Asbestos: The survey guide - Redhills

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Health and Safety Executive

Asbestos: The survey guide

This is a free-to-download, web-friendly version of HSG264 (First edition, published 2010). This version has been adapted for online use from HSE’s current printed version.

Youcanbuythebookatwww.hsebooks.co.ukandmostgoodbookshops.

ISBN 978 0 7176 6385 9 Price £10.95

ThisheavilyillustratedpublicationreplacesandexpandsonMDHS100,Surveying, sampling and assessment of asbestos-containing materials.Itisaimedatpeoplecarryingoutasbestossurveysandpeoplewithspecificresponsibilitiesformanagingasbestosinnon-domesticpremisesundertheControlofAsbestosRegulations2006.Thebookcoverscompetenceandqualityassuranceandsurveys,including:surveyplanning,carryingoutsurveys,thesurveyreportandthedutyholder’suseofthesurveyinformation.Itincludesextensiveappendicesandreferences.

HSE Books

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© Crown copyright 2010

Firstpublished2010

ISBN9780717663859

Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans(electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise)withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightowner.

Applicationsforreproductionshouldbemadeinwritingto:TheOfficeofPublicSectorInformation,InformationPolicyTeam,Kew,Richmond,SurreyTW94DUore-mail:[email protected]

ThisguidanceisissuedbytheHealthandSafetyExecutive.Followingtheguidanceisnotcompulsoryandyouarefreetotakeotheraction.Butifyoudofollowtheguidanceyouwillnormallybedoingenoughtocomplywiththelaw.Healthandsafetyinspectorsseektosecurecompliancewiththelawandmayrefertothisguidanceasillustratinggoodpractice.

HSEwouldliketoacknowledgethecontributionsfromthefollowingindividualsandorganisationsinpreparingthisguidance:

ALcontrolOn-SiteServicesAsbestosControlandAbatementDivision(ACAD)AsbestosRemovalContractorsAssociation(ARCA)BillSanderson(BureauVeritasUKLtd)BritishInstituteofFacilityManagementBritishOccupationalHygieneSocietyJeanPrentice(McCroneConsultancyLLP)NottinghamshireCountyCouncilPeterIrvine(TetraConsulting)RoyalInstituteofCharteredSurveyorsUnitedKingdomAccreditationServiceWorkplaceEnvironmentSolutionsLtd

Asbestos:Thesurveyguide Page3of74


ContentsHow to use this guidance 4

1 Introduction 6Legalrequirements 7Appointedperson 10Healthandsafetyissues 10

2 Competence and quality assurance procedures 11

3 Asbestos surveys 16Purpose 16PresumptionoridentificationofACMs 17Typesofsurvey 18Surveyrestrictionsandcaveats 21Surveystrategy 22

4 Survey planning 26Dutyholder’splanning 26Surveyor’splanningprocedure 27Step1:Collectalltherelevantinformationtoplanthesurvey 27Step2:Considertheinformation(desk-topstudy) 29Step3:Establishingandagreeingthesurveyplanandreporting 30Step4:Healthandsafetyplanandsurveyriskassessment 31

5 Carrying out the survey (surveying) 33Introduction 33Bulksamplingstrategy 35Bulksamplingprocedures 37Bulksampling 38Materialassessment 40

6 Survey report 42Executivesummary 42Introduction 42Generalsiteinformation 42Surveyresults 43Conclusionsandactions 45Bulkanalysisresults 45

7 Dutyholder’s use of survey information 47

Appendix 1: Refurbishment and demolition surveys 49

Appendix 2: ACMs in buildings listed in order of ease of fibre release 53

Appendix 3: What ACMs look like and where to find them 58

Appendix 4: Material assessment algorithm 68

Appendix 5: Example of a survey and sampling equipment checklist 69

Appendix 6: Quality assurance and quality control 70

References 72

Further Information 74



How to use this guidanceGreensummaryboxes:Thispublicationhasspecificguidanceforclients/dutyholdersingreenboxes:

Box 1: Thepurposeofanasbestossurvey.

Box 3: Whattheclient/dutyholdershoulddotocheckthecompetencyofthesurveyor.

Box 4: Areastobeinspectedaspartofamanagementsurvey.

Box 6: Informationtheclient/dutyholdershouldexpectfromthesurveyor.

Box 9: Informationrequiredforamanagementsurvey.

Box 10:Informationrequiredforarefurbishmentordemolitionsurvey.

Box 11:Whattheclient/dutyholdershoulddotochecktheaccuracyofthesurveyreport.

Bluesummaryboxes:Thispublicationhasspecificguidanceforsurveyorsinblueboxes

Box 2:Surveykeypoints.

Box 5:Informationthesurveyorneedsfromtheclient.

Box 7:Informationtobecollectedbythesurveyor.

Box 8:Exampleofasystematicsurveyinspection.

Box 1: The purpose of an asbestos survey

■■ Tohelpmanageasbestosinyourpremises.■■ Toprovideaccurateinformationonthelocation,amountandconditionofasbestos-containingmaterials(ACMs).

■■ ToassessthelevelofdamageordeteriorationintheACMsandwhetherremedialactionisrequired.

■■ Tousethesurveyinformationtopreparearecordofthelocationofanyasbestos,commonlycalledanasbestosregister,*andanasbestosplanofthebuilding(s).

■■ TohelpidentifyalltheACMstoberemovedbeforerefurbishmentworkordemolition.

*Note:theinformationintheregistershouldbeusedtoinformtheriskassessment(egconsiderwhocoulddisturbasbestosonyourpremises),andtoestablishthemanagementplantopreventsuchadisturbance.



Box 2: Survey key points

■■ Beawarethatthesurveyisessentialfortheclient/dutyholdertosuccessfullymanageasbestos.

■■ Allasbestosshouldbelocatedasfarasreasonablypracticablewithinthesurveytype.

■■ Ensurethattheappropriatesurveyisundertakenfortheclient’sneeds.■■ Avoidcaveats.■■ Ensurethesurveyisreportedinaformatthatcanbeusedtoprepareanasbestosregisterandbuildingplan.

■■ Informtheclientthatthesurveyisnottheendpointinmanagingasbestos.



1 Introduction1 ThisguidancehasbeenpreparedbytheHealthandSafetyExecutive(withthehelpofothers,seeAcknowledgements)tohelppeoplecarryingoutasbestossurveysandthosewithspecificresponsibilitiesformanagingtherisksfromasbestosinnon-domesticpremisesunderregulation4oftheControlofAsbestosRegulations2006(CAR2006).1Itisalsodesignedtoprovideguidanceinsituationswheresurveysmaybecarriedoutforotherpurposes,egfor‘managing’asbestosindomesticpremisesunderwiderhealthandsafetylegislationandformeetingtherequirementsoftheConstruction(DesignandManagement)Regulations2007(CDM).2Itcomplementsandsupportsotherguidanceonmanagingasbestos.3-6

2 Largeamountsofasbestos-containingmaterials(ACMs)wereusedforawiderangeofconstructionpurposesinnewandrefurbishedbuildingsuntil1999whenalluseofasbestoswasbanned.ThisextensiveusemeansthattherearestillmanybuildingsinGreatBritainwhichcontainasbestos.Whereasbestosmaterialsareingoodconditionandunlikelytobedisturbedtheydonotpresentarisk.However,wherethematerialsareinpoorconditionoraredisturbedordamaged,asbestosfibresarereleasedintotheair,which,ifbreathedin,cancauseseriouslungdiseases,includingcancers.

3 Workerswhodisturbthefabricofbuildingsduringmaintenance,refurbishment,repair,installationandrelatedactivitiesmaybeexposedtoasbestoseverytimetheyunknowinglyworkonACMsorcarryoutworkwithouttakingthecorrectprecautions.Thepurposeofmanagingasbestosinbuildingsistopreventor,wherethisisnotreasonablypracticable,minimiseexposureforthesegroupsofworkersandotherpeopleinthepremises.Topreventthisexposure,informationisneededonwhetherasbestosis,orislikelytobe,presentinthebuildings,sothatanassessmentcanbemadeabouttheriskitpresentsandappropriatemeasuresputinplacetomanagethoserisks.

4 Thisguidanceisaimedat:

■■ Surveyors whocarryoutasbestossurveys.ItsetsouthowtosurveypremisesforACMs.Inparticular,itspecifiesthemethodologytouseincarryingoutsurveysandhowtoreportandpresenttheresults.ItalsogivesadviceonhowtorecogniseandsamplesuspectedACMs.Indoingso,theguidancebuildsonandupdatesMDHS100Surveying, sampling and assessment of asbestos-containing materials,whichitreplaces.Italsocontainsaspecificsectionwhichoutlinesthesurveystrategytousewhensurveyinglargenumbersofsimilarproperties(egdomestichousing).

■■ Those who commission surveys (eg clients/dutyholders).Itsetsouthowtodecidewhattypeofsurveyisappropriate,howtoselectacompetentsurveyor,whattheclientshouldexpectfromasurveyorandwhattheclientshouldprovidetothesurveyor.Italsohighlightsissues(egrestrictedaccess,excludedareasandothercaveats)whichnotonlyreducetheeffectivenessofthesurvey,butalsohaveseriousimplicationsformanagingasbestos.Italsoexplainswhatchecksshouldbemadeonthesurveyreporttoensureitsvalidityandaccuracy(ie‘contractmanagement’).

5 Theguidancewillalsobeusefultobuildingprofessionals,suchasarchitects,designers,buildingsurveyorsandparticularlydemolitionandasbestosremovalcontractors.Forexample,architectsandbuildingsurveyorsneedtobeawareoftherequirementtocarryoutasbestosbuildingssurveys(andindeedcanadviseontheneedforanasbestossurveybeforerefurbishmentanddemolitionprojects).Theyshouldalsobeawareofthevarioustypesofsurveysandbeabletoreview



completedsurveys.Contractorsneedtobeabletointerpretasbestossurveyssothatrefurbishmentordemolitioncanbeplannedandcarriedoutsafely.

6 Theguidancedoesnotcoverairbornesamplingorsurveyingcontaminatedland.Thesearespecialisedsubjectsoutsidethescopeofthisdocument.

Legal requirements The duty to manage asbestos in non-domestic premises* 7 Asbestos,acategory1humancarcinogen,issubjecttoaspecificsetofregulations,CAR2006.Theseregulationscoverworkwithasbestos,prohibitionsontheimportation,supplyanduseofasbestos,andlicensingofasbestos-removalactivities.Regulation4ofCAR2006containsanexplicitdutyontheownersandoccupiersofnon-domesticpremises,whohavemaintenanceandrepairresponsibilities,toassessandmanagetherisksfromthepresenceofasbestos(thedutyissummarisedinFigure1).Theriskswillvarywithcircumstancesandcanarisefromnormaloccupationofabuildingorfrominadvertentdisturbanceduringtherepair,refurbishmentanddemolitionofpremises.Theriskassessmentwillbeusedtoproduceamanagementplanwhichdetailsandrecordswhatactionstotaketomanageandreducetherisksfromasbestos.

8 Therequirementsareplacedon‘dutyholders’,whoshould:

■■ takereasonablestepstodeterminethelocationofmaterialslikelytocontainasbestos;

■■ presumematerialstocontainasbestos,unlesstherearegoodreasonsnottodoso;

■■ makeandmaintainawrittenrecordofthelocationoftheACMsandandpresumedACMs;

■■ assessandmonitortheconditionofACMsandpresumedACMs;■■ assesstheriskofexposurefromACMsandpresumedACMsandpreparea

writtenplanoftheactionsandmeasuresnecessarytomanagetherisk(iethe‘managementplan’);and

■■ takestepstoseethattheseactionsarecarriedout.



RECORD:Prepare asbestos

register

Yes

Appoint personto ‘manage’ asbestos

Find out if ACMs present:Check plans/drawings

Carry out survey

Carry outrisk assessment

Prepare management plan

ManageRepair/remove

Monitor

Maintenance workDamaged ACMs

ACMs in good

condition

No

RecordRecord: Asbestos

register plan/drawing

No further action

Are ACMs liable to be disturbed?Who can be exposed?Prioritise

- Train staff- Manage contractors- Checked all work against plan/register- Control of work itself: - Asbestos essentials - Compliance with CAR

*Theterm‘premises’hasaspecificdefinitionunderhealthandsafetylegislationandincludesvehicles,vessels,aircraft,installationsonlandandoffshore,tentsandmoveablestructures.Whileinmostcasesthesurveywillonlybeneededonexistingbuildings(includingbasements,cellars,tunnels,undercroftsetc)andthesurroundingsite,theremaybesomesituationswheretherearehiddenundergroundstructuresorpipeswhichmayonlycometolightwhenrefurbishmentordemolitionworkistotakeplace.Theseshouldbeincludedinthesurveyasappropriate.

Figure 1Summaryofthemainstepsinmanagingasbestos



9 TomanagetheriskfromACMs,thedutyholderwillneedto:

■■ keepandmaintainanup-to-daterecordofthelocation,condition,maintenanceandremovalofallACMsonthepremises;

■■ repair,sealorremoveACMsifthereisariskofexposureduetotheirconditionorlocation;

■■ maintainACMsinagoodstateofrepairandregularlymonitortheircondition;■■ informanyonewhoisliabletodisturbtheACMsabouttheirlocationand

condition;■■ havearrangementsandproceduresinplacesothatworkwhichmaydisturb

theACMscomplieswithCAR2006;and■■ reviewtheplanatregularintervalsandmakechangesifcircumstanceschange.

Management of asbestos in domestic premises10The‘dutytomanageasbestos’requirementsofregulation4ofCAR2006donotnormallyapplytodomesticpremises.However,therequirementsdoapplytocommonpartsofpremises,includinghousingdevelopmentsandblocksofflats,butdonotplaceanydirectdutiesonlandlordsforindividualhousesorflats.Examplesofcommonpartswouldincludefoyers,corridors,liftsandliftshafts,staircases,boilerhouses,verticalrisers,gardens,yardsandouthouses.Therequirementsdonotapplytoroomswithinaprivateresidencewhicharesharedbymorethanonehousehold,suchasbathrooms,kitchensetcinsharedhousesandcommunaldiningroomsandloungesinshelteredaccommodation.

11TheHealthandSafetyatWorketcAct1974,7section2,requiresallemployerstoconducttheirworksotheiremployeeswillnotbeexposedtohealthandsafetyrisks,andtoprovideinformationtootherpeopleabouttheirworkplacewhichmightaffecttheirhealthandsafety.Section3placesdutiesonemployersandtheself-employedtowardspeoplenotintheiremploymentandsection4containsgeneraldutiesforanyonewhohascontrol,toanyextent,overaworkplace.Inaddition,theManagementofHealthandSafetyatWorkRegulations19998requireemployerstoassessthehealthandsafetyriskstothirdparties,suchastenantswhomaybeaffectedbytheiractivities,andtomakeappropriatearrangementstoprotectthem.

12Theserequirementsmeanthatorganisationssuchaslocalauthorities,housingassociations,socialhousingmanagementcompaniesandotherswhoown,orareresponsiblefor,domesticproperties,havelegaldutiestoensurethehealthandsafetyoftheirstaff(andothers)indomesticpremisesusedasaplaceofwork.Asemployers,theorganisationsalsohavedutiesunderthegeneralrequirementsofCAR2006toidentifyasbestos,carryoutariskassessmentofworkliabletoexposeemployeestoasbestosandprepareasuitablewrittenplanofwork.

Construction work13CDMrequiresarrangementstobeinplacetodealwithasbestosduringconstructionwork,includingrefurbishmentanddemolition.Whereconstructionorbuildingworkistobecarriedout,theCDMclientmustprovidedesignersandcontractorswhoarebiddingforthework(orwhotheyintendtoengage)withproject-specificinformationaboutthepresenceofasbestos,sothattherisksassociatedwithdesignandconstructionwork,includingdemolition,canbeaddressed.Itisnotacceptabletomakegeneralreferencetohazardsthatmayexist.Thereforesite-specificasbestossurveysshouldbecarriedoutinadvanceofconstructionworktomakesurethattheinformationisavailabletothosewhoneedit.



Appointed person

14TohelpcomplywiththelegalrequirementsandtoensurethatACMsinpremisesareproperlymanaged,dutyholdersshouldidentifyaperson(andinsomecasesadeputy)withintheirorganisationwhowillberesponsibleforthatmanagement.Anappointedpersonwillbeessentialwherethedutyholderhasalargeorcomplexbuildingportfolio.Theappointedpersonwillneedtheresources,skills,trainingandauthoritytoensurethattheACMsaremanagedeffectively.Partoftheirresponsibilitieswillincludemanagingthesurvey,includingcontractualandreportingarrangements,qualityandsubsequentuseofthedata.

15Thesurveydataandinformationwillbeusedtocompleteanasbestosregisterandbuildingdiagram(s)showingtheACMlocations.Itwillalsofeedintotheriskassessment,whichwillbeusedtodevelopthemanagementplan.Thedutyholderneedstoestablishclearlinesofresponsibilityforasbestosmanagementandimplementationoftheplan.

Health and safety issues

16SurveyingandsamplingACMscangiverisetoexposuretoasbestos.TheseworkactivitiesarecoveredbythemoregeneralrequirementsofCAR2006.Theregulationsrequireemployerstocarryoutariskassessment(regulation6)andprepareaplanofwork(regulation7),settingoutthecontrolmeasuresandpersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)tobeused.Theregulationsalsorequirethatadequateinformation,instructionandtraining(includingrefreshertraining)(regulation10)aregiventothesamplingpersonnel.Trainingshouldmeettherequirementsfornon-licensableasbestosworkassetoutintheApprovedCodeofPractice,Work with materials containing asbestos.SamplingACMsis,however,exemptfromtheregulationscoveringlicensing(regulation8),notificationofworkwithasbestos(regulation9)andhealthsurveillance(regulation22)byvirtueofregulation3(2),astheexposureissporadicandlowintensityandisunlikelytoexceedthecontrollimit.Otherhazardsmayalsobepresent,suchasworkingatheightsandelectricalcables.Ariskassessmentwillneedtobecarriedoutbeforestartingworkonsite(seeparagraphs83-87).Itshouldincludeanysafetyaspectsandrecordanysafetyprotocoltobeobservedonsiteaswellasfirealarmandevacuationprocedures.

Asbestos surveying and sampling is likely to be ‘work’ with asbestos and therefore will require a risk assessment and a plan of work (method statement) under CAR 2006. Some activities may also involve physical work with asbestos (eg moving asbestos insulating board (AIB) ceiling tiles) and will require similar consideration.

Some direct work on asbestos to support the survey may have to be carried out by a licensed asbestos contractor (see Appendix 1, paragraphs 6 and 7).



2 Competence and quality assurance procedures17Surveyscanbecarriedoutbyin-housepersonnelorathirdparty.Ineachcasethesurveyormustbecompetenttocarryouttheworkrequired.Tobecompetent,the‘surveyor’must:

■■ havesufficienttraining,qualifications,knowledge,experienceandabilitytocarryouttheirdutiesinrelationtothesurveyandtorecognisetheirlimitations;

■■ havesufficientknowledgeofthespecifictaskstobeundertakenandtheriskswhichtheworkwillentail;

■■ beabletodemonstrateindependence,impartialityandintegrity;■■ haveanadequatequalitymanagementsystem;and■■ carryoutthesurveyinaccordancewithrecommendedguidance(iethis

publication).

HSE strongly recommends the use of accredited or certificated surveyors for asbestos surveys.

The dutyholder should not appoint or instruct an independent surveyor to carry out a survey unless the surveyor is competent.

18Surveyorsshouldhavetrainingandexperienceinallaspectsofsurveyworkincludingsurveyplanning,resources,technicalspecification,qualitycontrolandACMassessmentcriteria.

19Theasbestossurveyorneedsknowledgeofasbestosproducts(egtheirnature,uses,hazards,samplingtechniquesetc)andalsoknowledgeofbuildingconstruction,constructionmethods,fireprotectionandthevarioususesofbuildings.Surveyorsshouldbeawareofthedifferentformsofbuildingconstruction(egsystembuild,traditional,industrialetc)andhowconstructiontechniquesaffectasbestosuse.SurveyorsshouldalsohaveknowledgeoftheuseofACMsinfireprotectionsystemsandtheeffectofbuildingservicesonthedistributionandlocationofACMs.Forexample:

■■ fireprotectioninsteel-framedbuildingsaroundcolumnsandbeams;■■ fireprotectionaroundelectricalandheatingsystems;■■ fireprotectionseparatingmulti-occupancybuildings;■■ fireprotectioninliftshaftsandrisers;■■ buildingservicesinvoids,plenums,ducts,cavities,undercroftsandrisers.

20Surveyorsshouldbeawareoftherangeofbuildingcomponentsandstructureswhichcontainasbestos(egbargeboards,chimneycowls,ducts,eaves,fascias,firedampers,flueterminalsandrisers,gables,plenums,soffits,studpartitions,sandwichpartitionsetc).

21Knowledgeofbuildingconstructiontechniquesanddesignisparticularlyrelevantforrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveys,tounderstandwhere(andwhy)ACMsmayhavebeenusedinastructure.SurveyorsshouldalsobeawarethattherearemanyunrecordedadhocusesofACMsinbuildings.SomeusesarosesimplyfromtheconvenientpresenceofACMsasbuildingandengineeringmaterials.AIBpanelsandoffcuts,forexample,wereusedextensively,randomlyandimaginativelyasshutteringforconcrete,packersaroundcolumns,spacers



aroundwindowanddoorframes,andcavityclosers.OtherACMsmayhavecausedcontaminationinbuildingsfromthewaytheywereapplied,poorworkpracticesorlaterdisturbance,producingforexample:

■■ oversprayandspreadofdustfromsprayedcoatings;■■ residuesfromthermalinsulationonbrickworkandinducts;■■ debrisfromAIBfirebreaksinceilingvoidsandalsoincavitywalls.

