURITY THE ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY PROSPECTCOMMUNITY PROSPECT

Avoiding WarAvoiding War Bigger effort to arrange conflict Bigger effort to arrange conflict

management process and leaving the management process and leaving the concept of swept under carpetconcept of swept under carpet

Advance relation on the basic of ASEAN Advance relation on the basic of ASEAN CharterCharter

THE CHALLENGES OF THE CHALLENGES OF ASEAN SECURITY ASEAN SECURITY

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY How to build a collective identity as an How to build a collective identity as an

ASEAN NationASEAN Nation Problems of political development toward Problems of political development toward

democratization and respect of human rightdemocratization and respect of human right Problems of how to build a new formal Problems of how to build a new formal

mechanism for conflict management mechanism for conflict management Problems how to leave swept under carpet Problems how to leave swept under carpet

model and non-interference principlemodel and non-interference principle

THE CHALLENGES OF THE CHALLENGES OF ASEAN SECURITY ASEAN SECURITY

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY ASEAN MEMBERS (GOVERNMENT AND ASEAN MEMBERS (GOVERNMENT AND

SOCIETY) MUST BE MANAGE THEIR POWER SOCIETY) MUST BE MANAGE THEIR POWER DIVERSITIES INTO PEACEFULL MEANS DIVERSITIES INTO PEACEFULL MEANS THROUGH HABIT DIALOGUE, CONFIDENCE THROUGH HABIT DIALOGUE, CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASSURES, POSITIVE BUILDING MEASSURES, POSITIVE INTERFERENCE, PEACE-MAKING AND PEACE-INTERFERENCE, PEACE-MAKING AND PEACE-KEEPING PROCESSKEEPING PROCESS

ASEAN MEMBERS MUST BE ENCOURAGED ASEAN MEMBERS MUST BE ENCOURAGED TO USE FORMAL MECHANISM TO SOLVE TO USE FORMAL MECHANISM TO SOLVE POLITICAL AND SECURITY PROBLEMSPOLITICAL AND SECURITY PROBLEMS