TheseACMsareoftenhiddenandunrecordedinbuildingplans.

22Surveythoroughnessisimportant.SimpleandobviousACMsaresometimesmissed,aswellasthosewhicharehiddenorobscured.Thesurveyshouldbeperformedinastructured,methodicalandsystematicmanner.TheuseofchecklistsandastructuredapproachtothesurveyprocesswillminimisetheriskofACMsbeingmissed(seeBox8).Adequatetimemustbeallowedforthesurveyinspectiontobedoneeffectively.

The dutyholder must ensure that adequate time and resources are made available to the surveyor(s) to allow a thorough survey to be carried out.

23OrganisationscandemonstratethattheyaretechnicallycompetenttoundertakesurveysforACMsthroughaccreditationtoISO/IEC17020.9TheUnitedKingdomAccreditationService(UKAS)isthesolenationalaccreditationbodyintheUnitedKingdom(UKAS,21–47HighStreet,Feltham,MiddlesexTW134UNTel:02089178400www.ukas.com).Accreditationgivesanassurancethatanindependentandauthoritativebodyhasassessedthetechnicalcompetenceofanorganisation,includingitsunderpinningmanagementsystem.Theschemeshouldensurethattheorganisationcanprovideavalidservicefortheservicesspecifiedonitsscheduleofaccreditation.

24Individualsurveyorscanalsodemonstratethattheyaretechnicallycompetenttoundertakespecifiedsurveysthroughholding‘personnel’certificationfromaCertificationBodyaccreditedbyUKASforthisactivityunderISO/IEC17024.10Personnelcertificationprovidesassurancethatanindividualhasachievedadefinedlevelofcompetencetocarryoutspecificactivities.Currentlythereisoneaccreditedscheme:‘ABICS’(AsbestosBuildingInspectorsCertificationScheme)whichisoperatedbytheFacultyofOccupationalHygiene,partoftheBritishOccupationalHygieneSociety(BOHS)(seewww.abics.org)(BOHS,5/6MelbourneBusinessCourt,MillenniumWay,PridePark,DerbyDE248LZ,Tel:01332298101www.bohs.org).Anumberofpeoplehavealsobeencertificatedunderapreviousscheme‘NIACS’(NationalIndividualAsbestosCertificationScheme).CertificatedsurveyorsshouldalsoworkwithinageneralQualityAssuranceframeworkprovidedbyISO/IEC17020(orISO900111asaminimum).

Accreditation and personnel certification are both valid schemes for demonstrating competence in performing asbestos surveys. The schemes are designed for different market segments and have different emphasis. Both will ensure that surveys are carried out by competent people. Accreditation is suitable for organisations of all sizes where the scale and volume of surveying work dictates not only individual competence but also the need for more formal and well-defined quality management systems.

Personnel certification is designed for individuals who may operate as sole traders or in organisations with only a few surveyors. The scheme focuses on individual competence.



25Individualswithoutpersonnelcertificationmaybeabletodemonstratethattheyhavesufficientcompetencytoundertakespecifiedsurveysthroughacombinationofqualificationsandexperience.Inthissituation,experience(ieextentandrange)isparticularlyimportant.ThemostwidelyheldtrainingqualificationintheUKistheBOHSProficiencyModuleP402:‘Buildingssurveysandbulksamplingforasbestos’(otherproficiencycoursesmaybeavailablefromothertrainingorganisations).TheP402isabasicminimumqualificationforindividualscarryingoutasbestossurveysandonitsownitdoesnotdemonstratecompetency.Therefore,inaddition,individualsmustalsohaveatleastsixmonths’full-time,relevant,practicalfieldexperienceonasbestossurveysunderthesupervisionofexperiencedandsuitablyqualifiedpersonnel.Theexperienceshouldcoverthepropertysectorsincludingindustrial,commercialanddomestic,andshouldcovermanagementsurveysandrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveys,asappropriate.Traineeswillbeabletodemonstrateacertainlevelofcompetencethroughauditorassessmentonanappropriatenumberofsurveys(egatleastfive)beforetheycanbeallowedtooperateastheleadsurveyor.26Furthertrainingandexperiencewillbenecessarytoensurecompetenceinrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysparticularlyforlargepremises.Trainingshouldcover,forexample,thepotentialadditionallocationstobeinspected,accesstechniquesintocavities,wallsandpartitions,sandwichpartitionsetc.TheProficiencyModuleP402canbesupplementedwithtworefreshermodules,P402R,relatingtomanagementsurveys,andrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysrespectively.Thesemodulescanbeausefulwayofprovidingongoingannualrefreshertraining,aswellastheopportunitytoexchangeinformationandexperiencewithothers(asrequiredinISO/IEC17020).

The P402 qualification on its own does not demonstrate competency. Individuals must have at least six months’ full-time, relevant, practical field experience on asbestos surveys under the supervision of experienced and suitably qualified personnel.

27TheBOHSS301course(‘Asbestosandotherfibres’)isalsoarelevantstartingqualification,butagainonitsowndoesnotdemonstrateanindividual’scompetence.However,individualscanthenobtainaCertificateofCompetenceinAsbestos(CoCA)fromBOHSafterobtainingtheS301,bycompletingsixmonths’practicalexperienceinasbestos,successfullysubmittingawrittenreport(egonasbestossurveys)andpassinganoralexam.Thequalificationmuststillbesupplementedbyadequatesupervisedfieldexperience.

28Personnelmayalsoholdanotherqualificationinsurveying:theRoyalSocietyforPublicHealth(RSPH)Level3Certificateinasbestosinspectionprocedures.ThisqualificationwasdevelopedaspartofapersonnelcertificationschemeandisstillavailableontheRSPHwebsite(www.rsph.org.uk).Thequalificationalonedoesnotdemonstratecompetency.Candidateswillalsoneedatleastsixmonths’supervisedandauditedpracticalexperience,asoutlinedfortheP402qualification(seeparagraph25).

29Allsurveyingorganisationsshouldhaveaqualitymanagementsystem(iequalityassuranceandqualitycontrolschemes)inplacetoensurethehigheststandards.Theseschemesshouldbewrittenandshouldincludeaminimumofthesethreecomponentparts:

■■ Aproportionofsurveysbeingre-inspectedbyanothercompetentsurveyor/auditor,usuallywhilethesurveyisinprogress.Allaspectsofthesitework(safetyassessments,inspectionprocedures,sampling,documentation,materialriskassessmentsetc)shouldbechecked.Itisrecommendedthatabout5%of



surveysarereinspected(BS6002:2006).12■■ Allthemanagementproceduresandsystemsofasurveyingorganisation

shouldbequalityassuredbycarryingoutauditsofcompletedsurveys.Thiswouldnormallybeadesk-topaudit.

■■ Thereshouldalsobeaqualitycontrolschemeforsurveyreports.Allreportsshouldbecheckedbeforebeingissuedtoclients.Simplebutthoroughchecksshouldbemadethattheclient’srequirementshavebeenmet,aswellaschecksontheconsistency,technicalaccuracyandcompletenessofthereport.

30MoredetailsofaqualitymanagementsystemaregiveninAppendix6.

31LaboratorieswhocarryoutbulkanalysisforasbestosmustdemonstratethattheyconformtotherequirementsofISO/IEC1702513and,iftheyprovidethisserviceforathirdparty,mustbeaccreditedbyarecognisedaccreditationbody,ieUKAS.Thelaboratoryshouldbeabletodemonstrateitscompetencetocarryoutbulkasbestosanalysisthrough:

■■ stafftrainingrecords;■■ certificatesfromexternaltrainingproviders;■■ participationinqualityassuranceschemes;■■ internalproficiencytestingprogrammes;■■ satisfactoryperformanceinnationalproficiencytestingprogrammes;■■ replicateanalysischecksofaproportionoftheroutinesamples.32TheAsbestosinMaterialsScheme(AIMS)istheUKnationalproficiencytestingprogrammeforbulkasbestosanalysis.Individualanalystsshouldalsodemonstratecompetencythroughtrainingrecordsandsatisfactoryperformanceinaninternalqualityassurancescheme.

33Itistheresponsibilityofanyoneusingalaboratoryfortheanalysisofsamplesforasbestostomakesurethelabholdsthenecessaryaccreditation(detailscanbeobtainedfromtheUKASwebsite:www.ukas.com).

34Samplesorrepresentativesub-samplesshouldbekeptforatleastsixmonthsafteranalysistoallowcheckstobemade.Samplesassociatedwithalegaldisputeorclaimmayneedtobekeptforlonger.



Box 3: What the client/dutyholder should do to check the competency of the surveyor

Thedutyholdershouldbesatisfiedthatthesurveyoriscompetenttocarryouttheworkrequired.

Thismeansthatthedutyholdershouldmakereasonableenquiriesastowhethertheorganisationorindividualistechnicallycompetenttocarryoutthesurveyadequatelyandsafely,andcanallocateadequateresourcestoit.Thecompetencyenquiryshouldbecarriedoutasatwo-stageprocess:

■■ Stage 1:Anassessmentoftheindividual’sorcompany’ssurveyexpertiseandalso,theirknowledgeofhealthandsafety,todeterminewhetherthesearesufficienttoenablethemtocarryoutthesurveycompetently,safelyandwithoutrisktohealth.

■■ Stage 2:Anassessmentoftheindividual’sorcompany’sexperienceandtrackrecordtoestablishifitiscapableofdoingtheworkandthatitrecognisesitslimitations.

Stage 1: Establishtheaccreditationorcertificationstatusofthesurveyorandanyrelevantasbestossurveyqualifications(seeparagraphs23–28).Obtainawrittendeclarationwhichstatesthatthesurveyorcanoperatewithindependence,impartialityandintegrityandthatpersonnelcarryingouttheworkareadequatelytrainedforallaspectsoftheworktakingplace.Inaddition,obtaincopiesofthecurrentinsurancecertificatesforemployer’sliability,publicliabilityandprofessionalindemnitycoverandcheckthemtoseethattheycovertheproposedwork.

Stage 2:Obtaininformationonthesurveyors’pastexperienceonthetypeofsurveyplannedandtheircapabilitytodothework.Referencesorevidenceofrecentsimilarworkshouldberequested.

Ifacompanyorsurveyorcannotdemonstratecompetencethroughcurrentaccreditationorpersonnelcertification,thedutyholderwillneedtoconductamoredetailedassessmentoftheircompetencetodothework.Thiswillincluderequesting:detailsoftheirqualifications,copiesoftheirwrittenprocedures(includingqualitycontrolpolicies)andreferencestootherevidenceofrecentsimilarwork.



3 Asbestos surveysPurpose

35Thepurposeofthesurveyistohelpmanageasbestosinthedutyholder’spremises.Thesurveyhastoprovidesufficientinformationfor:anasbestosregisterandplantobeprepared,asuitableriskassessmenttobecarriedoutandawrittenplantomanagetheriskstobeproduced.TheprocessisshownschematicallyinFigure2.

SURVEY

Asbestos registerplan/drawing

Refurbishment ordemolition survey

Management survey

Management plan

Risk assessment

Figure 2Schematicdiagramshowingthelinkbetweentheasbestossurveyandthemanagementplan



36Inmostcasesthesurveywillhavethreemainaims:

■■ itmustasfarasreasonablypracticablelocateandrecordthelocation,extentandproducttypeofanypresumedorknownACMs;

■■ itmustinspectandrecordinformationontheaccessibility,condition*andsurfacetreatmentofanypresumedorknownACMs;

■■ itshoulddetermineandrecordtheasbestostype,eitherbycollectingrepresentativesamplesofsuspectmaterialsforlaboratoryidentification,orbymakingapresumptionbasedontheproducttypeanditsappearanceetc.

Presumption or identification of ACMs

37 ThedutytomanagerequirementinCAR2006regulation4allowsmaterialstobe‘presumed’tocontainasbestos.Thereforeintheasbestossurvey,materialscanbepresumedtocontainasbestos.Therearetwolevelsof‘presumption’:

1 Strong presumption:inthiscasethemateriallooksasifitisanACM,orthatitmightcontainasbestos.Thisconclusioncanbereachedthroughvisualinspectionalonebyanexperienced,well-trainedsurveyor,familiarwiththerangeofasbestosproducts.Examplesof‘strongpresumption’wouldbe:■■ wherelaboratoryanalysishasconfirmedthepresenceofasbestosinasimilar

constructionmaterial;■■ materialsinwhichasbestosisknowntohavebeencommonlyusedinthe

manufacturedproductatthetimeofinstallation(egcorrugatedcementroofandwallsheeting,cementguttersanddrainpipes,cementwatertanks,ceilingtiles,insulatingboards);

■■ materialswhichhavetheappearanceofasbestosbutnosamplehasbeentaken,egthermalinsulationonapipewherefibresareclearlyvisible.

2 A ‘default’ situationwhereamaterialispresumedtocontainasbestosbecausethereisinsufficientevidence(egnoanalysis)toconfirmthatitisasbestosfree,orwhereadutyholder/surveyordecidesthatitiseasierundertheplannedmanagementarrangementstopresumecertainmaterialscontainasbestos.Manynon-asbestosmaterialswillalsobepresumedtocontainasbestosusingthissystem.Thereisafurtherdefaultsituationwherematerialsmustbepresumedtocontainasbestos.Thedefaultappliestoareaswhichcannotbeaccessedorinspected.Inthissituationany area not accessed or inspected must be presumed to contain asbestos, unless there is strong evidence that it does not.

*Theexceptionisrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveyswhereinformationontheconditionoftheasbestosisusuallynotrequired(seeparagraph52),astheACMwillberemovedsoonafterthesurvey.However,incircumstanceswheretheremovalwillnottakeplaceforsometimeafterthesurvey(egmorethanthreemonths),theACMswillhavetobemanagedduringthisperiod.Inthissituation,theconditionoftheACMsshouldalsobedeterminedandremedialactiontakenasappropriate(seeparagraphs124and130).



38Materialscannotbepresumedtobeasbestosfree(iecontainnoasbestos)unlessthereisstrongevidencetoconcludethattheyarehighlyunlikelytocontainasbestos.Thereareobviousmaterialswhicharenotasbestos,egwood,glass,metal,stoneetc.Therearealsomanyexamplesofasbestosbeingpresentinsidematerials,egasandwichlayerinsidedoors,insidecolumnsorundercolumncasings,onthe‘hidden’sideofitems,egwoodpanelling,ceilingtiles,underveneers.Reasonstoconcludethatamaterialdoesnotcontainasbestoswouldbe:

■■ non-asbestossubstitutematerialswerespecifiedintheoriginalarchitect’s/quantitysurveyor’splansorinsubsequentrefurbishments;

■■ theproductwasveryunlikelytocontainasbestosorhaveasbestosadded(egwallpaper,plasterboardetc);

■■ post-1985construction(foramphiboleACMssuchasasbestosinsulatingboard,seeAppendix1);

■■ post-1990constructionfordecorativetexturedcoatings(formulationscontainingasbestoswereprohibitedin1988andsomesuppliersvoluntarilyceasedusingasbestosin1984);

■■ post-1999construction(somechrysotileproductswereprohibitedin1993andnearlyallwereprohibitedin1999).

39ItisnotalwaysstraightforwardtoconcludethatACMsareabsent.Theregulationsrequirethatreasonablestepsaretaken.WhileoriginalspecificationsmaynothaveincludedACMsincertainbuildinglocations,workersmayhaveusedthemfortheirconvenience.Forexample,workonbuildingsystems(egCLASPsystems14hasshownthatACMs,egasbestosinsulatingboard(AIB)off-cutswereusedasfiller/packingandsupportitemsinplaceswheretheirpresencewasnotrecorded.Therearealsomanyexamplesofpoorremovalpracticeleavingasbestos-containingdebrisandresidues.Thereforeareaswhereasbestoshasbeenremovedpreviouslywillneedtobereinspectedaspartofthesurvey.

Areas where asbestos has been removed previously will need to be reinspected.

Types of survey

40Thisdocumentdescribestwodifferenttypesofsurvey:management surveysandrefurbishmentanddemolition surveys.

41Thetypeofsurveywillvaryduringthelifespanofthepremisesandseveralmaybeneededovertime.AmanagementsurveywillberequiredduringthenormaloccupationanduseofthebuildingtoensurecontinuedmanagementoftheACMsinsitu.Arefurbishmentordemolitionsurveywillbenecessarywhenthebuilding(orpartofit)istobeupgraded,refurbishedordemolished.Itisprobablethatatlargerpremisesamixtureofsurveytypeswillbeappropriate,egaboilerhouseduefordemolitionwillrequirearefurbishment/demolitionsurvey,whileofficesatthesamesitewouldhaveamanagementsurvey.Inlateryearsrefurbishmentsurveysmayberequiredinroomsorfloorswhicharebeingupgraded.Insectorswheretherearelargenumbersofproperties(egdomestichouses)orinternalunits(eghotels),onlyparticularroomsmaybespecifiedforupgrading,egkitchens,bathroomsandbedrooms.Refurbishmentsurveyswouldonlybenecessaryintheselocations.

42Itisimportantthattheclientandthesurveyorknowexactlywhattypeofsurveyistobecarriedoutandwhere,andwhatthespecificationwillbe.Sothereshouldbeaclearstatementandrecordofthetypeofsurveythatistobecarriedout,includingthereasonsforselectingthattypeofsurvey,andwhereitistobecarriedout.



Management survey43Amanagementsurveyisthestandardsurvey.Itspurposeistolocate,asfarasreasonablypracticable,thepresenceandextentofanysuspectACMsinthebuildingwhichcouldbedamagedordisturbedduringnormaloccupancy,includingforeseeablemaintenanceandinstallation,andtoassesstheircondition.

44Managementsurveyswillofteninvolveminorintrusiveworkandsomedisturbance.Theextentofintrusionwillvarybetweenpremisesanddependonwhatisreasonablypracticableforindividualproperties,ieitwilldependonfactorssuchasthetypeofbuilding,thenatureofconstruction,accessibilityetc.AmanagementsurveyshouldincludeanassessmentoftheconditionofthevariousACMsandtheirabilitytoreleasefibresintotheairiftheyaredisturbedinsomeway.This‘materialassessment’(seeparagraphs124–127)willgiveagoodinitialguidetothepriorityformanagingACMsasitwillidentifythematerialswhichwillmostreadilyreleaseairbornefibresiftheyaredisturbed.

45ThesurveywillusuallyinvolvesamplingandanalysistoconfirmthepresenceorabsenceofACMs.Howeveramanagementsurveycanalsoinvolvepresumingthepresenceorabsenceofasbestos.AmanagementsurveycanbecompletedusingacombinationofsamplingACMsandpresumingACMsor,indeed,justpresuming.Anymaterialspresumedtocontainasbestosmustalsohavetheirconditionassessed(ieamaterialassessment).

Management surveys can involve a combination of sampling to confirm asbestos is present or presuming asbestos to be present.

46Bypresumingthepresenceofasbestos,theneedforsamplingandanalysiscanbedeferreduntilalatertime(egbeforeanyworkiscarriedout).Howeverthisapproachhasimplicationsforthemanagementarrangements.Thedutyholderbearspotentialadditionalcostsofmanagementforsomenon-ACMs.Anyworkcarriedouton‘presumed’materialswouldneedtoinvolveappropriatecontractorsandworkmethodsincompliancewithCAR2006irrespectiveofwhetherthematerialwasactuallyanACMornot.Alternatively,beforeanyworkstarts,samplingandanalysiscanbeundertakentoconfirmorrefutethepresenceofasbestos.Theresultswilldeterminetheworkmethodsandcontractorstobeused.The‘presumption’approachhasseveraldisadvantages:itislessrigorous,itcanleadtoconstantobstructionsanddelaysbeforeworkcanstart,anditismoredifficulttocontrol,seeA comprehensive guide to managing asbestos in premises.‘Default’presumptionsmayalsoleadtounnecessaryremovalofnon-ACMsandtheirdisposalasasbestoswaste.Defaultpresumptionsmaybesuitableinsomeinstances,eg‘small’orsimplepremises,aspartofaclient’smanagementarrangements.

47SurveyorsshouldalwaysendeavourtopositivelyidentifyACMs.AsufficientnumberofsamplesshouldbetakentoconfirmthelocationandextentofACMs.ItislegitimatetoreducesamplenumberswherematerialscanbestronglypresumedtobeACMs.Howeverthedefaultpresumptionoptionshouldbeavoidedwherepossible,asitcanmakemanagingasbestosmoredifficultforthedutyholder.Defaultpresumptionshouldonlybeusedincircumstanceswhereitisrequestedbytheclientand/orwhereaccessgenuinelycannotbeobtained.

48Whensamplingiscarriedoutaspartofamanagementsurvey,samplesfromeachtypeofsuspectACMshouldbecollectedandanalysed.Ifthematerialsampledisfoundtocontainasbestos,othersimilarmaterialsusedinthesamewayinthebuildingcanbestronglypresumedtocontainasbestos.Lesshomogeneousmaterials(egdifferentsurfaces/coating,evidenceofrepairetc)willrequireagreaternumberofsamples.Thesamplenumbershouldbesufficienttoestablishwhether



asbestosispresentornotintheparticularmaterial.Samplingmaytakeplacesimultaneouslywiththesurvey,orasinthecaseofsomelargersurveys,canbecarriedoutlaterasaseparateexercise.

49Allareasshouldbeaccessedandinspectedasfarasisreasonablypracticable.Areasshouldincludeunderfloorcoverings,abovefalseceilings,andinsiderisers,serviceducts,liftshaftsetc(seeBox4).Surveying may also involve some minor intrusive work,suchasaccessingbehindfasciaandpanelsandothersurfacesorsuperficialmaterials.Theextentofintrusionwilldependonthedegreeofdisturbancethatisorwillbenecessaryforforeseeablemaintenanceandrelatedactivities,includingtheinstallationofnewequipment/cabling.Surveyorsshouldcomepreparedtoaccesssuchareas(iewiththecorrectequipmentetc).Managementsurveysareonlylikelytoinvolvetheuseofsimpletoolssuchasscrewdriversandchisels.Anyareasnotaccessedmustbepresumedtocontainasbestos.Theareasnotaccessedandpresumedtocontainasbestosmustbeclearlystatedinthesurveyreportandwillhavetobemanagedonthisbasis(seeparagraph46),iemaintenanceorotherdisturbanceworkshouldnotbecarriedoutintheseareasuntilfurtherchecksaremade.

Box 4: Areas to be inspected as part of a management survey

AllACMsshouldbeidentifiedasfarasisreasonablypracticable.Theareasinspectedshouldinclude:underfloorcoverings,abovefalseceilings(ceilingvoids),lofts,insiderisers,serviceductsandliftshafts,basements,cellars,undergroundrooms,undercrofts(thislistisnotexhaustive).

50Managementsurveysshouldcoverroutineandsimplemaintenancework.Howeverithastoberecognisedthatwhere‘moreextensive’maintenanceorrepairworkisinvolved,theremaynotbesufficientinformationinthemanagementsurveyandalocalisedrefurbishmentsurveywillbeneeded.Arefurbishmentsurveywillberequiredforallworkwhichdisturbsthefabricofthebuildinginareaswherethemanagementsurveyhasnotbeenintrusive.Thedecisionontheneedforarefurbishmentsurveyshouldbemadebythedutyholder(probablywithhelpfromothers).

Refurbishment surveys will be required for all work which disturbs the fabric of the building in areas where the management survey has not been intrusive.

The dutyholder will need to make the decision but probably with help from others.

Refurbishment and demolition surveys51Arefurbishment and demolition surveyisneededbeforeanyrefurbishmentordemolitionworkiscarriedout.Thistypeofsurveyisusedtolocateanddescribe,asfarasreasonablypracticable,allACMsintheareawheretherefurbishmentworkwilltakeplaceorinthewholebuildingifdemolitionisplanned.Thesurveywillbefullyintrusiveandinvolvedestructiveinspection,asnecessary,togainaccesstoallareas,includingthosethatmaybedifficulttoreach.Arefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveymayalsoberequiredinothercircumstances,egwhenmoreintrusivemaintenanceandrepairworkwillbecarriedoutorforplantremovalordismantling.

52ThereisaspecificrequirementinCAR2006(regulation7)forallACMstoberemovedasfarasreasonablypracticablebeforemajorrefurbishmentorfinaldemolition.RemovingACMsisalsoappropriateinothersmallerrefurbishment



situationswhichinvolvestructuralorlayoutchangestobuildings(egremovalofpartitions,walls,unitsetc).UnderCDM,thesurveyinformationshouldbeusedtohelpinthetenderingprocessforremovalofACMsfromthebuildingbeforeworkstarts.Thesurveyreportshouldbesuppliedbytheclienttodesignersandcontractorswhomaybebiddingforthework,sothattheasbestosriskscanbeaddressed.Inthistypeofsurvey,wheretheasbestosisidentifiedsothatitcanberemoved(ratherthanto‘manage’it),thesurveydoesnotnormallyassesstheconditionoftheasbestos,otherthantoindicateareasofdamageorwhereadditionalasbestosdebrismaybepresent.However,wheretheasbestosremovalmaynottakeplaceforsometime,theACMs’conditionwillneedtobeassessedandthematerialsmanaged(seeparagraph124).

53 Refurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysareintendedtolocatealltheasbestosinthebuilding(ortherelevantpart),asfarasreasonablypracticable.Itisadisruptiveandfullyintrusivesurveywhichmayneedtopenetrateallpartsofthebuildingstructure.Aggressiveinspectiontechniqueswillbeneededtoliftcarpetsandtiles,breakthroughwalls,ceilings,claddingandpartitions,andopenupfloors.Inthesesituations,controlsshouldbeputinplacetopreventthespreadofdebris,whichmayincludeasbestos.Refurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysshouldonlybeconductedinunoccupiedareastominimiseriskstothepublicoremployeesonthepremises.Ideally,thebuildingshouldnotbeinserviceandallfurnishingsremoved.Forminorrefurbishment,thiswouldonlyapplytotheroominvolvedorevenpartoftheroomwheretheworkissmallandtheroomlarge.Inthesesituations,thereshouldbeeffectiveisolationofthesurveyarea(egfullfloortoceilingpartition),andfurnishingsshouldberemovedasfaraspossibleorprotectedusingsheeting.The‘surveyed’areamustbeshowntobefitforreoccupationbeforepeoplemovebackin.Thiswillrequireathoroughvisualinspectionand,ifappropriate(egwheretherehasbeensignificantdestruction),reassuranceairsamplingwithdisturbance.Undernocircumstancesshouldstaffremaininroomsorareasofbuildingswhenintrusivesamplingisperformed.

54Theremaybesomecircumstanceswherethebuildingisstill‘occupied’(ieinuse)atthetimea‘demolition’surveyiscarriedout.Forexampleintheeducationalsector,refurbishment/demolitionsurveysmaybeconductedinschoolsorcollegesduringoneclosureperiod(egholidays)andtheworknotundertakenuntilthenextholidayperiod.Also,ademolitionsurveymaybeconductedtoestablishtheeconomicfutureorviabilityofabuilding(s).Thesurveyresultswoulddeterminetheoutcome.Insuchsituations,the‘survey’willneedextremelycarefulmanagingwithpersonnelandequipment/furnishingsbeingdecantedandprotected(asnecessary),whilethesurveyprogressesthroughthebuilding.Again,thereshouldbeeffectiveisolationofthesurveyareasandthe‘surveyed’areamustbeshowntobefitforreoccupationbeforepersonnelreoccupy(seeparagraph53).

Survey restrictions and caveats

55Thevalueandusefulnessofthesurveycanbeseriouslyunderminedwhereeithertheclientorthesurveyorimposesrestrictionsonthesurveyscopeoronthetechniques/methodusedbythesurveyor.InformationonthelocationofallACMs,asfarasreasonablypracticable,iscrucialtotheriskassessmentanddevelopmentofthemanagementplan.AnyrestrictionsplacedonthesurveyscopewillreducetheextenttowhichACMsarelocatedandidentified,incurdelaysandconsequentlymakemanagingasbestosmorecomplex,expensiveandpotentiallylesseffective.

56Inmanagementsurveys,surveyorsshouldbeproperlypreparedforaccessingallreasonablypracticableareasinallpartsofthebuilding(seeBox4).Potentiallydifficulttoenterareas(includinglockedroomsetc)shouldbeidentifiedintheplanningstagewiththedutyholderandarrangementsmadeforaccess(egMEWPs



forworkatheight,roomsunlocked,doors/corridorsunblockedetc).Insituationswherethereisnoentryonthedayofthesurvey,arevisitshouldbemadewhenaccesswillbepossible.Wheretherearehealthandsafetyrisksassociatedwithsomeactivities(egheight,confinedspaces),theseshouldbeadequatelyassessedandarrangementsmadetocontrolthem(seeparagraphs83–91).Anyareanotaccessed(andwherenootherinformationexists)mustbepresumedtocontainasbestosandbemanagedonthatbasis.

57Inrefurbishmentsurveys,theareaandscopeoftheworkwillneedtobeagreedbetweenthedutyholderandthesurveyor.Inthesesurveysandindemolitionsurveysthereshouldbenorestrictionsonaccessunlessthesiteisunsafe(egfire-damagedpremises)oraccessisphysicallyimpractical.Thelevelofintrusionwillbesignificantlygreaterthanwithmanagementsurveys.Itwillincludeaccessingstructuralareas,betweenfloorsandwallsandundergroundservices.Someareasmaybedifficulttogainentrytoand/ormayneedspecialistassistanceorequipment.Accessarrangementsneedtobefullydiscussedintheplanningstageandformpartofthecontract,particularlywhereassistancehastobeengaged.Whereaccesshasnotbeenpossibleduringrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveys,theseareasmustbeclearlylocatedonplansandinthetextofthereporttoallowtherefurbishmentanddemolitionprocessestobeprogressiveinthoseareas.AnyACMsmustbeidentifiedandremovedatthistime.Itisnowrecognisedthatevenwith‘complete’accessdemolitionsurveys,allACMsmaynotbeidentifiedandthisonlybecomesapparentduringdemolitionitself.Surveyorsneedtobecompetenttodoalltherelevantworkandtasksinthisclassofsurveys(seeSection2:Competenceandqualityassuranceprocedures).Theywillneedsomeknowledgeofconstruction,beabletocarryouttheworksafelyandwithoutrisktohealth,havethecorrectequipmenttodotheworkandhavetheappropriateinsurance.

58Ifanyrestrictionshavetobeimposedonthescopeorextentofthesurvey,theseitemsmustbeagreedbybothpartiesandclearlydocumented.Theyshouldbeagreedbeforeworkstarts(egatthepreliminarysitemeetingandwalk-throughinspectionorduringdiscussion(seeparagraphs77–78))andarelikelytoformpartofthecontract.Ifduringthesurvey,thesurveyorisunabletoaccessanylocationorareaforanyreason,thedutyholdermustbeinformedassoonaspossibleandarrangementsmadeforlateraccess.Ifaccessisnotpossible,thenthesurveyreportshouldclearlyidentifytheseareasnotaccessed.Limitationsshouldbekepttoanabsoluteminimumbyensuringthatstaffareadequatelytrained,insuredandhavetheappropriateequipmentandtools.

Survey restrictions and caveats can seriously undermine the management of asbestos in buildings. They should be included only where absolutely necessary and should be fully justified. Most can be avoided by proper planning and discussion. They must be agreed between the dutyholder and the surveyor and documented in the survey report.

Survey strategy Non-domestic premises 59Inthenon-domesticsector,thereisanexpectationthateverybuildingwillbesurveyedonanindividualbasistoidentifythepresenceandconditionofasbestos.Inpremiseswheretherearelargenumbersofsimilarornear-identicalrooms(egofficesorhotels),asurveystrategycanbeadoptedwhichreflectsthescaleandnatureofthebuildings.Allroomsshouldbevisuallyinspected,asthereclearlycanbedifferencesinroomsduetolocation(egpresenceofrisers,services)orfunction/facilities.Subsequently,‘similar’roomscanbeplacedintogroups(ieroomswith



similarlocationsorfacilities,suchasnexttolifts,containingrisers,gableendormiddlebuildingrooms,plantroomsetc).InthesegroupsthereislikelytobegreateruniformityinthepresenceofACMs,egfireprotectionnexttoliftshafts).Withinthesegroups,therewillbelessneedforsamplinginallrooms.Samplingcanbeconductedinarepresentativenumberofroomsand,whereACMsareidentified,thesameitemsinotherroomsinthisgroupcanbestronglypresumedtocontainasbestos.

Domestic premises60Inthedomesticsector,localauthoritiesandhousingassociationshaveresponsibilityforverylargenumbersofpropertieswhichneedarangeofmaintenanceandrepairworkaswellasgeneralimprovementandupgradingoroccasionallydemolition.Workscanincludeelectricalrewiring,structuralrepairsandalterations,replacementwindows,centralheating,insulation,renewalofbathroomandkitchenfittingsorcompleterenovations.Theworkmaybenecessaryonindividualorsmallnumbersofpremises(egemergencyworkduetofire/water/stormdamage)oronlargenumberswheretherearemajorimprovementorupgradingschemes(egthe‘DecentHomesImprovement’programme).

61Domesticpropertiespresentparticularchallengesforsurveyingasbestos.Themainissuesarethescale(ielargenumberofproperties(andconsequentlywhatisreasonableandpracticable)),therealextentofsimilarityinbuildingmaterialsandthepersonalnatureoftheproperty.Asbestoswasextensivelyusedindomesticpropertiesbetween1930and1980.HoweverthepresenceofACMscannowbequitevariableandunpredictableevenwithinthesamearchetypalgroup.Thecontentvariesforseveralreasonsincluding:

■■ inconsistent/variableinitialuse;■■ randomuseofwastepiecesandoffcutsbybuilders;■■ previousunrecordedremovalofasbestos;■■ modificationsofpropertiesbytenants(presentandpast)andhousing

associations(removingandaddingACMs).

62Domesticdwellingsoftenfallintoparticulararchetypalgroupsintermsofstyle,designandage,egflatswithinblockswouldgenerallybesimilaratconstruction.Thesefactorscanbeusedtodevelopthesurveystrategy.Thefollowingparagraphsoutlinethegeneralstrategytouseforsurveyingdomesticproperties.Therearethreecomponents:establishtheasbestosstatusofproperties,carryoutmanagementsurveysandcarryout,asnecessary,refurbishmentsurveys.

Establish asbestos status of properties 63Carryoutadesk-topstudytoestablishtheprobableasbestosstatusofgroupsofproperties.Inthisexercise,propertiescanbeplacedintoarchetypalgroupsbasedonvariousparametersincludingconstructiondate(egestatesphases),housedesignandlocation.Thesegroupsofpropertiescanbeseparatedintothefollowingcategories:asbestosfree,‘contain’ACMsand‘possiblycontain’ACMs.Themaincriteriainvolvedhereforconcludinggroupsareasbestosfreewouldbeanypropertyconstructedin2000orlater.Itmayalsobepossibletoconcludethatgroupsareasbestosfreebasedonotherinformation,suchasoriginalconstructioninformation,buildingmaterialspecification,previousasbestossurveysorremovalsorotherrecords.Theevidenceforthiswouldneedtobestrongandrecordscomplete.Thesesourcesofinformationwouldalsobeusedtoconcludethedefinitepresenceofasbestosinparticularpropertygroups.Otherpropertiesconstructedpre-2000shouldbeclassedaspossiblycontainingACMs(unlessthereisevidencetoshowotherwise(egprevioussurveysetc)).



Management surveys64ManagementsurveysshouldbecarriedoutonpropertieswhichcontainorpossiblycontainACMs.‘Asbestos-free’dwellingsshouldberecordedassuchinthemanagementplananddonotneedsurveying.Howeverworkersinsuchpremises(particularlypre-2000)shouldalwaysbevigilant.Aproportionofpropertiesineachcategory(iecontainorpossiblycontainACMs)andeacharchetypalgroupshouldbesurveyed.Exactsamplingratioscannotbespecified,astheproportionwilldependonthevariabilityofhousingstock.AproportionshouldbesurveyeduntiltheresultsdemonstrateasfarasreasonablypracticablethatthereisconsistencyintherangeofACMsinthepropertytype.NoteverypropertywillcontainalltheACMitemsbuttherangeofACMsinthepropertytypeswillbeknown.Everynon-surveyedpropertyhasthepotentialtocontainalltheACMsintherangeandtheACMsshouldbemanagedonthatbasis.Wherethereisconsiderablevariability,theratiosurveyedwillbehigh.

65Informationfromthemanagementsurveyscanbeenhancedwithdatafrommoreintrusivesurveyswhenthecircumstancesallow,egwhenpropertiesarevacant.Informationfromrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysshouldbeusedtoupdatetheasbestosregisterforthatparticulartypeofproperty. 66Managementsurveys,supportedbyrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveys,shouldbeusedastheprimarymeansofmanagingroutinemaintenanceworkindomesticpremises.HoweverdutyholdersmustrecognisethatthesesurveysarelimitedintheirscopeandextentofintrusionandthereforedonotprovidesufficientinformationonthepresenceofACMsforlargerscalerefurbishmentandotherimprovementprojects.

Refurbishment surveys67Refurbishmentanddemolitionsurveyswillberequiredwhererefurbishmentworkorotherworkinvolvingdisturbingthefabricofthebuildingiscarriedout.Thesurveystrategyforrefurbishmentworksissimilartothatformanagementsurveys.Refurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysshouldalsobecarriedoutonaproportionofpropertiesintheworkprogramme.Theratioagainwilldependonasbestosvariabilitywithinthehousingstockandmaybehighwherethereissubstantialvariation.AproportionshouldbesurveyeduntiltheresultsdemonstrateasfarasreasonablypracticablethatthereisconsistencyintherangeofACMsinthepropertytypeandthereisanaccuratepictureofasbestospresence.Therefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveywillonlybenecessaryinthespecificarea/locationwheretheworkswilltakeplace,egcupboard,partofaroom,kitchen/bathroom.Howeverfurtherrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveyswillbenecessaryinotherlocationswhennewimprovementschemesareproposed.TheselocalisedrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysshouldhavethespecificpurposeofidentifyingACMsforremoval,controloravoidanceduringtherefurbishmentworks.

68Forhouseimprovementschemesandotherprojectwork,refurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysshouldbeincorporatedintotheplanningphaseofsuchworkasfaraspossible.Thiswillavoiddelaysanddisruptionetc.Wheretheworkisurgent(egessentialoremergencymaintenance,repairandinstallation),therefurbishmentsurveysmayhavetobecarriedoutjustbeforetheworkitself.Surveysshouldbeperformedwithduediligence.

69TheabovestrategyrequiresmanagementarrangementswhichreflectthecircumstancesanduncertaintyofACMsindomesticpremises.TherewillalwaysbethepotentialforACMsnottohavebeenidentifiedbeforemaintenanceandrefurbishmentworkiscarriedout.Inthesesituationsthemanagementarrangementsmustincludethefollowing:



■■ adequateasbestostrainingoftradespeople(egtocoverawareness,includingidentification)andworkprocedures;

■■ arrangementsmustbeinplacetoensurethatasbestosregistersorrecordsarecheckedbeforeworkcommencingandthereareproceduresfordealingwithanysuspect/suspicious/unknownmaterial,iestopwork,checkmaterialetc;

■■ adequatesupervisiontoensureproceduresareimplementedandfollowed.



4 Survey planning70Thekeytoaneffectivesurveyistheplanning.Thedegreeofplanningandpreparationwilldependontheextentandcomplexityofthebuildingportfolio.Single,simpleone-storeyfactorybuildingswillbedifferentfromaschooloralargehospitalcomplex.Surveysonsiteswithmanyandvariabletypesofbuildingswillneedconsiderableplanningandprioritising.Theprinciplestobeusedinplanning/structuringandconductingthesurveywillbesimilarinallcases.Thesurveyisnotaboutjustturningupandtakingsamples.Thereneedstobeasufficientinitialexchangeofinformationbetweenthedutyholderorclientandthesurveyorandaclearunderstandingbybothpartiesofwhatisrequired.Theinformationwillbeusedtoformthecontractbetweenthedutyholderandthesurveyorincludingwherethesurveyisperformedin-house.

Box 5: Information the surveyor needs from the client

■■ Detailsofbuildingsorpartsofbuildingstobesurveyedandsurveytype(s).■■ Detailsofbuilding(s)use,processes,hazards,priorityareas.■■ Plans,documents,reportsandsurveysondesign,structureandconstruction.■■ Safetyandsecurityinformation:firealarmtesting,specialclothingareas(eg

foodproduction).■■ Accessarrangementsandpermits.■■ Contactsforoperationalorhealthandsafetyissues.

Box 6: Information the client/dutyholder should expect from the surveyor

■■ Surveyor(s)identity,qualifications,accreditationorcertificationstatus,qualitycontrolprocedures.

■■ Referencesfrompreviouswork.■■ Insurance(professionalindemnitycover).■■ Costs.■■ Proposedscopeofwork.■■ Planofwork,includingplansforsamplingorasbestosdisturbance.■■ Timetable.■■ Detailsofcaveats.■■ Report,includingareasnotaccessed/notsurveyed).

71ThekeypointsaresummarisedinBoxes5and6.Thedutyholdershouldknowwhattoexpectfromthesurveyorandviceversa.

Dutyholder’s planning

72Thedutyholderneedstoconsiderthepurposeofthesurveyandwhatinformationitneedstoprovide.Thedutyholderwillbetheclientandshouldconsider:

■■ Whythesurveyisneeded?■■ Whattype(s)ofsurveyisneeded?■■ Whatinformationmustthesurveyprovide?■■ WhatformatdoIwantthereportin(asbestosregister,drawings,electronic,

printedetc)?■■ Whatinformationwillthesurveyorrequire?



Surveyor’s planning procedure

73Thesurveyorshouldestablishthetypeofsurvey(s)required.Itmaybethatmorethanonesurveytypewillberequired,egamanagementsurveyformostofthepremises,butarefurbishmentsurveyinonebuildingorpartofabuilding.Establishingthesurveytypeshouldbedoneinconsultationwiththeclient.Thesurveyplanningshouldbestructuredandincludethevariousstepsoutlinedbelow.Thesestepsarelistedseparatelybutinpracticetherewillbeoverlaportheywillrunconcurrently/simultaneously.Theremaybesomesituationswhereallthestepsarenotnecessaryorpossible(egsmallorsimplepremises,fire-damagedpremisesandpre-purchasesurveysetc).Wherethesurveyinvolvessamplingorasbestosdisturbance,asite-specificassessmentandplanofworkisrequiredunderCAR2006.

Step 1: Collect all the relevant information to plan the survey.

Step 2: Consider the information (desk-top study).

Step 3: Prepare a survey plan (including how data will be recorded).

Step 4: Conduct a risk assessment for the survey.

Step 1: Collect all the relevant information to plan the survey

74Itisessentialthatthesurveyorcollectsallthenecessaryrelevantinformationtoensurethatthesurveyiscompletedefficiently,effectivelyandsafely,andthatitmeetstheclient’srequirements.Theinformationshouldbegatheredasearlyaspossibletoenablethoroughplanning.Theidealsituationwouldbetoarrangeapreliminarysitemeetingandhaveawalk-throughinspection.Thisisessentialforlargeandcomplexpremises.However,pre-surveysitevisitsmaynotalwaysbepossible(egsmallsurveyswherethecostofasecondvisitoutweighsadvantagesorwheretherearemultiplepremises(egchainstores)anditisnotpracticaltovisitthemall).Insuchsituationstheinformationwillneedtobegatheredthroughothermeans(egbycorrespondencesuchasphone/e-mail/post,orbyapreliminarymeetingandwalk-throughimmediatelybeforethesurvey).

75TheinformationrequiredislistedinBox7.Itisofteneasiertoobtainthisinformationthroughdirectdiscussionwiththeclient.Themeetingisalsoanopportunitytoexplainfurtherthenatureofthesurveyandmaterialassessmentsandagreethenatureandformatoftheresultsandreport.

76Accurateplansofthebuilding(s)andthefloorlayoutshouldbeobtainedatthisstagewherepossible.Buildingplansshouldbeusedforcomplexpremises.Theplansshouldcontainthemainfeaturesofeachroom,corridors,stairsetc.Theplansshouldbemarkedwithuniquefloorandroomnumberstohelpidentifyindividuallocations.Theplansshouldbecheckedforaccuracyandcompleteness.Ifplansarenotavailable,anaccuratedrawingofthepremiseswillneedtobemadebythesurveyorbeforethesurveystarts.Insomepremises(egsmall/uncomplicated),asimpledrawingshowingthesalientfeaturesmaybesufficient.Inothersituations,moredetaileddrawingswillhavetobemade.Theseplanswillbeusedtorefertoandrecordthepositionofanysuspectmaterialandthelocationofanysamplestakenforidentification.Theplansshouldalsobeusedtolocateandrecordanysensitiveorrestrictedareasandhazards.



Box 7: Information to be collected by the surveyor

■■ Descriptionanduseofproperty(ieindustrial,office,retail,domestic,education,healthcareetc).

■■ Numberofbuildings:age,typeandconstructiondetails.■■ Numberofrooms.■■ Anyunusualfeatures,undergroundsections.■■ Detailsaboutwhetherthebuildingshavebeenextended,adaptedor

refurbished,andiftheyhave,whentheworkwasdone.■■ Anyplantorequipmentinstalled.■■ Whetheralistedbuilding,conservationareaetc.■■ Extentorscopeofsurveyrequired(possiblymarkdetailsonasiteplanor

architects’drawings).■■ Whetherthesurroundinggroundandassociatedbuildingsorstructuresare

tobeincludedinthescopeofthesurvey.■■ Currentplansordrawingsofthesite.■■ Previousplans,includingarchitects’originaldrawingsandspecificationsand

subsequentplansformajorchangesandrefurbishment.■■ Whetherthepremisesarevacantoroccupied.■■ Anyrestrictionsonaccess.■■ Specialrequirementsorinstructions.■■ Responsibilityandarrangementsforaccess.■■ Whethersurveydamageistobemadegood(refurbishment/demolition

surveys).■■ Site-specifichazards(mechanical,electrical,chemicaletc).■■ Responsibilityforisolationofservices,power,gas,chemicalsetc.■■ Workingmachineryorplant(includinglifts)tobemadesafe(theseare

coveredingreaterdetailinStep4).■■ Ifphotosaretobetaken.■■ Howmanybulksampleswillbenecessary.■■ Thelocationofallservices,heatingandventilationducts,plantrooms,riser

shaftsandliftshafts.■■ Detailsofanypreviousasbestossurveys(Type1/2/3Surveys),current

asbestosregistersandallrecordsofasbestosremovalorrepairs.■■ InformationonpossiblerepairstoACMs,egpipe/thermalinsulation.■■ Historyofthesite:anybuildingspreviouslydemolished;presenceof

undergroundductsorshaftsetc.

Preliminary site meeting and walk-through inspection77Awalk-throughinspectionwillbeextremelyvaluableforplanningthesurveyandidentifyingpotentialissuesandproblems.Theinspectionwillenablethesurveyortobecomefamiliarwiththelayoutofthepremises,includingthelocationofequipmentandfurnitureetc,whichmayimpedeaccessorsampling.Inaddition,itwillallowthesurveyortogainanappreciationofthesizeoftheprojectandtoestimatetheextentofsamplingrequired.Theinspectionalsoallowsanyspecifichazardstoberecognisedanddiscussedtominimisetherisks.Itwillalsoenableotherpotentialissuestobeidentifiedorraised(andresolved).Possibleissuesincludeentryoraccessrestrictions(egtoceilingvoids,highareasandcrawlspaces),samplingmatters(egsamplingonlywhentheareaisunoccupied,materialsordecorationswhichcannotbedisturbed,labellingofsamplelocations,futureplacementofasbestoswarninglabels(seeFigure3),measuresusedtoreducedustreleaseandclean-upetc)andthepotentialneedforalicensedasbestoscontractor(egtogainaccessthroughAIBceilingtiles).Whereaccessisrequiredtohighareas,arrangementsshouldbemadefortheuseofscaffolding,atowercraneorMEWP.Thewalk-throughinspectionshouldalsobeusedtochecktheaccuracyofthebuildingplans.



Figure 3Asbestoslabel

78Ifapre-surveysitemeetingandwalk-througharenotpossible,theinformationlistedinBox7shouldbecollectedthroughdiscussionandcorrespondencewiththeclient.Anyinformationnotcollectedwillneedtobeobtainedatthesitepriortothesurveystarting.Inaddition,plansanddrawingswillneedtobecheckedatthistime.

Step 2: Consider the information (desk-top study)

79Thesurveyorneedstocollateandconsiderallthecollectedinformation(egonthepremises,buildingstructures,processes,plantandmachinerytypes)sothesurveycanbeproperlyplanned.Thisisa‘desk-top’exercisetoreviewtheinformation,planthesurveystrategyandconsiderifthereareanygapsintheinformation.Thesurveyorshouldalsoconsidertheresourcesandequipmentetc,whichwillbenecessarytocompletethework.Thesurveyorshouldconsidertheinformationonthefollowing:

■■ competencytoundertakethework;■■ availableresources;■■ intendedprogrammeofworks;■■ expectedequipmenttobeusedforaccess:

– intothestructure;– tohighlevels;– intocontaminatedareasorconfinedspaces;– throughknownACMs;

■■ theneedforadditionaltrades(joiner,electrician,builder)togainaccessduringthesurveyortoreinstateareasoncompletion;

■■ bulksamplingstrategyandexpectednumberofsamplestobetakenwithreferencetothesiteplan.



80Manypremiseswillberelativelysimpleandstraightforward,egoneortwobuildingsandnoadditionallandorground,nomachinery,liftsandoutbuildingsandnopreviousrefurbishmentordemolition.The‘desk-top’reviewisthetimetofocusonthenatureofthepremisesandthetypeofsurvey.Refurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysinparticularwillneedmuchconsideration.

Step 3: Prepare a survey plan (including how data will be recorded)

81Afteralltherelevantinformationhasbeencollectedandthepreliminarysiteinspectionanddesk-topstudyhavebeencompleted,awrittenplanforthemainsurveycanbeproduced.Theplanessentiallysetsoutthecontentofthesurveyandcanformthebasisofthecontractwiththeclient.Theplanwillnormallyspecifythefollowing:

Scope

■■ Thescopeofthebuildings’survey.■■ Anyexternalareastobeincluded.■■ Anyareastobeexcluded.■■ Thetypeofsurvey(managementorrefurbishmentanddemolition).■■ AnypossibleorknownACMs,nottobeincludedinthesurvey.

Survey procedure■■ Thesurveyprocedure(eghowitwillbeconducted)andsamplingstrategy

including:agreednumbersofsamplesandsamplingmethods;– agreednumbersofphotographs;– proceduresformakinggood;– agreedsurveytimesofwork;– agreedsignage;– keyaccess;– agreedstartandcompletiondates;

■■ thematerialassessmentmethodandtheparameterstobeassessed(egproducttype,location,extent,conditionandaccessibilityofACMs);

■■ theinformationtoberecordedandthemethodandformattobeused;■■ thequalityassurancechecksandprocedurestobeundertaken;■■ anyknownareawhereaccesswillnotbepossible.

Personnel and safety issues■■ Namesofsurveyors(forsecuritypurposes).■■ Safetyprecautionsfromthesurveyor’sriskassessment,includingstepsto

minimiseasbestosdisturbanceandpreventasbestosspread.■■ Sitesafetyproceduresforemergenciesincludingdecontaminationetc.

Report■■ Reportformatwithheadings(seeparagraph132).■■ Whatdatawillbereported.■■ Howthedatawillbepresented(eachroom/areashouldbeindividually

recorded).■■ Thewaythesurveydatawillbestored,accessedandupdated(egapaper

copyinthesitemanager’sofficeoracomputerdatabaseaccessibleonanetworkortheinternet).

■■ Thewayphotographicorvideorecordsandmarked-upplanswillbestoredandreported.



■■ Howtorecordasbestoslook-alikematerials(ifnotsampled).■■ Otherinformationrequiredbytheclientthatmayhavebeenagreed,eg

detailingfixings.

82ThesurveyreportshouldcontainasummaryoftheresultsinaformatthatcanbeusedasthebasisforanupdatableregisterofACMs(ietheasbestosregister)andadiagram(iebuildingdrawings)indicatingthelocationsofACMs(seeparagraphs131–144).Thisregisterwillneedtobereadilyaccessibletoallinvolvedininitiatingmaintenanceorotherworkonthefabricofthebuilding.Itshouldbeavailableinhardcopyformatand,whereappropriate,storedelectronically.

Step 4: Conduct a risk assessment for the survey

83Surveyingwillpresenthealthandsafetyissuestothesurveyorsandothers.Thereforebeforeasitesurvey,itisimportantthatanassessmentoftheriskstothehealthandsafetyofsurveyors,samplingpersonnelandbuildingoccupantsiscarriedout.TheclientshouldprovideinformationrelatingtoanyhazardsspecifictothesiteattheStep1stage.Thetypesofnon-asbestoshazardswhichmaybeassociatedwithsurveysinclude:

■■ workingatheights,inceilingvoidsoronafragileroof;■■ workingonoperablemachineryorplant;■■ workinginconfinedspaces;■■ chemicalhazards;■■ electricalhazards;■■ biologicalhazards;■■ noisehazards;and■■ loneworking.

84Theremayalsobeotherspecifichazardsincertaintypesofpremises,eghospitalsandnuclearplanthaveradiologicalhazards.

85Theriskassessmentshouldbepreparedbyacompetentperson(normallythesurveyor)anditshouldbewrittendown.Itshouldestablishallthehazardsattheparticularpremisesandgoontoidentifythecorrectprecautionsandproceduresinaplan of workforthesurvey.Inmanycases,surveyorswillonlyseethesiteforthefirsttimeatthesurvey,sotheywillhavelittlechancetoevaluatethesite-specifichazardsthatareinvolvedandwillrelyontheriskassessmentmadebasedoninformationcollectedatStage1.Theriskassessmentshouldalsospecificallyaddresstheasbestosissues,including:

■■ theneedtopreventdisturbanceofACMsasfaraspossible;■■ theneedtopreventthespreadofACMs;■■ identificationofsafeworkprocedures(egcontrolstobeusedwhiletaking

samples,arrangementsforenteringcontaminatedareas);■■ PPEtobeused;■■ decontaminationanddisposalarrangements.

86 Informationonsafesystemsofworkforasbestossamplingissetoutinparagraphs110–111.87Refurbishment/demolitionsurveysaremorelikelytopresentsomeserioushealthandsafetyhazardsduetotheintrusiveanddestructivenatureofthework,eghiddenelectricalcablesorpipesorunstablebuildings.Thehazardswillneedtobeproperlyaddressedwithproceduresinplacetodealwithemergencies.



Safe work procedures88Ideallyasurveyshouldbeconductedwithateam(s)oftwopeople.Thishasanumberofadvantages,forexampleinassistingwithcarryingequipmentsuchasstepladders,labellingofsamplebagsanddocumentation.Incasesofremoteordangerouslocations(egderelictbuildingsoritemsidentifiedinparagraphs83–84),ateamoftwoshouldbespecifiedasasafetyrequirement.TeamworkingalsoallowsfieldtrainingofnewsurveyorstobecarriedoutinasupervisedpracticalenvironmentandgivesabetterchanceoffindingACMs.Furtherinformationonsafeworkingprocedurescanbefoundinparagraphs110–111.

Personal protective equipment89Disposablecoveralls,overshoesandglovesshouldbewornwhenthereisalikelihoodofasbestoscontaminatingthesurveyor’sclothingandduringbulksampling.Thecoverallsshouldbethetypenormallyusedforasbestoswork(ieType5coverall)andshouldhaveahoodandelasticatedcuffsandankles.Theycanusuallybewornovernormalclothing,butshouldbecarefullyremovedafterusebyturninginsideout,andbedisposedofasasbestoswaste.Coverallsshouldnotbereusedaftertheyhavebeentakenoff.Thecoverallsareusuallyrolledinsideouttominimisespreadsothattheoutsidemakescontactwiththeinside:ifreusedtheywillcontaminatenormalclothing.Takecaretopreventthespreadofasbestos.Forsomedirtyorcontaminatedsites,Wellingtonbootswillberequired,andtheseshouldbewipedorwashedcleaniftheybecomecontaminated.Theyshouldalsobecleanedaftersamplingiscompleted.Forsomesites,morestringentdecontaminationproceduresmaybeneeded(seeparagraph91).There should be an appropriate statement in the generic plan of work as to what type of situation will trigger this, so that even at sites where a preliminary meeting etc was not feasible, appropriate precautions can be taken by the surveyor.

90AppropriateRPEshouldbewornduringsamplingorwhensurveyingareaswheretheasbestosislikelytobedisturbedduringtheinspection(egcrawltunnelsandabovefalseceilings).Thesurveyandsamplingpersonnelmusthavebeenproperlytrainedintheselection,useandmaintenanceofRPEandfollowtheguidancegiveninAsbestos:The analysts’ guide for sampling, analysis and clearance procedures.15InmanycasesadisposableFFP3respiratororahalfmaskfittedwithaP3filterwillprovideadequateprotection.Face-fittestsshouldbecarriedouttoconfirmthatthemaskfitsthewearer.

Decontamination and disposal arrangements91Ifthesurveyorhastoenterareaswherethereissignificantcontamination(egthermalinsulationincrawltunnels,sprayinsulationinceilingvoids),thereisagreaterpotentialforcontaminationofclothingandfootwear.Theriskassessmentmusttaketheseconditionsintoaccount,asadditionalsafetyprecautionsanddecontaminationprocedureswillbeneeded.Itmayinvolveahigherstandardofpersonalprotection(egpoweredfull-facepiecerespiratorfittedwithaP3filter)andmorecomprehensivedecontaminationprocedures(eguseofadecontaminationunit).Whereentryintotheselocationsisnecessary,surveyorsmustbeadequatelytrainedintheuseofhigh-performanceRPEandindecontaminationprocedures(decontaminationproceduresarecoveredinAsbestos: The analysts’ guide for sampling, analysis and clearance procedures).Surveyorsshouldnotweartheirownclothesundercoverallsinthesecircumstances.Inaddition,thereshouldbeappropriatediscussionbetweenthesurveyorandclienttoensuretherelevantdecontaminationproceduresareemployed.Ifsignificantcontaminationisunexpectedlyencounteredinthecourseofthesurvey,then‘emergency’proceduresshouldbeimplemented,egleavetheareaanddiscusswiththeclient.



5 Carrying out the survey (surveying)Introduction

92Surveysshouldbecarriedoutmethodically,systematicallyanddiligentlytomakesureACMsarenotmissedandallareasofthepremisesareinspected.Buildingplansshouldbeusedtopreparethesurveystrategyandforcheckingprogressthroughthepremises.Plansshouldbeinspectedtomakesurebuildingfeaturesandservices(egvoids,cavities,risers,ducting,undercroftsetc)areincluded.Therearevariousoptionsforasystematicsurveyinspection.OneexampleisshowninBox8.

93EachareashouldbesurveyedwithduecaretoavoidmissinganyACMs.Surveyorsshouldbeinquisitiveanduseinitiative.Materialsshouldbetappedandprodded.Everythingshouldbecheckedandinspected.Donotpresumeeveryitemisthesamejustbecauseitlookssimilar.Thisisparticularlyrelevantwhenassumingitemsarenon-asbestos.Sampleandtakephotographsasyougoalong.Lookoutforunusual,potentialsourcessuchasoversprayorpackers.Allowenoughtimeforthesurvey.Itisgoodpracticetosurvey‘inpairs’ietwopeopleworkingtogether,withbothinspectingoneareaatthesametime.Recheckareaswhicharecomplexorhavemanyitems(egplantrooms).ACMswillbemissedwheresurveyorsaretired,rushedormakeassumptions.Doafinalwalkthrough,checkingnotesagainstplans.Largepremiseswillrequiremoredetailedsurveyprocedures,particularlyifseveralsurveyorsareinvolved,egitmaybeappropriatetocarryoutaseparatesurveyonthebuildingservices,machineryandanylargefloorandceilingvoids;andrecapsandchecksshouldbecarriedoutfrequently.

Box 8: Example of a systematic survey inspection External areas: ■■ Workdownwardsfromhightolow.■■ Workfromtheperipheryinwards.

Internal areas:■■ Workupwardsfrombasementtoroof.■■ Inspecteachareaindividually.■■ Workaroundeachareaclockwisefromthedoorofentry.■■ Inspecteachcomponentinsideeachcompartmentinthefollowingorder:

ceiling,walls,floors,fixturesandfittings,equipmentandservices.■■ Lookateachitemindividually.

General:■■ Checkandinspecteverything.■■ Sampleandtakephotographsasyougoalong.■■ Recheckareaswhicharecomplexorhavemanyitems.■■ Doafinalwalk-through,checkingnotesagainstplans.

Types, location and appearance of asbestos-containing building products: Appendices94Appendices2–3providedetailedinformationonACMsinbuildings.Appendix2summarisesthemaintypesandusesofACMsinthefabricofabuildingandinfixedinstallationssuchasheating,waterandelectricalsystems.Itliststhe



mainproducttypes,theirlocationanduse,asbestoscontent,datelastusedandcommontradeorproductnames.Theproducttypesarelistedapproximatelyinorderoftheirabilitytoreleasefibresassumingnosurfacetreatmentshavebeenapplied.ThelocationsofmanyoftheseproductsinbuildingsisshowndiagrammaticallyinAppendix3togetherwithanextensivepicturegalleryofmanyasbestosproductsasanaidtoidentifyingACMs.

Older industrial machinery and plant95Olderequipmentislikelytocontainasbestosduetoitsageorhigherperformancerequirements.Theequipmentisalsolikelytoneedservicingandmaintenance.Thesurveyorshouldinspecttheaccessiblepartsofmachineryandplantwhichprovideheatandelectricalinsulation,high-performancesealsandfrictionalperformance(egdrivingbelts,clutches,brakesandbearings).Thesurveyorshouldnotsampleorworkonanymachineryunlessqualifiedtodoso.Engineersormaintenancepersonnelmaybeabletohelpinthesesituations.Ifsamplingisnotcarriedout,theequipmentshouldbepresumedtocontainasbestosunlessthereisevidencethatitcontainsnon-asbestosmaterials.

Older consumer electrical products96Olderconsumer-typeindustrialelectricalproductsmayalsocontainsomeACMs(eghairdryers,irons,washingmachines,dishwashers,tumbledryers).Howeverastheasbestosinthistypeofequipmentisnotreadilyaccessibleandpresentsonlyaverylowrisk,itisnotpracticaltoinspectorsampleforit.However,productswhichareusedfororrequiresignificantheatinsulationshouldbeinspectedduringthesurvey.Thesewillincludesimmeringmats,ironstands,firecurtainsandblankets,catalyticgasheaters,alltypesofwarmair,storageorradiantheaters,andcookerdoorseals.

What to assess and record97ThemanagementsurveyrequiresthattheconditionoftheACMsandtheirabilitytoreleasefibresareassessed(ieamaterialassessment).Therefore,foramanagementsurvey,theinformationlistedinBox9shouldbeobtainedandrecordedforeachACMorpresumedorsuspectACM.RefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysnormallyrequirelessinformationasdetailsofACMconditionarenotrequired(seeBox10butnotetimereference).

Box 9: Information required for a management survey

■■ Asbestosproducttype(s).■■ Locationofthematerial(s).■■ Extent(orquantity)ofthematerial(s).■■ Asbestostype(s).■■ Accessibilityand/orvulnerabilityofthematerial(s).■■ Amountofdamageordeterioration.■■ Surfacetreatment(ifany).

Box 10: Information* required for a refurbishment or demolition survey

■■ Asbestosproducttype(s).■■ Locationofthematerial(s).■■ Extent(orquantity)ofthematerial(s).■■ Asbestostype(s).

*Wheretherefurbishmentordemolitionworkwillnot

takeplaceforasignificantperiodafterthesurvey(egthreemonths),thentheinformationrequiredfora

managementsurveyshouldbeobtained(seeparagraph52).



Presumed ACMs98Ifasampleisnottaken,theremustalsobeapresumptionmadewhetherthematerialisasbestosornon-asbestos.Surveyorsmayvisuallyassesstheedgesanddamagedareasofsuspectmaterialsandrecordthefollowing:

■■ whethervisiblefibresarepresentoncloseinspection(seeAsbestos: The analysts’ guide for sampling, analysis and clearance procedures);

■■ thecolourofthefibres,ifvisible;and■■ whetherfibresarevisuallyconsistentwithasbestos(egformbundleswith

splayedends).

99Somematerials,liketexturedplasters,paintsandvinylfloortiles,maycontainveryfinedispersedchrysotileasbestoswhichmaynotbeseenbyeyeorwithamagnifyingglass,andthesematerials(ifold)willhavetobepresumedtocontainasbestosunlesstheyaresampledandcarefullyanalysedbyacompetentlaboratory.Asimportedmaterialsmayhavecontainedchrysotileasbestosuntil1999andlaboratoriesoftenmissthefineasbestos,someadditionalchecksmaybenecessarywiththesetypesofmaterials.Otherusefulcharacteristics(egsurfacetexture,soundwhenknocked,warmthtotouch,surfacehardness/deformationwithaprobe)mayalsobeusedbyexperiencedsurveyorstohelpcomparethematerialwithothermaterialstheyhavepreviouslyencounteredandhadsamplesidentified.Unlessthesurveyorisconvincedthatthereisadequateevidencetoconcludethatthematerialisasbestos-free(egplaster,plasterboard,woodetc),apresumptionorstrongpresumptionshouldbemadethatitisanACM.

Asbestos type100Thematerialassessmentrequiresinformationonthetypeofasbestos.Intheabsenceofanalyticaldataandwheresimilarproductshavenotbeenidentifiedinthesurvey,themostlikelyasbestostypemustbeallocatedbasedontheproducttypesandageinAppendix2.Itmayalsobepossibletoobtaininformationonthetypeofasbestosfromcloseinspectionofthematerial,egiffibresarevisibleintheproduct,thesecangivesomeadditionalcluestothetypeofasbestos(seeAsbestos: The analysts’ guide for sampling, analysis and clearance procedures).Ingeneral,however,unlessthereisevidencetoshowotherwise,theasbestostypeshouldbeassumedtobecrocidoliteasbestos.

Bulk sampling strategy

101Samplingwillnormallybecarriedoutatthetimeofthesurvey.Thisisusuallythemostconvenientandefficientarrangement.However,forverylargepremisesorwhereaccesshasnotbeenpossible,samplingmaybecarriedoutasaseparateexercise,egwhentheareaisavailable.Eachareaandroominthepremisesshouldhaveathoroughvisualexaminationtoidentifythematerialsandlocationstobeselectedforsampling.Thevisualinspectionshouldbeconductedsystematically(seeparagraph93andBox8).Materialsshouldbeinspectedforapparentdifferencesandvariationinappearance.Samplesofabout3–5cm2surfaceareaandthroughtheentiredepthoftheACM(includinganybackingpaper)shouldnormallybetakenwiththeaimofcollectingoneormoresampleswhicharerepresentativeofthewholematerial.Samplingshouldnotbecarriedoutwherethereisanelectricalhazardorifitwilldamagethecriticalintegrityofaroof,gutter,pipeetc.AnequipmentchecklistforsamplingisgiveninAppendix5.

102Thesamplingstrategywillbebasedonseveralfactors,includingthesizeandnumbersofpremises/roomsandtheextent,typesandvariationinmaterialspresent.Thevisualinspectionandchecking(egtappingandprodding)ofeachmaterialwillallowthesamplenumbersandlocationstobespecified.Ingeneral,forhomogeneousmanufacturedproductscontainingasbestos,itcanbeassumed



thattheasbestosisuniformlydistributedthroughoutthematerial,andoneortwosampleswillsuffice,egboards,sheets,cementproducts,textiles,ropes,frictionproducts,plasticsandvinyls,mastics,sealant,bitumenroofingfeltandgaskets.Insulationmaterialsaregenerallylesshomogeneousastheywereappliedonsiteandtheircompositiondependedontheavailabilityofsupply.Subsequentrepairsandpatchingmayaddtothisvariabilityandincreasethenumberofsamplesrequired.Repairedandreplacedmaterialsshouldalwaysbesampledinadditiontotheoriginalitems.

103Inaddition,substantialcontaminationanddebrismayhavebeenproducedatthetimeofinstallation,egoverspray,otherinsulationdebris,AIBoff-cuts.Afavouritepracticewastodropoff-cutsintovoidsandsweepdebrisintoliftshaftsandotherrisers.Asbestosdebrisandothersuspectvisiblecontaminationshouldbesampled.

104Forhomogeneousmaterial,oftenasinglesamplemaybeallthatisrequiredtoconfirmthesuspicionthatitisasbestosandtomakeapresumptionthatitappliestoothermaterialofthesametype.However,fornon-homogeneousmaterialsandforsomepresumednon-asbestosmaterials,additionalsamplingmayoftenbeneeded,toreducethepossibilityoffalsenegativeswhichmayleadtoincorrectconclusions.Thefollowingsamplenumbersaresuggestedforeachroomordefinedarea,butmaybeadapteddependingonthesiteandthecircumstancesprevailing.

Spray coatings, encapsulated sprays and bulk materials105Theseareusually,butnotalways,homogeneous(underanyencapsulate).Differentmixturesmayhavebeenusedandmaterialmayhavebeenremoved,repairedorpatchedatvarioustimes.Wherethematerialappearsuniformandconsistent,twosamplesshouldusuallybeenough,iftakenateitherendofthesprayedsurface.Iftheinstallationisparticularlylarge(eg>100m2),onesampleshouldbetakenapproximatelyevery25–30m2.Samplesshouldbetakenfromallpatchesofrepairsoralterations.

Pipe/thermal insulation106Pipeinsulationisoftenhighlyvariableincomposition,especiallywherethereisachangeincolour,sizeandtextureorthereisevidenceofrepairsormodifications,egasbestosmayhavebeenstrippedfromlongrunsofpipesbuthavebeenleftaroundpipeelbows,tapsandvalves.Ingeneralonesampleshouldbetakenper3mrunofpipewithparticularattentionpaidtodifferentlayersandfunctionalitems(valvesetc).Forlongrunsofpipes(eg>20m),onesampleper6mwillusuallybeenough.Itcanbedifficulttodemonstratethatindividualpipesareasbestosfreesoallpipesshouldbesampledevenwhentheyappearsimilar(seeFigure4).Samplesshouldbetakenfromallpatchesofrepairsoralterations.

Figure 4Pipeuncertainty:Toppipeisnon-asbestos.Allpipesshouldbesampled

Insulating board107Insulatingboardisusuallyhomogeneousbutrepairsandreplacementboardsandtilesmayhavebeenfitted.Boardsandtilesmayalsohavebeenpainted.One



sampleperroomorevery25m2isusuallyadequate.Ceilingsandwallsshouldbethoroughlyinspectedtocheckforvariationanddifferences.ManypremiseshavehadindividualorgroupsofAIBtilesreplacedaspartofimprovementprogrammes.Ifthereisevidentlymorethanonetypeoftile(egbasedoncolour,pattern,design,sizeetc)thenrepresentativesamplesofeachshouldbetaken.Largerinstallationscompletedatthesametimemayrequireonlyafewtilesamplestobetaken.Somereplacementtilesmaylookthesame.Inspectionofthehiddensideoftheboardortilemay,whereaccesspermits,revealthetradenameofthematerialsand/ordifferencesincolourwhichindicatevariationsinthematerial.Insulatingboardortilesmayoccasionallyhavebeenmanufacturedwithasbestospaperononeorbothsides.

Asbestos cement materials 108Thesearehomogeneousmaterialswhicharecommonlyencounteredascorrugatedandflatsheetsorasvariousmouldedproducts.Asbestoscement(AC)wasalsowidelyusedinlow-costhousingaswallandceilingpanelsandinschoolsinfumecabinetsandkickboards.ItwasalsomistakenlyusedasfireproofingandthereforeisfoundinplaceswhereAIBisexpected,aswellasonofficepartitionwalls.ItdoesnotalwayslooklikeACinthesesituations.Inolderbuildings,mostpre-formedexteriorcementsheetscanbestronglypresumedtobeasbestos,andonlylimitedsamplingisneededtoconfirmthepresumption.Theriskfromfallsthroughasbestoscementroofsusuallymeansthatsamplingisrestricted.Ifsamplingisrequired,onesampleofeachtypeofsheetorproduct(eggutters,downpipesetc)shouldbetaken.Repeatedsamplingisnotusuallynecessaryunlessareasofreplacedsheetsarefound.Asbestoscementsheetsarevisuallyverysimilartotheirnon-asbestos(fibrecement)replacement.Fibre-cementreplacementsheetsareidentifiablebyacode‘NT’placedneartheedgeofthesheet,wheretheyoverlap.Some‘newer’asbestossheetshavethecode‘AT’inasimilarposition.

Other materials including debris and contamination109Wheretherearedistincttypesofmaterials,thenoneortwosamplesfromeachseparatesourcewillusuallybeadequate.Twosamplesarerecommendediftherearemorethanafewsquaremetresofmaterial.

Bulk sampling procedures

Safe systems of work110Allworktobecarriedoutmusthaveanadequateriskassessmentofthesurveysite(seeparagraphs83–87)andtheworkmustbecarriedoutaccordingtotheproceduresdefinedintheriskassessment.Theworkshouldminimisethedisruptiontotheclient’soperationsandmustprotectthehealthandsafetyofeveryonewhomaybeatrisk.SamplingpersonnelmustwearadequatePPE(seeparagraphs89-91).Airborneemissionsshouldnormallybecontrolledbypre-wettingthematerialtobesampled,withwaterand/orasuitablewettingagent.Thismayinvolvesprayingthesurface(egboardsandsheets)orinjecting(eglaggingandsprays).Shadowvacuuming(holdingthesuctioninletclosetotheareawheredustisbeingproduced)withaClassH(BSEN60335)16vacuumcleanershouldbeusedifwettingislikelytobeincomplete(egACsheets,AIBboards,ropesandgaskets)orifitisnotsafetodoso(egitmaydripintoelectricalinstallations).Specialsamplingprecautionsareusedforpipeinsulation(seeparagraphs114–115).

111Theareastobesampledinsidebuildingsshouldasfaraspossiblebeunoccupied.Samplingshouldnotbeundertakeninnormallyoccupiedareas,butifinconstantuse,periodsofminimaloccupationshouldbechosen.Thenatureofthearea,thelikelyreleaseofdustandtheproximityandnatureoffuturework



willdictatetheprecautionsrequiredtopreventthespreadofasbestos.Entryofotherpeopletoanysamplingareashouldberestrictedorsuitablewarningsposted(eganoticewithwordingsuchas‘Asbestossamplinginprogress:Keepout’).CareshouldbetakentominimisedisturbancetoACMsandanydustordebristhatmightbepresent.Surfacesontowhichasbestosdebrismayfallshouldbeprotectedwithasheetofimperviousmaterialsuchaspolythenewhichcanbeeasilycleanedbywet-wipingorusingasuitableClassHvacuumcleaner.Allsamplesmustbeindividuallysealedintheirowncontainerorasealablepolythenebagwhichisthensealedinasecondcontainerorpolythenebag.Thesampleareashouldbeleftcleanwithnoevidenceofdebrisfromthesamplingoperationandanysamplingpointssealedtopreventthereleaseoffibres.Variousmethodsareusedtoresealthesamplingpoint(egtapesandfillers).

Sample and site labelling 112Wheneverasampleiscollected,itshouldbelabeledwithauniqueidentifierthatisalsorecordedinthesurveydocumentation,recordsandsiteplanssothatthesampleorigincanbetracedatalaterdate.Thesamplingpositionatthesitemayalsobelabelledwiththesameidentifier.Visualrecordssuchasmarked-upplansand/orphotographicrecordsshowingthelocationandextentofthesamplearealsoeffectivewaysofrecordingthesamplingpositionandthelocationoftheACMs.

Bulk sampling Spray coatings and bulk materials 113Ifthecoatingisencapsulated,itcanbepre-injectedwithliquidaroundthesamplingareathencarefullycutwithasharpknifeorscalpeltoliftasmallflaptoretrieveasample.Ifthespraycoatingisnotcovered,bothwetting(sprayingsurfaceandinjection)andshadowvacuumingmaybenecessarytoreduceairborneemissions.Asspraycoatingsaregenerallyhomogeneous,asurfacesampleshouldsuffice.

Pipe insulation114Theareatobesampledshouldbefullywettedfirst:injectiontechniquesarerecommended.Samplesaretakenwithacoresamplerwhichshouldpenetratetothefulldepthofthepipeinsulation.Proprietarytypesareavailable,butlaboratorycorkborersarealsosuitable.Itshouldincludeaplungertoremovethesamplefromtheborer.Thesamplepointholeshouldbemadesafeaftersampling(egcoveredwithtapeorfilledwithasuitableinertfiller),ifthepipeistoremaininplaceandthesurfacewasoriginallyintact.Thishelpstokeeptheinsulationingoodconditionandtopreventdispersalofasbestos.Theborershouldhaveawetwipepusheddowntoformapluginsidetheborerandanotherwrappedaroundtheoutside.Theboreristhenusedtotakeafull-depthsampleoftheinsulation.Theinnerwetwipeisusedtosealthesurfaceoftheinsulationwheretheborerentersanddisturbstheinsulation.Theouterwetwipeisusedtocleantheoutsideoftheborerasitiswithdrawn,andthecontaminatedwetwipecanbeplacedinthesamplebag.Thesampleisremovedbyusingtheplungertopushthesampleoutintothepolythenebag,completewiththewetwipe.Furthercleaningwillberequiredtocompletelycleanthesamplingequipmentbetweensamples.

115Analternativeapproachistousecoresamplingtubesinwhichthesampleisretained.Againthecoretubecanbewithdrawnthroughawetwipeandthencappedatbothendsandplacedinabaguntilitreachesthelaboratory.Chickenwirewasoftenincludedwithinpipeinsulation.Thismayhampersampling,andathincoresamplemayneedtobetaken.Wherethereispipeinsulationwhichisobviouslynewandnon-asbestos,thepossibilityofdebrisfromanearlierasbestosstripbeneaththenewinsulationshouldbeinvestigated.



Insulating board116Materialssuchasceilingtilesorwallpanelsshouldbeinspectedforareasofexistingdamage,whereasamplecanbecollectedmoreeasily.Otherwise,asmallsampleshouldbetakenfromadiscretelocationatthecorneroredgeofthepanel,withasharpknifeorchiselbladetoleveroffasample.Makesurethatanypaper,ononeorbothsides,isincluded.

Asbestos cement 117Asbestoscementcanusuallybeidentifiedbyvisualinspection.Wheresamplingisnecessary(egtodistinguishbetweenACandAIB),lookforadamagedportionwhereitwillbeeasiertoremoveasmallsample(ACisusuallyveryhard).Thesamplesizeshouldbeabout5cm2asitwillbenecessarytosearchfortracesofamphiboleasbestossuchascrocidoliteandamosite.Thesampleshouldbeobtainedusingpliersorascrewdriverbladetoremoveasmallsectionfromanedgeorcorner.Samples should not be collected from roofs without special safety precautions to prevent falls through the fragile sheets.Iftheanalysisisstillinconclusive(egchrysotileandamositearedetected),thenthedefinitivewaterabsorptiontestshouldbeconducted(thematerialwillbeclassedasACifitabsorbs<30%water)(seeWork with materials containing asbestos).

Gaskets, rope, seals, paper, felts and textiles 118Samplescanbetakenusingasharpknifetocutarepresentativeportionfromthematerial.

Floor and wall coverings 119Samplesshouldbecutoutwithasharpknife,usuallytakingonesamplefromtilesofeachtypeorcolourpresent.Theareashouldbecleanedaftersamplingbutthefibrereleaseislikelytobeverylow,unlesstheasbestosispresentasaliningorbackingmaterial.

Textured coatings120Samplesshouldbeobtainedbycarefullyscrapingthecoatingwithascrewdriverornarrowscraper,directingthematerialintothesamplecontainerheldbelowthesamplingpoint.

Air sampling 121Personalairsamplingcanbecarriedouttomeasuretheexposuresofsurveyandsamplingpersonnel.Occasionallytheremaybearequestfor‘background’airsamplingiftheACMsareamatterofsensitivitytotheoccupants.Suchrequestsneedcarefulappraisal,astheareamayalreadybecontaminated,evenbeforethebulksamplingiscarriedout.Airsamplingmayalsoberequiredwheretherehasbeenintrusivesampling(eginrefurbishmentordemolitionsurveys)andareasorbuildingsaretobereoccupiedforaperiodbeforetheworkiscarriedout(seeparagraphs53-54).TheproceduresforreassuranceairsamplingasdescribedinAsbestos: The analysts’ guide for sampling, analysis and clearance proceduresshouldbeused.

Sample analysis and reporting 122AnalysisofthesamplescollectedshouldbecarriedoutandreportedinaccordancewiththemethodgiveninAsbestos: The analysts’ guide for sampling, analysis and clearance proceduresoranequivalentmethod.Thelaboratoryreportshouldforeachsamplegiveaclearstatementofwhetherasbestoswasfoundandthetypesofasbestosidentified.

123Laboratoryresultsshouldbeappended.Materialswhichhavebeensampledandfoundnottocontainasbestosafteranalysisalsoneedrecordingasasbestos not detected,astheasbestoscontentofthesematerialsmaybequestionedinfutureanditwillsaveagreatdealoftimeandcostifthishasbeenclearlyrecorded



inthefirstinstance.ThesurveyreportorabstractsfromitshouldbepresentedinaformthatcanbeusedasthebasisofaregisterorlogofACMs(seeparagraph139).

Material assessment

124Asoutlinedinparagraph44,themanagementsurveyshouldincludeanassessmentoftheconditionofthevariousACMsandtheirabilitytoreleasefibres.ThisassessmentallowsthedutyholdertoassessthepotentialforfibrereleaseforeachACMandthengoontoprioritisetheneedforactionaspartoftheplanformanagingasbestos.The material assessment should be carried out as part of the management survey.Astandardisedassessmenttoolsuitableforamanagementsurveyisgiveninparagraphs125–127.Itisbasedonasimpleadditivealgorithm.Thetoolcanbeusedtonumericallyassessthepotentialforfibrerelease.Thetoolisnotdesignedtocalculateabsolutedifferencesinpotencyorfibrerelease/hazardpotentialbetweenACMs.ItdoeshoweverenableACMstoberankedinasimplenumericalorder.Noconditionassessmentisnormallynecessaryforrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysbut,wheretheperiodbetweensurveyandtheeventissignificant,egmorethan3months,thenamaterialassessmentshouldbeconductedandinterimmanagementarrangementsputinplace.

Material assessment algorithm125Inthematerialassessmentprocess,themainfactorsinfluencingfibrereleasearegivenascorewhichcanthenbeaddedtogethertoobtainamaterialassessmentrating.ThefourmainparameterswhichdeterminetheamountoffibrereleasedfromanACMwhensubjecttodisturbanceare:

■■ producttype;■■ extentofdamageordeterioration;■■ surfacetreatment;and■■ asbestostype.

126Eachparameterisscoredbetween1and3.Ascoreof1isequivalenttoalowpotentialforfibrerelease,2=mediumand3=high.Twoparameterscanalsobegivenanilscore(equivalenttoaverylowpotentialforfibrerelease).Thevalueassignedtoeachofthefourparametersisaddedtogethertogiveatotalscoreofbetween2and12.PresumedorstronglypresumedACMsarescoredascrocidolite(iescore=3)unlessthereisstrongevidencetoshowotherwise.ExamplesofscoringforeachparameteraregiveninAppendix4.

127Materialswithassessmentscoresof10ormoreareratedashavingahighpotentialtoreleasefibres,ifdisturbed.Scoresofbetween7and9areregardedashavingamediumpotential,andbetween5and6alowpotential.Scoresof4orlesshaveaverylowpotentialtoreleasefibres.Non-asbestosmaterialsarenotscored.

Risk assessment and management plans128Thematerialassessmentidentifiesthe‘high-hazard’materials,iethosematerialswhichwillmostreadilyreleaseairbornefibresifdisturbed.Itdoesnotautomaticallyfollowthatthosematerialsassignedthehighestscoreinthematerialassessmentwillbethepriorityforremedialaction.Prioritymustbedeterminedbycarryingoutariskassessment(ieapriorityassessment)whichwilltakeintoaccountfactorssuchas:

■■ thelocationofthematerial;■■ theextentofthematerial;■■ theusetowhichthelocationisput;



■■ theoccupancyofthearea;■■ theactivitiescarriedoninthearea;and■■ thelikelihood/frequencywithwhichmaintenanceactivitiesarelikelytotake

place.

129Thepriorityassessmentcanonlybecarriedoutwiththedetailedknowledgeofallthesefactors.Thesurveyorcanhelpinthisprocess,byobtaininginformationwhichwillcontributetothepriorityassessment,particularlyinsmallorsimplepremiseswhereinformationonoccupancyanduseisstraightforward.However,suchhelpmustbeundertakenwithcaution.Itisthedutyholder,underCAR2006,whoisrequiredtomaketheriskassessmentusingtheirdetailedknowledgeoftheactivitiescarriedoutinthepremises.

130ThecombinedmaterialandpriorityassessmentresultsshouldbeusedtoestablishthepriorityforthoseACMsneedingremedialactionandthetypeofactionthatwillbetaken.Therearevariousremedialoptionsavailable:inmanycasestheACMscanbeprotectedorenclosed,sealedorencapsulated,orrepaired.Theseoptionsshouldbeconsideredfirst.Wheresuchactionsarenotpractical,ACMsshouldberemoved.FurtherinformationonriskassessmentsandmanagementofasbestosisavailableinA comprehensive guide to managing asbestos in premises.



6 Survey report131ThesurveyreportisarecordoftheinformationcollectedataparticulartimeonthepresenceandconditionofACMs.Extremecareandattentionshouldbepaidtoproducingthereport,particularlyintransposingdata,asthedocumentwillbetheformalrecordofthesurvey.Itwillcontaintheinformationanddatathatwillbeusedtopreparetheriskassessmentandmanagementplanandtomakedecisionsandjudgementsontheneedforactions.Errorsinthereportcouldleadtoincorrectconclusionsandinappropriatedecisions.

132Thereportshouldbecompletedinawrittenformat,suppliedeitherasahardcopyorasanelectronicdocument,orboth.Itshouldbecomprehensibletoandusablebytheclient.Inparticular,theinformationinthesurveyreportshouldbeeasyfortheclienttoextractandtousetoprepareanasbestosregister,egbypresentingtheresultsinamannerorformatthatcanbedirectlyliftedoremployedtoformtheasbestosregister.Thereportshouldcontaintheresultsofsampleanalyses.Thesurveyreportshouldcontainthefollowingsections:

■■ executivesummary;■■ introductioncoveringthescopeofwork;■■ generalsiteandsurveyinformation;■■ surveyresults(includingmaterialassessmentresults);■■ conclusionsandactions;■■ bulkanalysisresults.

133Thedesign,layout,contentandsizeofthereportareveryimportant.Largereportscanbeunwieldyandevenintimidating.Clientsaremostinterestedinthesummary,results,conclusionsandactions.Inhard-copydocuments,itcanbeusefultoseparatethereportintodifferentparts,withthebulkanalysisresultsandtheindividualsurveyresults,particularlyifdisplayedwithaccompanyingphotographs,containedinseparatedetachableappendices.

Executive summary

134Theexecutivesummaryshouldbrieflydescribethescope,typeandextentofthesurveyanditshouldsummarisethemostimportantinformation,including:

■■ thelocationswithidentified(orpresumed)ACMs;■■ areasnotaccessed(whichshouldbespecifictothesurveyandnotgeneric);■■ ACMswithhighmaterialassessmentscores;■■ clearnotesonanyactions(andpriorities).

Introduction

135Theintroductionshouldexplainthescopeoftheworkandthepurpose,aimsandobjectivesofthesurvey.Itshouldalsocontainadescriptionofthenatureandageofthebuilding(s)(orotherstructures)plusconstructiontype.

General site information

136Generalsiteandsurveyinformationshouldinclude:



■■ thenameandaddressoftheorganisation;■■ thenamesofthesurveyors;■■ thenameandaddressofthepersonwhocommissionedthesurvey;■■ thenameandaddressofthepremisessurveyed;■■ thedateofthereport;■■ thedateofthesurvey;■■ adescriptionoftheareasincludedinthesurvey;■■ adescriptionofanyareasexcludedinthesurvey;■■ thesurveymethodused(thispublicationand/orotherdocumented

procedures);■■ thetypeofsurveyundertaken(managementorrefurbishment/demolition)and,if

morethanonetypeisused,wheretheyapplywithinthepremises;■■ anyvariationsordeviationsfromthemethod;and■■ agreedexclusionsandinaccessibleareas(withreasons)whichshouldbe

specifictothesurveyandnotgeneric.

Survey results

137Thesurveyresultsshouldbesummarisedintableformatandasasetofmarked-upplans(diagrams)showingthelocationofACMsandpresumedACMs.Thesummarytableshouldcontainthefollowinginformation:

■■ locationoftheACMs(egbuildingidentifier,floornumberorlevel,roomidentifierandposition);

■■ extentoftheACMs(area,length,thicknessandvolume,asappropriate);■■ producttype(seeAppendix2);■■ levelofidentificationoftheACM(presumed,stronglypresumedoridentified);

and■■ asbestostypeintheACM(egchrysotile,amosite,crocidolite).

138Foramanagementsurvey(andrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveyswheretheworkisnotimminent),thefollowingadditionalinformationshouldbeprovided:

■■ accessibilityoftheACM;■■ amountofdamageordeterioration;■■ surfacetreatment(ifany);■■ thematerialassessmentscoreorcategory(high,medium,loworverylow);■■ anyactionsrequiredfromthematerialassessment.

139Table1showsthepresentationofsurveyresults.Thisformatcanbeeasilyincorporateddirectlyintotheasbestosregister.Figure5showsanexampleofamarked-upbuildingplan.

140Theinformationintheresultstableshouldbepresentedonanindividualroombasis.Anyroomsorareasnotaccessedandpresumedtocontainasbestosshouldbeincludedintheresultstable.Ifapriorityassessmenthasbeenincluded,thepriorityscoresshouldbelistedandanyactionsrequiredhighlighted.(Note:thepriorityassessmentshouldonlybecarriedoutinconsultationwiththeclientordutyholder,whomustprovideaccurateinformationonalltheactivitiescarriedoutonthepremises.)

141Wheresuspectmaterialisprovednottobeasbestos,bysamplingorothermeans,thisshouldberecordedinaseparatetable.Thiswillhelpinanyfuturedebateoverthenatureofthesematerials.



Address Date

Location Product

type

Extent Accessibility Condition Surface

treatment

Asbestos

type

Sample

no

Sampled/

presumed/

strongly

presumed

Material

assessment

score and

action

Priority

score

Action

Store

room2,

BC408

ceiling

AIB Whole

ceiling

120m2

Medium Good Painted

oneface

only

Amosite 1 Sampled4

samples

5 12

Store

room2,

BC408

firedoor

Asbestos

board

ondoor

carcass

(AIB)

21m2 Medium Good Encapsul-

atedby

woodin

door

Amosite 2 Sampled1

sample

5 12

Meeting

room2,

BC412,

ceiling

Asbestos

ceiling

tiles(AIB)

5m2 Medium Good Painted

oneface

only

Amosite 3 Sampled1

sample

5 13

Canteen,

BC410,

linoon

floor

Cushion

floor

(paper)

5m2 Easy Good-

damageto

edge

Covered

byvinyl

Chrysotile 4 Sampled1

sample

4 11

Corridor,

BC411,

electrical

switch

box

Woven

cloth

Possibly

4items

Medium Medium Unsealed Chrysotile 5 Strongly

presumed

8 14

remove

during

next

campaign

Plant

room2,

BC416,

liftmotor

Brake

shoes

2items Difficult Medium Unsealed Chrysotile 6 Strongly

presumed

4 10‘H’

Vacdust

Plant

room2,

BC416,

pipe

lagging

Pipe

insulation

24

linear

metres

Easy Good Sealed

and

labelled

Crocidolite

Amosite

Chrysotile

7 Sampled6

samples

8 14

remove

during

next

campaign

Plant

room2,

BC416,

wall

panels

Asbestos

panels

(AIB)

43m2 Easy Good 1face

sealedand

labelled

Chrysotile 8 Sampled4

samples

5 14

monitor

weekly

Material scores above 10 have high potential to release fibres

Table 1Summaryofsurveyresultsandformatforasbestosregister



Figure 5 Asbestosbuildingplan

Conclusions and actions

142Theconclusionssectionshouldsummarisetheroomswhereasbestosispresentandtheproducts/itemswhichcontainasbestos(ieitshouldbean‘easyguide’fortheclient/dutyholder).Itshouldalsocontainalistofanyactionsidentifiedinthematerialassessment(orthepriorityassessmentifincluded)andindicatetheirurgency,egimmediate,middle/longerterm.

Bulk analysis results

143Thesurveyreportshouldalsoincludethecertificateofanalysisshowingtheresultsofthesamplestaken.Thisdatacanbelistedinanappendixwiththefollowinginformation:

■■ thenameandaddressofthelaboratorycarryingoutthebulkidentification;■■ areferencetothemethodused;■■ thelaboratory’scurrentUKASaccreditationforbulkasbestosanalysis/sampling

andaccreditationnumber;■■ atableorappendixsummarisingtheresultsofthebulkanalysis,including

asbestosfoundornotfoundandtypesidentified,bysampleidentifier;■■ datesthebulkanalysiswascarriedoutandreportedbythelaboratory;and■■ thenamesandsignaturesoftheanalystandanycountersigningperson.

CorridorBC407

Toilet 2BC417

Production roomBC418

Store room 1BC446

Toilet 1BC401

CorridorBC402

Toilet 3BC406

Meeting room 2BC412

Common areaBC419

Meeting room 1BC405

ReceptionBC403

CorridorBC411

CanteenBC410

KitchensBC409

Store room 2BC408

Plant room 2BC416

VestibuleBC414

Plant room 1BC415

Stairwell BC413

Stairwell BC404

Contains asbestos

Not accessed, presumed to contain asbestos



144Photographscanbeveryinformativetotheclientandshouldbeincludedinthereport.Photographscanshowthematerialsampled,itsconditionandlocationanditssurroundingenvironment.Photographsprovideacontextforthesampleandcanassisttheclientinmanagingasbestosforexamplebyprovidingabenchmarkforthecomparisonofconditionovertime.Photographscanalsobeusedtoidentifytheactualsamplingpoints.Howeveritisimportantnottodominatethereportwithphotographs.Itisnotnecessarytohaveasinglepageperphotograph.Itisalsoworthnotingthatmuchofthedetailofphotographscanbeobscuredinphotocopiedreports.



7 Dutyholder’s use of survey information145Thesurveyreportneedstomeettherequirementsoftheclientandcomplywiththetender/contractualobligations.Thereportshouldbefitforpurposeandtheclientshouldcheckthatthisisthecase.Thereforetheclientshouldexaminethereportandcarryoutanumberofcheckstomakesurethatthesurveyhasbeenadequateandthatthereportissuitableandaccurate.ThesechecksaresetoutinBox11.

Box 11: What the client/dutyholder should do to check the accuracy of the survey report

■■ Checkthereportagainsttheoriginaltender.■■ Checkforunagreedcaveatsordisclaimers.■■ Checkthatthesurveyisasrequested:Managementorrefurbishment/

demolition(oracombination).■■ Checkdiagramsandplansareclearandaccurate.■■ Checkallroomsandareashavebeenaccessed.■■ Checksufficientsampleshavebeentaken(usually1-2perarea/room)and

thatsamplenumbersarenotdisproportionate(egdominatedbyoneACMtype).

■■ ChecksamplenumbersreflectvariationsinthesameACMs,egdifferentceilingtilesinthesameroom.

■■ Checkforanyobviousdiscrepanciesandinconsistencies.

146Theinformationinthesurveyreportshouldbeusedtoformtheasbestosregisterwhichisakeycomponentofthemanagementplan.Thesurveyreportitselfwillgenerallynot betheasbestosregister.Theasbestosregisterwillbeasimplerdocumentandwillnotcontainmostoftheinformationinthesurveyreport,egthebulkanalysisresultsorsurveysiteinformation.Howevertheresultsinthesurveyreportshouldbepresentedinamannerorformatthatcanbedirectlyliftedoremployedtoformtheasbestosregister.Table1showsasampleasbestosregister.

147Theasbestosregisterisalivingdocumentwhichmustalwayscontaincurrentinformationonthepresenceandconditionofasbestos.Theregisterwillneedregularupdating.Thedutyholdershouldmake:

■■ deletionstotheregisterwhenasbestosisremoved;■■ additionstotheregisterwhennewareasaresampled;■■ changestotheregisteriftheconditionofACMshasalteredonrechecking.

148Theasbestosregistercanbeapaperorelectronicdocument/database.Itmustbeuptodateandaccessible,irrespectiveoftheform.Hardcopiesareusefulforeaseofinterrogationandmaysuitdutyholderswithsmallerandsimplerpremises.Electronicversionsareoftenmoreconvenientfordutyholderswithlargenumbersofproperties.Electronicdocumentscanbereadilyaccessibleandeasilyupdated.Electronicdocumentscanalsobeusedtorecordalltheremedialworkcarriedoutandtoprompttherelevantperson,egthebuildingmanager,tocarryoutandrecordanyfurtherinspectionsrequired.SomedatabasescanalsolinkdigitalpictureimagesofasampleandCADplans.Printedversionsofanelectronicdocumentwillusuallybeneededforcontractorsandothers.Thedistributionandcirculationofsuchdocumentswillneedtobecarefullymanagedtoensureonlycurrentversionsarereferenced.



149Theasbestosregistermustbeavailabletothosewhoplanorinitiatemaintenanceandrelatedwork,soitcanbeconsultedbeforetheworkisauthorised.Theasbestosregistershouldbeconsultedforallworkwhichmaydisturbthefabricofthebuildingorinvolvethebuildingservices.Itincludessimpleandshortdurationworksuchassingleholedrillingorattachingitemstowalls.Theregistermustbekeptinconvenientlocations(egintheestatesorbuildingmanager’sorappointedperson’soffice)andbeeasilyaccessible.Informationonthepresenceofasbestosshouldbepassedtocontractorsasearlyaspossible(egatthetenderorengagementstageofwork)sothatappropriateprecautions,proceduresandcontrolscanbeemployed.Supplyingtheinformationortheregistertoacontractorwhentheyarriveonsitetodotheworkisunlikelytoprovidesufficienttimeforthecorrectcontrolarrangementstobeputintoplace.ThedutyholdershouldensurethatthecontractoracknowledgesthepresenceofACMsandwillimplementcontrols.Theregistershouldalsobeavailabletocontractorsandemployeesonrequest.



Appendix 1: Refurbishment and demolition surveys1 Refurbishmentanddemolitionsurveysaretechnicallymorechallengingthanmanagementsurveys,astheirpurposeistoidentifyallACMswithinaparticularbuildingareaorwithinthewholepremises,sotheycanberemoved.Manybuildingshavebeenindividuallydesignedwiththeirownlayoutandmaterials.Theremayhavebeennumerousrefurbishmentsandmodificationsovertheyears,withmanychangesandalterationstothebuildingstructureandappearance,eg‘false’floors,ceilingsandwalls,concealedandhiddenareasandsurfacetreatments.Buildingdrawingsmaynothavebeenupdated.Managementsurveyswillnothaveaccessedstructurallocations(egbehindconcreteorbetweenfloorsandwallssuchascavitywalls).Thelevelofcompetencyandknowledgeneededforrefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveys(egonconstructionbuildingtechniques)ismuchgreaterthanformanagementsurveysandtheintrusivenaturepresentsmorehealthandsafetyhazards.

2 Thisappendixprovidesadditionalpracticalguidancetohelpcompleterefurbishmentanddemolitionsurveys.Itprovidesdetailsofspecificareaswhichshouldbeinspectedinarefurbishmentordemolitionsurvey(butnotethatthelistisnotexhaustive).Theguidancealsotriestodescribetheseareasandillustratehowtocollectsamples.Theseitemsarein additiontothosenormallyfoundinamanagementsurvey.

3 Inmanyinstances,accesswillberequiredintothefabricofthebuildingandvariousitemssuchasbrickwork,timber,boardsandpanelsetcwillhavetoberemovedorbrokeninto.Inthesecircumstances,itmaybehelpfultoseekprofessionalhelponsuchactivities/workfromajoiner,builder,maintenanceworker,engineerorotherappropriateperson.Insomesituations,whereconcreteistobesampledorbrickworkremoved,advicemayhavetobesoughtfromacompetentperson,suchasastructuralengineer.

Textured coatings

4 ThemoreexplicitguidanceinWork with materials containing asbestosonremovalofACMsfrombuildingsbeforedemolitionappliesdirectlytotexturedcoatings.ACMsshouldonlyberemovedbeforedemolitionifitisreasonablypracticable.Inmanycasesitwillnotbereasonablypracticabletoremovetexturedcoatingsbeforedemolitionastheremovalisresource-intensive/time-consumingandinvolvesotherrisks,egwheretexturedcoatingsareattacheddirectlytosubstratessuchasconcreteorlath.However,wheretexturedcoatingsareattachedontomaterialswhichcanbeessentiallyremovedintactorwhole,egplasterboardsheets,thenremovalmaybereasonablypracticable,egbyremovingwholesheetsintact.Thesurveyshouldidentifythenatureofthesubstrateandwhethertexturedcoatingremovalwillberequired.Texturedcoatingremovalwillbenecessarywhererefurbishmentistakingplace.

Areas to be examined ‘No access’ areas from previous survey 5 All‘noaccess’areasonprevioussurveys(ifavailable)mustbeaccessedwithsuitableaccessequipmentandprocedures.



Suspended ceilings6 Suspendedceilingsnotpreviouslyaccessed(egAIBtilesscrewedtowoodenbattens)mustbeentered,bymeansofanenclosureandairlocksystemconstructedbyalicensedasbestos-removalcontractor.Thisworkislikelytoexceedtheshort-termexemptionundertheApprovedCodeofPracticeWork with materials containing asbestosandwillthereforebenotifiabletotherelevantenforcingauthority.

7 Iftheworkisdeemedtobeshortdurationandnon-licensed,ieitmeetstheshort-termexemption(aswellastheothercriteria)undertheApprovedCodeofPracticeWork with materials containing asbestos(ietotaltimelessthantwohourswithnoonepersonworkingformorethanonehour),thentheworkmaybedonebyacompetentnon-licensedcontractorusingappropriatecontrolmeasures(egAsbestos essentials).17However,alicensedcontractorisstronglyrecommended.

8 Suspendedceilingvoidsareoftenveryclutteredandfullofventilationducting,pipeworkandcables.Ifseveralentrypointsarerequiredormorethanonevoidistobeinspected,theworkwillprobablybenotifiableandrequirealicensedasbestos-removalcontractor.

9 TheceilingvoidmaycontainasbestosdebrisandotherACMssuchassprayedcoating,pipeinsulation,olderceilingsabovethelatestone,damagedfirebreaksetc.AllACMsinthevoidwillneedtobelocated.

Partition walls (plasterboard/AIB sandwich) 10 Wallsmaynotbeuniformandmayhaveundergonepartialreplacement.Allsectionsofapartitionwallwillneedtobeexamined,unlessdocumentaryevidenceconfirmsthattheywereerectedatatimewhenACMswouldnothavebeenusedortheoriginalspecificationconfirmsthatACMswerenottobeused.Visualinspectionwillnotbeenoughonitsown.Iftheevidenceisthatthewallswereerectedataspecifictimeandthatnorefurbishmentoralterationhastakenplace,thenanappropriateproportionofthesectionsshouldbeexamined.

11 Thejointsbetweenpartitionpanelsmaycontainasbestosropefireseals.Theropemayonlybeapparentwhentheoutertrim(egaluminium)isremoved.

Cavity walls12 Althoughlooseasbestoswasnotknowntobeusedasacavityinsulationmaterial,wallcavitiesshouldbeinspectedwithanendoscopetocheckforthepresenceofanyasbestosmaterialsordebrissuchasAIB.Entrypointsshouldbeagreedwithacompetentperson,egabuilder,joinerorstructuralengineer.

13 Wallsshouldalsobeexaminedthoroughlywhereinsulatedheatingpipespassthroughbrickorbreezeblockwalls.Checkforinsulationorresidueswithinthewallcavityitself.

Apertures (doors, windows etc)14 Cavityclosers(usuallyAC)aresometimesfoundaroundairbricks,windowsetc.Allaperturesshouldbeconsideredandexaminedthoroughly.

15 WindowframescommonlyhadAIBpackersorspacerswherethewindowframewasattachedtothebrickwall.Asbestosropesealsasfirebreaksarealsofound.

16 Doorframes(particularlyaroundfiredoors)shouldbeinspectedforAIBpackerswheretheframeisfittedintothedoorway.Thearchitraveswillneedtoberemoved.



Floors17 Carpetsandtilesmustbelifted.Thefloortileadhesivesalsofrequentlycontainedasbestos.

18 Floorductsortrenchesmustbeaccessedandinspectedforshuttering,services,pipeinsulation,firestops,debrisetc.Theinspectionincludestheductcoveritself,whichmayhaveACorAIBshuttering.Thefulllengthofeachductwillneedtobeinspected,unlessitisclearthatasbestospipeinsulationispresentthroughout,whentheentireruncanbetreatedascontainingasbestos.

19 Floorboardsmustbeliftedtoexaminethevoidbelow.Sufficientboardsmustbeliftedtoensurethatthewholefloorvoidisexaminedforlooseasbestos,AIBdebris,packers,fireprotection,electriccablesetc.ItmaybenecessarytoinspecttheendsofthejoistsforAIBpacking.

20 Slab(pouredconcrete)floorsareknowntocontainAIBorACwhichwasusedasanexpansionjointorshutteringbelowthesurface.Thesemayonlybefoundbydrillingcoresamplesthroughtheslab.Thiswillneedspecialistadviceonthestructuralconsiderationsandontheequipmentneededtocarryoutthistypeofinvestigation.

21 ACsleeveswereusedwherecablesorpipesrunthroughaslabfloor,althoughtheseshouldbevisibleatthesurface.

Ducts22 Servicerisers,includingfirestopsbetweenfloors,ifnotinvestigatedunderaprevioussurvey,mustbeinspected.Liftshaftsmustbeinspected,includingthepitatthebottomoftheshaft.VentilationshaftsorductshavebeenseenwithasbestosacousticattenuatorsandwithdebrisfromassortedACMs.Ventilationtrunkingshouldalsobeexamined.

Cladding23 ColumnsorstanchionsmayhavebeenoriginallyprovidedwithfireprotectionfromAIBorsprayedcoating.Itmaybeconcealedbyover-claddingwithanon-asbestosboard(SupaluxorMasterboard),woodormetalsheet.Inspectallcolumns.

24 Externalcladdingoftilesorslates(whichmayormaynotbeasbestos)willusuallyconcealamoisturemembranebasedonabituminousACMandpossiblyAIBpanels.

Debris in boiler room areas25 Thisshouldhavebeeninvestigatedduringaprevioussurvey(egoldType2survey)butitmaybenecessarytolookcloselyatwherepipespassthroughwalls,orinsumpsandgulleys,behindandunderneathtanksandotherplant.Inparticular,thewallsandfloorsshouldbeinspectedforinsulationdebris,whichmayhavebeenpaintedover.Allplantandelectricalequipmentmustbeinvestigated(whilecertifiedinasafecondition)(butseenoteonconsumerelectricalequipmentinparagraph96).

26 Itmaynotbepossibletolocatesomeorallofthedebrisuntiltheplant(tanksorboilers)hasbeenremoved.Itwillbenecessarytoremovetheplantundercontrolledconditionswithanappropriateplanofwork.Castironsectionalboilerswithasbestosbetweenthesections(orasaplinthundertheboiler)willneedtobedisassembledundercontrolledconditions.



Debris underneath non-asbestos reinsulation27 Ifthedesk-topstudyrevealsthatasbestosinsulationhasbeenstrippedandreplaced,aproportionofthenewinsulationmustberemovedtoexaminetheextentofanyasbestosdebrisonthepipes,bolt-headsandflanges.Ifanyofthepipesareshowntohavefrequentoccurencesofasbestosdebris,thenitislikelythatthepipeswillhavetoberemovedasACMs.

Roof voids28 WhereRockwoolorvermiculiteloftinsulationispresentinaroofvoid,theareasunderneathitshouldbeinspected,particularlyifthereisevidenceofotherACMs,suchasAIBasfirebreaksetc.

29 Looseasbestosisveryoccasionallyfoundasloftinsulationinhousesaroundoldasbestosfactoriesordockyards.

Previously demolished areas: From the desk-top study30 Thedesk-topstudyshouldbeusedtoinvestigatewhetheranypreviousstructures(includingundergroundstructures)remainormayhavereleasedasbestosdebrisintothesoil.

31 Whetherthedesk-topstudyinformationisavailableornot,thesitemustbeinspectedvisuallytoidentifyobvioussignsofdemolitionworksandassociatedsurfaceasbestosdebris.Itmaybenecessarytotreattheexternalareaasacontaminatedsiteforinvestigationpurposes,inwhichcase,trenchesandpitsmayneedtobeexcavatedtoestablishtheextentofthedebris.

32 Thedesk-topstudywillneedtoincludereferencetooldplansfromhistoricalarchives,forexample.

Overspray debris from sprayed coatings33 Ifasprayedasbestoscoatingispresentorknowntohavebeenpresentatsometimeinthepast,theareamustbeinspectedcarefullyforthepresenceofdebrisandtoestablishtheextentandlocationofanyoverspray.

Use of AIB as packing and shuttering34 Dependingontheageofthebuilding,surveyorsneedtobevigilantinbuildingsconstructedinthe1960sand1970sfortheuseofAIBaspackingandshuttering.Thiswasfrequentlyusedsimplyasaconvenientpieceofboardandnotbecauseoftheneedforfireprotectionetc.Someoftheseapplicationsshouldhavebeenfoundunderaprevioussurvey(egoldType2survey).

Damp-proof course (DPC)35 AnyDPCwithasbestosshouldhavebeendetectedinaprevioussurvey(egoldType2survey).Itwillnotnormallybenecessarytoremovethisduringdemolition.

36 Itmustbeemphasisedthatthisisalistofcommonand/orfrequentlyfoundlocationswhichmustbeexamined.Itmustnotberegardedasexhaustiveorexclusive,andeachtypeofstructuremustbethoroughlyexaminedonitsownmerits.



Appendix 2: ACMs in buildings listed in order of ease of fibre release

Asbestos product Location/use Asbestos and type/date

last used

Ease of fibre release and

product names

Loose insulation

Bulkloosefill,bulk

fibrefilled

mattresses,quilts

andblankets.Also

‘jiffybag’type

productsusedfor

soundinsulation.

Bulkloosefillinsulationisnowrarely

foundbutmaybeencountered

unexpectedly,egDIYloftinsulationand

firestoppackingaroundcablesbetween

floors.Mattressesandquiltsusedfor

thermalinsulationofindustrialboilerswere

filledwithlooseasbestos.

Paperbags/sackswerealsoloose-filled

andusedforsoundinsulationunderfloors

andinwalls.

Usuallypureasbestosexcept

forlining/bag.Mattresses

andquiltsusuallycontain

crocidoliteorchrysotile.

Acousticinsulationmay

containcrocidoliteor

chrysotile.

Looseasbestosmayreadily

becomeairborneifdisturbed.Ifdry,

thesematerialscangiverisetohigh

exposures.

Coversmaydeteriorateorbe

easilydamagedbyrepairworkor

accidentalcontact.

Sprayed coatings

Dryapplied,wet

appliedandtrowelled

finish.

Thermalandanticondensation

insulationonundersideofroofs

andsometimessidesof

industrialbuildingsand

warehouses.Acousticinsulationin

theatres,hallsetc.Fireprotectiononsteel

andreinforcedconcretebeams/columns

andonundersideof

floors.Oversprayoftargetareasis

common.

Sprayedcoatingsusually

contain55%–85%asbestos

withaPortlandcementbinder.

Crocidolitewasthemajortype

until1962.Mixtureoftypes

includingcrocidoliteuntil

mid–1971.Asbestosspray

applicationswereusedupto

1974.

Thesurfacehardness,textureand

easeoffibrereleasewillvary

significantlydependingonanumber

offactors.Sprayshaveahigh

potentialforfibrereleaseifunsealed,

particularlyifknockedorthe

surfaceisabradedordelaminates

fromtheunderlyingsurface.Dust

releasedmaythenaccumulateon

falseceilings,wiringandventilation

systems.

‘Limpet’(alsousedfornon-

asbestossprays).

Thermal insulation

Hand-appliedthermal

lagging,pipeand

boilerlagging,pre-

formedpipesections,

slabs,blocks.Also

tape,rope,

corrugatedpaper,

quilts,felts,and

blankets.

Thermalinsulationofpipes,boilers,

pressurevessels,calorifiersetc.

Alltypesofasbestoshave

beenused.Crocidolite

usedinlagginguntil1970.

Amositewasphasedoutby

themanufacturersduringthe

1970s.Contentvaries6-85%.

Variousadhocmixtureswere

handappliedonjointsand

bendsandpiperuns.Pre-

formedsectionswerewidely

used,eg‘85%magnesia’

contained15%

Theeaseoffibrereleaseoften

dependsonthetypeoflagging

usedandthesurfacetreatment.

Oftenitwillbeencapsulatedwith

calicoandpainted(egPVA,EVA,

latex,bitumenorproprietary

polymeremulsionsorPVC,

neoprenesolutions),eg‘Decadex’

finishisaproprietarypolymer

u

u




last used


product names

Thermal insulation (continued)

amosite,‘Caposil’calcium

silicateslabsandblocks

contained8–30%amosite

while‘Caposite’sections

contained~85%amosite.

Blankets,felts,papers,tapes

andropeswereusually

~100%chrysotile.

emulsion.Aharderchemical-/

weatherresistantfinishisknownas

‘Bulldog’.

Asbestos boards

‘Millboard’. ‘Millboard’wasusedforgeneralheat

insulationandfireprotection.Alsoused

forinsulationofelectricalequipmentand

plant.

Crocidolitewasusedin

somemillboardmanufacture

between1896and1965;

usuallychrysotile.Millboards

maycontain37–97%

asbestos,withamatrixofclay

andstarch.

Asbestos‘Millboard’hasahigh

asbestoscontentandlowdensity

soisquiteeasytobreakandthe

surfaceissubjecttoabrasionand

wear.

Insulatingboard. Usedforfireprotection,thermaland

acousticinsulation,resistancetomoisture

movementandgeneralbuildingboard.

Foundinserviceducts,firebreaks,infill

panels,partitionsandceilings(including

ceilingtiles),roofunderlay,walllinings,

soffits,externalcanopiesandporch

linings.

Crocidoliteusedforsome

boardsupto1965,amosite

upto1980,when

manufactureceased.

Usually15–25%amositeor

amixtureofamositeand

chrysotileincalciumsilicate.

Olderboardsandsome

marineboardscontainupto

40%asbestos.

AIBcanbereadilybroken,giving

significantfibrerelease.Also

significantsurfacereleaseis

possiblebyabrasion,butsurface

isusuallypaintedorplastered.

Sawinganddrillingwillalsogive

significantreleases.‘Asbestolux’,

‘Turnasbestos’,‘LDR’,‘asbestos

wallboard’,‘insulationboard’.

Marineboardsknownas‘Marinite’

or‘Shipboard’.

Insulatingboardin

coresandliningsof

compositeproducts.

Foundinfiredoors,claddinginfillpanels,

domesticboilercasings,partition

andceilingpanels,ovenliningsand

suspendedfloorsystems.Usedas

thermalinsulationandsometimesas

acousticattenuators.

Crocidoliteusedfor

someboardsupto1965,

amositeupto1980,when

manufactureceased.16–40%

amositeoramixtureof

amositeandchrysotile.

Canbebrokenbyimpact;

significantsurfacerelease

possiblebyabrasion,butusually

paintedorplastered.Sawingand

drillingwillalsogivesignificant

releases.

‘Asbestolux’.

Caposil.

Paper, felt and cardboard

Usedforelectrical/heatinsulationof

electricalequipment.Alsousedinsome

air-conditioningsystemsasinsulationand

acousticlining.Asbestospaperhasalso

beenusedtoreinforcebitumenandother

productsandasafacing/liningtoflooring

products,

Asbestospapercancontain

~100%chrysotileasbestos

butmaybeincorporatedasa

lining,facingorreinforcement

forotherproducts,egroofing

feltanddamp-proofcourses,

steelcompositewallcladding

androofing(seeasbestos

Papermaterials,ifnot

encapsulated/combinedwithinvinyl,

bitumen,orbondedinsomeway,

caneasilybedamagedandrelease

fibreswhensubjecttoabrasionor

wear(egwornflooringsurfacewith

paperbacking).Asbestospaper,

asbestosfelt,‘Novilon’




last used


product names

Paper, felt and cardboard (continued)

combustibleboards,flame-resistant

laminate.Corrugatedcardboardhasbeen

usedforductandpipeinsulation.

bitumenproductsbelow),vinyl

flooring.Asbestospaperis

alsosometimesfoundunder

MMMFinsulationonsteam

pipes.

flooring,Durasteellaminates,vinyl

asbestostile,roofingfeltanddamp-

proofcourseetc.Paxfelt’.‘Viceroy’

(foilcoatedpaper).‘Serval’.

Textiles

Ropesandyarns. Usedaslaggingonpipes(seeabove),

jointingandpackingmaterialsandas

heat/fire-resistantboiler,ovenandflue

sealing.Caulkinginbrickwork.Plaited

asbestostubinginelectriccable.

Crocidoliteandchrysotilewere

widelyusedduetolengthand

flexibilityoffibres.Othertypes

ofasbestoshaveoccasionally

beenusedinthepast.

Chrysotilealonesinceatleast

1970.Asbestoscontent

approaching100%unless

combinedwithotherfibres.

Weavingreducesfibrereleasefrom

products,butabradingorcutting

thematerialswillreleasefibres,likely

todegradeifexposed,becoming

morefriablewithage.Ifusedwith

caulking,fibreswillbeencapsulated

andlesslikelytobereleased.

Cloth. Thermalinsulationandlagging(see

above),includingfire-resistingblankets,

mattresses,protectivecurtains,gloves

apronsandoveralls.Curtains,glovesetc

weresometimesaluminisedtoreflect

heat.

Alltypesofasbestoswere

used.Sincethemid-1960s

thevastmajorityhavebeen

chrysotile.Asbestoscontent

approaching100%.

Fibresmaybereleasedifmaterialis

abraded.

Gasketsand

washers.

Usedwidelyindomesticandindustrial

plantandpipesystemsrangingfrom

hotwaterboilerstoindustrialpowerand

chemicalplant.

Variablebutusuallyaround

90%asbestos,crocidolite

usedforacidresistanceand

chrysotileforchlor-alkali.

Somegasketmaterials

continuedtobeusedafter

asbestosprohibitionin1999

(throughexemption).

Maybedryanddamageeasily

whenremoved.Mainlyaproblem

formaintenanceworkers.‘Klingerit’,

‘Lionjointing’,‘Permanite’,‘CAF’–

compressedasbestosfibreor‘It’in

Germangaskets.

Strings. Usedforsealinghotwater

radiators.

Stringshaveasbestoscontent

approaching100%.

Friction products

Resin-based

materials.

Transport,machineryandlifts,usedfor

brakesandclutchplates.

30–70%chrysotileasbestos

boundinphenolicresins.

UseduptoNovember1999.

Normalhandlingwillproducelow

emissions.Minoremissionswhen

braking.Dustmaybuildupwith

frictiondebris.Grindingbrake

andclutchcomponentstofitand

brushingorblowingcleancan

producesignificant

peakairbornelevels.

Drivebelts/conveyor

belts.

Engines,conveyors. Chrysotiletextiles

encapsulatedinrubber.

Lowfriability,exceptwhenwornto

exposetextile.




last used


product names

Cement products

Profiledsheets. Roofing,wallcladding.Permanent

shuttering,coolingtowerelements.

10–15%asbestos(some

flexiblesheetscontaina

proportionofcellulose).

Crocidolite(1950–1969)and

amosite(1945–1980)have

beenusedinthemanufacture

ofasbestoscement,

althoughchrysotile(useduntil

November1999)isbyfarthe

mostcommontypefound.

Likelytoreleaseincreasinglevels

offibresifabraded,handsawn

orworkedonwithpowertools.

Exposedsurfacesandacid

conditionswillremovecement

matrixandconcentrateunbound

fibresonsurfaceandsheetlaps.

Cleaningasbestos-containingroofs

mayalsoreleasefibres.

Asbestoscement,Traffordtile,

‘Bigsix’,‘Doublesix’,‘Supersix’,

‘Twintwelve’,‘Combinedsheet’,

‘Glensix’,‘3’and6’corrugated’,

‘Fort’,‘Monad’,‘Troughsec’,‘Major

tileandCanadatile’,‘Panelsheet’,

‘Cavitydecking’.

Semi-compressed

flatsheetand

partitionboard.

Partitioninginfarmbuildingsandinfill

panelsforhousing,shutteringinindustrial

buildings,decorativepanelsforfacings,

bathpanels,soffits,liningstowallsand

ceilings,portablebuildings,propagation

bedsinhorticulture,domesticstructural

uses,firesurrounds,compositepanelsfor

fireprotection,weatherboarding.

Asforprofiledsheets.Also

10–25%chrysotileand

someamositeforasbestos

woodusedforfiredoorsetc.

Compositepanelscontained~

4%chrysotileorcrocidolite.

Releaseasforprofiledsheets.Flat

buildingsheets,partitionboard,

‘Poilite’.

Fullycompressedflat

sheetusedfortiles,

slates,board.

Asabove,butwherestrongermaterials

arerequired,andasslates,board

cladding,deckingandroofslates(eg

rollerskatingrinks,laboratoryworktops).

Higherasbestoscontentsheetsproduced

forindustrialapplicationsasa

highgradearcandheat-resistantmaterial.

Asforprofiledsheets.

Upto50%chrysotile.

Releaseasforprofiledsheets.

Asbestos-containingroofingslate

(eg‘Eternit’,‘Turners’,‘Speakers’),

Everite’,‘Turnall’,‘DiamondAC’,

‘JMslate’,‘GlasalAC’,‘Emalie,

Eflex’,‘Colourglaze’,‘Thrutone’,

‘Weatherall’.‘Sindanyo’.

Pre-formedmoulded

productsand

extrudedproducts.

Cabletroughsandconduits.Cisterns

andtanks.Drainsandsewerpressure

pipes.Fencing.Fluepipes.Rainwater

goods.Roofingcomponents(fascias,

soffitsetc).Ventilatorsandducts.Weather

boarding.Windowsillsandboxes,bath

panels,drainingboards,extractionhoods,

copings,promenadetilesetc.

Asforprofiledsheets. Releaseasforprofiledsheets.

‘Everite’,‘Turnall’,‘Promenadetiles’.

Other encapsulated materials

Texturedcoatings. Decorative/flexiblecoatingsonwallsand

ceilings.

3–5%chrysotileasbestos.

Chrysotileaddedupto1984

butoldstockmayhavebeen

usedforseveralmoreyears.

Generallyfibresarewellcontained

inthematrixbutmaybereleased

whenoldcoatingissandeddownor

scrapedoff.‘Artex’,Wondertex’,




last used


product names

Other encapsulated materials (continued)

Non-asbestosversionswere

availablefromthemid-1970s.

‘Suretex’,‘‘Newtex’,‘Pebblecoat’,

‘Marblecoat’.

Bitumenproducts. Roofingfeltsandshingles,semi-rigid

asbestosbitumenroofing.Gutterlinings

andflashings.Bitumendamp-proof

courses(dpc).Asbestos/bitumencoatings

onmetals(egcarbodyunderseals).

Bitumenmasticsandadhesives(usedfor

floortilesandwallcoverings).

Chrysotilefibreorasbestos

paper(approximately100%

asbestos)inbitumenmatrix,

usually8%chrysotile.Usedup

to1992.

Adhesivesmaycontainupto

afewpercent

chrysotileasbestos.Usedup

to1992.

Fibrereleaseunlikelyduringnormal

use.Roofingfelts,dpcandbitumen-

basedsealantsmustnotbeburnt

afterremoval.Seefeltsandpapers.

Flooring. Thermoplasticfloortiles.

PVCvinylfloortilesandunbackedPVC

flooring.

Asbestospaper-backedPVCfloors.

Magnesiumoxychlorideflooringusedin

WCs,staircasesandindustrialflooring.

Upto25%asbestos.

Normally7%chrysotile.

Paperbackingapproximately

100%chrysotileasbestos.

Usedupto1992.

About2%asbestos.

Fibrereleaseisunlikelytobea

hazardundernormalservices

conditions.Fibremaybereleased

whenmaterialiscut,andtheremay

besubstantialreleasewhereflooring

residue,

particularlypaperbacking,ispower-

sanded.‘Novilon’,‘Servalasbestos’.

Veryhard,fibrereleaseunlikely.

ReinforcedPVC. Panelsandcladding. 1–10%chrysotileasbestos. Fibrereleaseisunlikely.

Reinforced

plasticandresin

composites.

Usedfortoiletcisterns,seats,banisters,

windowseals,labbenchtops.

Plasticsusuallycontain1-10%

chrysotileasbestos.Some

amphiboleswereusedtogive

improvedacidresistance,

egcarbatteries.Resins

werereinforcedwithwoven

chrysotilecloth,usually

contain20–50%asbestos.

Fibresunlikelytobereleased,

limitedemissionsduringcutting.

‘Siluminite’,‘Feroasbestos’.



Appendix 3: What ACMs look like and where to find them1Thisappendixgivesexamplesofthemaintypes,locationsandusesofACMsinpremises,tohelppeoplerecognisematerialswhichmaycontainasbestos.ThisisonlyasmallselectionoftherangeofACMsused,butshouldcovermanyofthemainusesofasbestosinpremises.

Loose asbestos insulation

2Somefiredoorscontainedlooseasbestosinsulationsandwichedbetweenthewoodenormetalfacingstogivethemtheappropriatefirerating.Looseasbestoswasalsopackedaroundelectricalcables,sometimesusingchickenwiretocontainit.Mattressescontaininglooseasbestoswerewidelymanufacturedforthermalinsulation.Acousticinsulationhasbeenprovidedbetweenfloorsbytheuseoflooseasbestosinpaperbags,andinsomeareasnearasbestosworksitisnotunknownforlooseasbestostohavebeenusedasareadilyavailableformofloftinsulation.

Figure 6 Looseasbestosusedasloftinsulation

Sprayed asbestos coatings

3Thesearenormallyhomogeneouscoatingssprayedortrowelledontoreinforcedconcreteorsteelcolumnsorbeamsasfireproofing.Sprayswerealsocommonlyusedontheundersideofceilingsforfireproofingandsoundandthermalinsulationinmanyhigh-risepremises.Warehousesandfactoriescommonlyhadsprayedasbestosappliedtowalls,ceilingsandmetalsupportstructuresforfireproofingandthermal/anti-condensationinsulationpurposes.Insomelargerspaces,sprayswerealsoappliedtowallsandceilingsforacousticanddecorativepurposes(theatres,cinemas,studios,hallsetc).Thedepthofthespraydependedonthefireratingandsubstrate,andmayvaryfrom10to150mmthick.Thedrysprayedcoatingsmayhaveacandyflossappearanceifleftuntamped(rarelyfoundintheUK).Thewetsprayed/trowelledcoatingsareusuallydenser,andthosewithhigherproportionsofPortlandcementthathavebeenwelltampedcanbequitehard.Surfacesmaybesealedwithanelasticisedpaintorproprietaryencapsulant,sometimesreinforcedwithcalicoormanmadefibremesh,orleftcompletelyunsealed.Spraycoatingsarevulnerabletoaccidentaldamageandalsotodelaminationduetowaterleakagereleasingdebrisontothefloorandotherhorizontalsurfaces.Oversprayontoareasandrecessessurroundingtheobjectthatwasbeingcoatediscommon.Spraycoatingsmayhavedeterioratedsignificantlysinceinstallationandmustbetreatedwithcaution.



Figure 7 Sprayedlimpetoncarparkroof

Figure 8 SprayedcoatingonbuildingpassagewayFigure 10 Pipeinsulationwithcoating

Figure 9 LaggedpipeinwallcavityFigure 11 Amositelagginginverypoor

conditiononsteampipe

Figure 12 Laggingonlargepetrochemicalvessel Figure 13 Amositelaggedboilerwithhard

plasticcoating

Thermal insulation

4Asbestoswaswidelyusedtoinsulatepipes,boilersandheatexchangers.Thereareseveraltypesandformsofinsulation,oftenwithmulti-layerconstruction.Pre-formedsectionsofasbestosinsulationweremadetofitthediameterofthepipe.Thesewouldbestrappedonandcalico-wrappedandsometimespainted(eg‘Decadex’finish),orsealedwithahardplaster(oftenasbestos-containing)toprotectagainstknocksandabrasion.Othertypesofasbestos-containingfelts,blankets,tapes,ropesandcorrugatedpaperswerealsoused.Forbends,joins,



smallsectionsofpipeandrepairs,anasbestos-containingplasterwaswet-mixedon-siteandhand-appliedtotheareas.Largerinstallationswerealsoinsulatedwithasbestos-containingplasterwhichwasmarketedas‘plastic’,butvariouslocalnameswereusedforthishand-appliedinsulation(eg‘muck’).Largerthicknessesofinsulationwouldusepre-formedblocks(eg‘Caposil’)wiredinplace,thenvariousothercoatingsorlayersapplied,dependingontheinsulationrequired.Veryhard-wearingcoatingswereknownas‘Bulldog’finishesandmaycontainmetalsheetsand/orchickenwirereinforcementbeneathahardplasterfinish.Externalpipesmayalsobecladwithsheetmetalorpaintedwithbitumenforadditionalweatherproofing.Installersoftenusedwhatevermaterialswereavailabletohandorinstock,soitisverycommontofindvariationsonthesamepipeorboiler.Payparticularattentiontobendsandvalves,orwhereitisevidentthatrepairshavebeenmade.

Millboard

5Millboardwasusedwhenalow-cost,relativelysoftlow-densityboardwithmodestmechanicalpropertiesbutwithgoodfire,insulation,thermalandelectricalpropertiescouldbespecified.Generallyfoundinindustrialpremises,buthasbeenusedasexteriorliningtoventilationductsandwascommonlyusedinsidefiredoors.

Figure 14 Asbestospanelsinsidefiredoor Figure 15 AIBpanelinporch

Asbestos insulating board (AIB)

6Widelyusedinpremisesforinternalpartitionwallsandliningsandforfireprotection,acousticandthermalinsulation.SuspendedceilingtileswereoftenmadefromAIB.Insulatingboardscomeinarangeofdensitiesandcanbesubjecttodamagebytheuseofmoderateforce(egkicking).Theremaybevariationsduetolaterconstructionofpartitionwallsaspartofaredevelopmentorrefurbishment.Allkindsofcombinationsarefoundandsurveyorsmustbealerttoallpossibilities.Areasaroundliftshafts,stairwellsandservicerisersinmultistoreybuildingswerecommonlylinedorfacedwithAIBorcomposites.Similarly,areasaroundgasfiresandcentralheatingboilerswerealsoconstructedfromAIB.FiredoorswerealsofacedwithAIBtoachievetheappropriatefirerating.AIBisusuallyfoundinsidepremises,butweather-protectedexteriorareas,suchasporchesandsoffits,maycontainAIB.

Figure 16 AIBexteriorpaintedpanel Figure 17 AIBceilingtiles



Figure 18 AIBexteriorpanelonopenwalkwayFigure 19 AIBbehindschoolradiator

unit

Figure 20 AIBpanelbetweenFigure 21 AIBcolumnfire Figure 22 AIBoffcutsused

radiatorandwindow protectioninCLASPbuilding aspackersaroundcolumn

inCLASPbuilding

AIB in composite materials

7AIBwasusedincompositematerialsandmaybesandwichedbetweenorsurfacedwithnon-asbestosproductssuchasstrawboard,plywood,metalmesh,sheetmetalandplasterboard.

Figure 23 AIBfasciapanelswithwoodeffectfinish

Asbestos papers, felts and cardboard

8Air-conditioningtrunkingmaybeinsulatedinternallywith‘Paxfelt’orexternallywithotherasbestos-containingfelt,cardboardandpaperforacousticandheatinsulation.Asbestospaperswerewidelyusedtolinethesurfacesofotherboards,ceilingtilesandsheetmaterials.

Figure 24 Chrysotilepaperonfibreboardboxing Figure 25Chrysotilepaperon

strawboardceilingpanels



Asbestos textiles

9Asbestostextilesweremanufacturedforprimaryheat(eginsulationtapesandropes)orfireprotectionuses(egfireblankets,firecurtains,fire-resistantclothing).Textileswerealsousedwidelyasareinforcingmaterialinfrictionproducts/composites.

Figure 26 Asbestosropesealondryingoven Figure 27 Amositeasbestosrope

packingonriserdoorframe

Figure 28 Asbestosropelaggingtoboiler Figure 29 Chrysotileclothonpipes

thermometer

Figure 30 Amositeandchrysotilepackingonwastepipes

Asbestos gaskets, washers and strings

10Awiderangeofasbestosgasketshavebeenproducedandusedforsealingpipeandvalvejointsinindustrialplant,buttheymayalsobefoundinsomeolderdomesticboilersetc.Asbestosstringwaswidelyusedinthepastbyplumbersforsealingvariousscrewthreadjoints.

Figure 31 Chrysotilestringonskylights



Asbestos cement sheets and tiles used for roofing and cladding

11Asbestoscement(AC)hasbeenextensivelyusedforroofingandexteriorcladdingonindustrial,publicandsomedomesticpremises.Corrugated/profilesheetsarecommonlyfound,butflatsheetshavealsobeenwidelyusedforexteriorandsomeinteriorcladding(egpanelsbelowwindowsandonwallsinolderprefabricatedhousing).

Figure 32 AsbestoscementroofandwallcladdingFigure 33 Chrysotilepebble-dashexteriorwall

coating

Moulded asbestos cement products

12AwiderangeofmouldedcompressedACproductshavebeenusedinsidepremises(egwastepipes,coldwatertanks,fluesetc)andoutsidepremises(eggutters,downpipes,flues,cowlsetc).Manyotheritemshavebeenmouldedfromasbestoscement.Asbestoscementpipesarealsousedunderground(egfromlocaldrainagetoregionalwatersupplysystems).

Figure 34 Asbestoscementboilerflue Figure 35 Asbestoscement

downpipe

Textured coatings, paints and plasters used for decorative effects

13Thesewereoftenmanufacturedcontaininguptoafewpercentofasbestos.‘Artex’,‘Wondertex’,‘Suretex’,‘Newtex’,‘Pebblecoat’and‘Marblecoat’areexamplesoftypicaltradeproducts,whichusuallycontainedafewpercentofchrysotileasbestos.

Figure 36 Asbestostexturedcoatingonceiling



Figure 37 Asbestostexturedcoatingonwall

Bitumen products

14Bitumen-basedroofingfeltsanddamp-proofcourseshavebeenwidelyreinforcedbytheadditionofasbestos,usuallyintheformofchrysotilepaper.Bitumen-basedwallandfloorcoveringswerealsoproduced.Somemasticsusedtostickthebitumenproductscommonlyhadasbestosaddedtothemtoprovideflexibility.Othersealantsalsohadasbestosaddedtoimprovetheperformanceoftheproduct.

Figure 38 Chrysotile/bitumencoatingundermetalcladding

Flooring products

15Polyvinylchloride(PVCorvinyl)tilesweremanufacturedwithaddedasbestostomeetaBritishStandardandoftencontainafewpercent(5–7%)ofveryfinechrysotile.Blackandbrownthermoplastictilescontaininglargeramountsandoftenvisibleclumpsofchrysotilewerealsoproduced.Sheetfloorcoveringsweresometimesbackedwithathinlayerofchrysotilepaper(eg‘Novilon’,avinylflooring,whichwasmorecommoninEurope).Someunderfeltsforcarpetsandlinoleumwerealsomanufacturedcontainingasbestos.Themasticswhichwereusedtobondthefloorcoveringtothesurfacecouldalsocontainasbestos.Somehard-wearingcompositefloors(egmagnesiumoxychloride)alsocontainabout2%ofmineralfibreswhichcouldbeasbestos.

Figure 39 Asbestos-containingvinylfloortiles



Asbestos-reinforced plastic/resin composites and friction products

16Asbestos-reinforcedplasticsandresincompositematerialwereusedforwindowsills,cappingforbanisters,schoolandlaboratoryworktops,toiletcisternsetc.Thematerialisoftenblackandhasahighdensityandscratchresistance.Asbestostextileswerewidelyusedasareinforcingmaterialinfrictionproducts(egconveyorandfanbelts,brakeandclutchlinings).Olderasbestos-containingcomponentsmaystillbeinuseorpresentinvehiclerepairandmaintenanceworkshopsandstores.

Figure 40 Asbestos-reinforcedtoiletcistern Figure 41 Asbestosbrakeliningsforquarry

vehicles

Figure 42 Asbestosbrakeliningonoutputshaft

ofACmotor

Metal-asbestos composites

17Fluesforwood-burningstoveswerecommonlyconstructedfromametal-asbestoswheretheasbestoswasaddedasinsulationbetweentheinnerandouterlayersofstainlesssteeltogiveahighdegreeofinsulationwhenpassingthroughfloorsandontheoutsidetopreventsuddencoolingofthefluegases.‘Durasteel’metalpanelswereusedtoprovideastrongconstructionwithacertaindegreeofinsulation,byincorporatingalayerofasbestospaper.

Figure 43 Metalcladgasfluecontainingchrysotilelining



Wall jointing tapes and fillers

18Chrysotiletextiletapesandwebbingwereusedtoreinforcewalljointsbeforeplastering.Severaltypesofwallplugsandsomewallrepairfillershadasbestosaddedtogiveadditionalstrengthandflexibility.Theseareverydifficulttolocateastheyareintegratedintotheplasterfinish.

Figure 44 Chrysotile‘scrim’tapes

Domestic appliances and products

19Manydomesticappliancesandproductscontainasbestosinsulationmaterialsforthermalorelectricalinsulation,includingironingboards,hairdryers,ovenseals,simmeringplatesetc.SomeolderelectricfiresandstorageradiatorsandoldgasfireswithcatalyticelementsorcoalorlogeffectgasfiresalsocontainedACMs.

Figure 45‘Durasteel’compositesteeland Figure 46 Asbestostapeflash

asbestosfiredoor guardsinafusebox

Figure 47 Asbestos-containingcommercialhairdryer

Industrial sites, factories and plant

20Industrialsites(egrefineries,powerstations,warehousesandfactories)oftencontainsubstantialamountsofasbestos.Manyoftheexamplesgivenforspray,thermalinsulationandpipelaggingcomefromindustry.Higher-performanceACMswereusuallyspecifiedtocopewiththehighertemperaturesandpressures



prevalentatindustrialsites.Somemachinerymayalsoincorporateasbestosgasketsandfrictionproducts(egclutches,brakepads,drivebeltsandconveyorbelts).Thehigherpowerrequirementsofindustryalsosawincreaseduseofasbestosinsulationinelectricalcablesandswitchgear.

Figure 48 Asbestos-insulatedsupplypipes Figure 49 Electricalswitchgearwith

asbestosflashprotection

Figure 50 OpenelectricalswitchboardwithFigure 51 Vesselcladinamositeinsulationasbestosflashguards

Where am I likely to find

asbestos materials?

Normally non-licensed materials

1 ACproducts

2Texturedcoatings

3Floortiles,textilesandcomposites

Normally licensed materials

4Sprayedcoatingsonwalls,beams/

columns

5AIB

6Lagging

7Looseasbestosinceilingorfloor

cavity

Figure 52 Typicallocationsforthemostcommonasbestosmaterial

Note: This diagram does not show all

possible uses and locations of asbestos

materials. A detailed survey will be required

to identify all asbestos materials in a building.

FIREDOOR



Appendix 4: Material assessment algorithm

Sample variable Score Examples of scores (see notes for more detail)

Producttype

(ordebrisfromproduct)

1 Asbestos-reinforcedcomposites(plastics,resins,mastics,roofingfelts,vinylfloortiles,semi-

rigidpaintsordecorativefinishes,asbestoscementetc).

2 AIB,millboards,otherlow-densityinsulationboards,asbestostextiles,gaskets,ropesand

woventextiles,asbestospaperandfelt.

3 Thermalinsulation(egpipeandboilerlagging),sprayedasbestos,looseasbestos,asbestos

mattressesandpacking.

Extentofdamage/deterioration 0 Goodcondition:novisibledamage.

1 Lowdamage:afewscratchesorsurfacemarks,brokenedgesonboards,tilesetc.

2 Mediumdamage:significantbreakageofmaterialsorseveralsmallareaswherematerialhas

beendamagedrevealinglooseasbestosfibres.

3 Highdamageordelaminationofmaterials,spraysandthermalinsulation.Visibleasbestos

debris.

Surfacetreatment 0 Compositematerialscontainingasbestos:reinforcedplastics,resins,vinyltiles.

1 Enclosedspraysandlagging,AIB(withexposedfacepaintedorencapsulated)asbestos

cementsheetsetc.

2 UnsealedAIB,orencapsulatedlaggingandsprays.

3 Unsealedlaggingandsprays.

Asbestostype 1 Chrysotile.

2 Amphiboleasbestosexcludingcrocidolite.

3 Crocidolite.

Total

Score Potential to release asbestos fibres

10ormore High

7-9 Medium

5-6 Low

4orless Verylow

Non-asbestos materials have no potential to release asbestos fibres



Appendix 5: Example of a survey and sampling equipment checklistSurvey equipment

■■ Siteplan.■■ Logbook,organiser,computer.■■ Stepladder.■■ Camera(filmordigital)withflashandpreferably■■ withadateandnumberfacility.■■ Torch.■■ Accesskeystoroomsandcovers.■■ Screwdrivers.

PPE for sampling

■■ Disposableoveralls(hooded).■■ DisposableovershoesorWellingtonboots.■■ Disposablegloves.

Bulk sampling equipment

■■ Pliers.■■ Screwdrivers.■■ Coresamplersorcorkborers.■■ Aluminiumfoilorclothtape.■■ Stanleyknifewithspareblades.■■ Hand-spraywithdilutedPVAorsurfactant.■■ Samplebags(polytheneself-sealbags).■■ Samplepointlabels.■■ TypeHvacuum.■■ Asbestoswastebagsoftheapprovedtype.■■ Warningsigns:‘Asbestossampling:Keepclear’.■■ Wetwipesandtissues.■■ Polythenesheeting.

RPE

■■ Asperassessment.



Appendix 6: Quality assurance and quality control1Allorganisationsprovidinganasbestossurveyingservice(including‘soletraders’)shouldhaveanadequatequalitymanagementsystem,includingqualitycontrolofsurveywork.OrganisationsaccreditedunderUKAStoISO/IEC17020willalreadyhaveappropriatequalitymanagementschemesinplace.

2Non-accreditedorganisations(includingsurveyorsholdingrecognisedpersonnelcertification)shouldalsoimplementaneffectivequalitymanagementsystemtosupporttheirwork.QualitymanagementsystemsaresetoutinISO/IEC17020(orISO9001asaminimum).

3Thefollowingparagraphsoutlinethreeoftheessentialcomponentsofaqualitymanagementsystem.Soletradersarenotexemptfromtheneedtohavesuchasystemandshouldimplementself-checkingversions(orotherworkingarrangements)forqualityassuranceandcheckingsurveyreports.Itshouldbepossibletoengageanindependentorganisationtoconductanannualauditofcompletedsurveys.Allsurveyingorganisationsshouldhavewrittenqualitymanagementproceduresandkeeprecordsoftheirauditsandchecks.

Quality assurance for site work

4Aproportionofsurveysshouldbe‘reinspected’(ierechecked)whilethesurveyisstillinprogress.Itisrecommendedthatabout5%ofallsurveysarereinspected.Theprocessofsiteselectionisatthediscretionoftheorganisation,butthesystemshouldensurethatthesitesselected:

■■ arerepresentativeofthedifferenttypesofsurveythattheorganisationperforms;

■■ arerepresentativeofthedifferenttypesofpremisessurveyed;■■ coverallthesurveyorsemployed.

5Inspectionsorauditsofnewlyqualifiedorrecentlyemployedsurveyorsshouldbemorefrequentuntilitcanbeestablishedthattheyarecapableofconsistentlyworkingtotherequiredstandards.

6Insomesituationsitmaynotbepractical(egverylargesurveys)toreinspectthewholesite.Inthesecircumstancesarepresentativepartofthesiteshouldbere-examined.

7Thesurveyreinspectionwillinvolvecheckingallaspectsofthesiteworkusingtherecordeddata,samplesandphotographstoensure:

■■ noACMsorsuspectACMswereomittedfromtherecordeddata;■■ allrecordedACMsandsuspectACMswerevalid;■■ wheresuspectACMshavebeen‘presumed’or‘stronglypresumed’,the

presumptionofasbestostypeisvalid;■■ allidentifiersforrecords,samplenumbersandphotographnumbers

correspondandareunique;■■ allareasinspectedwerecorrectlyandunambiguouslyidentified;■■ all‘noaccess’areaswerevalidandwerecorrectlyandunambiguously

identified;



■■ allmaterialtypesforACMsandsuspectACMswerecorrectlylisted;■■ allrecordedACMsandsuspectACMswerecorrectlyanduniquelylocated;■■ allquantitiesofmaterialsandsuspectACMswerecorrectlyassessed;■■ thecorrectassessmentshavebeenmadeandrecordedfor:

– asbestosproducttype;– surfacetreatment;– damage;– accessibility(vulnerability);

■■ adequatenumbersandsizesofsampleswerecollected,correctlylabelledandindividuallydoublebagged;

■■ adequatecleaninghasoccurredaftersampling;and■■ samplingsiteshavebeenmadegoodintheagreedmannerandinaccordance

withtheplanofwork.

(Whereomissions,deficienciesorerrorsareidentified,thereshouldbearrangementsinplacetorectifythesituationincludingretrainingandsupervisionofpersonnelwhereappropriate.)

Audit of completed surveys

8Thereshouldbeanannualauditofthemanagementsystemsandproceduresinplace.Itwouldnormallybeadesk-topaudit(asthesitemayhavechangedfromtheoriginalsurvey,egundergonerefurbishment.Howeverafullsitere-surveymaybenecessaryif,forexample,significantanomalieswerediscovered).Theauditsshouldincludereviewing:

■■ reportformats,structureandcontent;■■ rawdatatranspositionintoreport;■■ authorisationorapprovalofreportchecker,surveyor–theirauthorisations,

trainingrecordsandqualificationsetc;■■ contractreview–documentedrecordsoftheclient’sinstructions–ensurethat

thereportmeetstheseinfull;■■ recordsandstorageofrawdata,sitelogsetc,aswellascompiledreports.

Survey reports

9Everyreportproducedshouldbecheckedbyanauthorisedpersonbeforebeingissuedtotheclient.Thechecksmustensurethatthereportcontentsaretechnicallyconsistent,accurateandcomplete.

10Inparticular,check:

■■ theclient’sinstructionsforthesurveyandreporthavebeenfollowed;■■ allsitenotesagreewiththefinalreport;■■ noobservedACMshavebeenomitted;■■ allappendices(egcertificatesofanalysis)areincludedasrequired;■■ alltitles,referencenumbersanddescriptionsarecorrect;■■ theassessmentsandrecommendationsforanyremedialworkareappropriate;■■ andthereportsummaryisincludedandisafairstatement.

11Non-accredited organisations may find it helpful to consult the UKAS document Accreditation of bodies surveying for asbestos in premises.18



References1Work with materials containing asbestos. Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006.ApprovedCodeofPracticeandguidanceL143HSEBooks2006ISBN9780717662067

2Managing health and safety in construction. Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007. Approved Code of PracticeL144HSEBooks2007ISBN9780717662234

3AcomprehensiveguidetomanagingasbestosinpremisesHSG227HSEBooks2002ISBN9780717623815

4A short guide to managing asbestos in premisesLeafletINDG223(rev4)HSEBooks2009(singlecopyfreeorpricedpacksof10ISBN9780717663750)www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg223.pdf

5Asbestos: The licensed contractors’ guideHSG247HSEBooks2006ISBN9780717628742

6The management of asbestos in non-domestic premises. Regulation 4 of the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006. Approved Code of Practice and guidanceL127(Secondedition)HSEBooks2006ISBN9780717662098

7Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (c.37)TheStationeryOffice1974ISBN9780105437741

8Management of health and safety at work. Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999. Approved Code of Practice and guidanceL21(Secondedition)HSEBooks2000ISBN9780717624881

9BSENISO/IEC17020:2004General criteria for the operation of various types of bodies performing inspectionBritishStandardsInstitution

10BSENISO/IEC17024:2003Conformity Assessment. General requirements for bodies operating certification of personsBritishStandardsInstitution

11BSENISO9001:2008Quality management systems. RequirementsBritishStandardsInstitution

12BS6002-4:2006ISO3951-5:2006Sampling procedures for inspection by variables. Sequential sampling plans indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for inspection by variables (known standard deviation)BritishStandardsInstitution

13BSENISO/IEC17025:2005General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesBritishStandardsInstitution

14Asbestos in system buildings: Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006. Guidance for duty holdersHSE2008www.hse.gov.uk/services/education/claspguidance.pdf

15Asbestos: The analysts’ guide for sampling, analysis and clearance proceduresHSG248HSEBooks2005ISBN9780717628759

16BSEN60335Specification for safety of household and similar electrical appliancesBritishStandardsInstitution



17Asbestos essentials: A task manual for building, maintenance and allied trades on non-licensed asbestos workHSG210(Secondedition)HSEBooks2008ISBN9780717662630

18Accreditation of bodies surveying for asbestos in premisesEdition2RG88/8UKAS2008(fortheapplicationofISO/IEC17020)

Further informationForinformationabouthealthandsafetyringHSE’sInfolineTel:08453450055Fax:08454089566Textphone:08454089577e-mail:[email protected],CaerphillyBusinessPark,CaerphillyCF833GG.

HSEpricedandfreepublicationscanbeviewedonlineororderedfromwww.hse.gov.ukorcontactHSEBooks,POBox1999,Sudbury,SuffolkCO102WATel:01787881165Fax:01787313995.HSEpricedpublicationsarealsoavailablefrombookshops.

BritishStandardscanbeobtainedinPDForhardcopyformatsfromtheBSIonlineshop:www.bsigroup.com/ShoporbycontactingBSICustomerServicesforhardcopiesonlyTel:02089969001e-mail:[email protected].

TheStationeryOfficepublicationsareavailablefromTheStationeryOffice,POBox29,NorwichNR31GNTel:08706005522Fax:08706005533e-mail:[email protected]:www.tso.co.uk(Theyarealsoavailablefrombookshops.)StatutoryInstrumentscanbeviewedfreeofchargeatwww.opsi.gov.uk.

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