AS TOPIC 1 FAMILY TOPIC

PARSONS

➔ Instrumental roles :Describes men who are

geared towards success in work and they

are defined as Breadwinners .

➔Expressive roles : Describes women who

are geared towards the primary socialisation

of the children and meeting the needs of the

family .They are defined as Homemakers.

➔ He argues that these roles were biologically suited

to us . These roles benefit the women,men,children

and wider society .

PARSONS AND ROLES

CRITICISM TO PARSON

➔Young and Willmott disagreed with PARSONS

and argued that women were becoming wage

earners and families were becoming

symmetrical families(more equal and

democratic).

➔Feminist also disagreed with PARSONS as they

believed that these roles were not biological

and patriarchal family caused the roles to

remain.

ELIZABETH BOTT

argues :

➔separate conjugal roles:where couples have

separate tasks and thats why they tend to

spend their leisure time differently.

➔ joint conjugal roles: where couples share

tasks and tend to spend leisure time equally

same e.g. childcare.

YOUNG AND WILLMOTT

➔Women are becoming wage earners

➔we are moving towards joint conjugal roles

which were defined by Elizabeth Bott.

➔she agrees with March of progress view by

Young and Willmott .

GERSHUNY -WOMEN FULL TIME

WORKERS ➔As women are becoming more full time

workers the more progress is made towards

equality.

➔He argues that women who work do less

work .

➔82%=not working

➔73%=working

MAN-YEE KAN PAID WORK

➔Found that Income from

employment,education,age and gender

affect how much housework you do.

➔ the younger better educated and better paid

to less work

➔every 10,000 increase in annual income

decreases weekly housework by 2 hours

SILVER AND JULIET SCHOR

➔Argues that COMMERCIALISATION and WOMEN

WORKING has reduced the burden of housework

as they could buy more expensive stuff and spend

less time making food .

➔But not all women have this option

➔This only proves their has been a decrease in

burden but nothing on men and women equality

DECISION MAKING Pahl,Vogler and Edgell:

➔The one that earns more generally makes

the decisions

➔Feminist argue that earning less is not the

only reason for decision making of men .Its

also PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY .

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

➔Mirrlees-black found that:

➔most victims are men

➔99% of all incidents against women

are committed by men

➔1 in 4 women have faced domestic

violence .

FEMINIST AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

➔Radical feminist argue that domestic

violence is maintained due to patriarchal

system

➔But Faith Robertson argues that not all men

are aggressive and she reject the idea that

men benefit from domestic violence

➔ Sees domestic violence as a result of stress on family

members caused by social inequality

➔ e.g. income and housing

➔ worries about money,job and housing .

➔ lack of money restricts their social circle to move away

from stress.

➔ Mirrillees and Wilkinson's founding show that not all

face domestic violence those with less power ,status

,wealth are in greater risk .

TOPIC 2 CHILDHOOD

Jane Pilcher

➔Argued that the most important feature of

modern idea of childhood is

SEPARATENESS .

➔Seen as clear and distinct stage .

➔She argued that this could be proved

through laws,dress code,books and

entertainments

➔golden age = happiness and innocence

➔ innocence =protection

NEIL POSTMAN

Childhood is disappearing at a dazzling speed

He says that this is the cause of growing

similarity of adults and childrens clothing and

even the case of crimes such as murder .

CROSS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

➔ Benedict argues that children in simpler and non-

industrial society are treated differently from modern

western fellows .

➔ In Three ways :

➔ Bolivia=Punch=at the age of 5 =children work

➔ Samoan village= Holmes= too young is not a reason

and children decide if they could do the work even if its

dangerous or heavy for them .

Historical Differences

➔children were seen as Economical assets.

➔children were worked in unsafe conditions .

Before:

HISTORICAL DIFFERENCES

➔Aries had argued that childhood did not exist

in the middle ages and that 20th century was

the ‘century of the child’.

➔But Palloc had disagreed and said that it

was more correct to say that the middle

ages had a different notion of childhood from

today.

CONFLICT VIEW

➔They criticise march of progress view.

➔They believe that there are still inequalities

between children and not all of them have

the same opportunities.

➔ JENS BONKE FOUND :found that girls do

more work than boys specially in lone parent

families .

DIFFERENCES

NEGLECT AND ABUSE

Adult control over children can take the extreme

form of physical neglect or physical ,sexual and

emotional abuse . In 2006 31,400 children were on

child protection list. Childline receives 20,000 calls

a year from children who say they are being

sexually or physically abused which shows the

darkside of family.

Controls over childrens play areas

E.g shop signs which say that no school

children and sometimes children are not

allowed to play in certain areas.stranger danger

idea has lead to people to drive their children to

school rather than letting them travel

independently. In 1971 80% children at the

age of 7 to 8 had went school independently

but this dropped to 9% in 1990.

TOPIC 3 FUNCTIONALIST

The functionalist perspective of family

➔society is based on value consensus(shared

value and norms). Basically agreement.

➔society is made of different parts and they

depend on each other like a body .If one

place stops working all other parts would

stop working.

➔ family meets the needs of the society

MURDOCK

➔ family performs four essential .

➔stable satisfaction of sex drive

➔ reproduction of new generation

➔socialisation of young

➔meeting members economical needs .

➔Nuclear family is the best family structure to

meet these four essentials.

CRITICISM OF MURDOCK

➔Other institutions could provide this without

having a nuclear family structure.

➔Feminist argue that family only meets the

needs of men and oppressing women.

➔Marxist argue that family meets the needs of

the capitalism

MARXISM

MARXIST

➔They argue that society is based on unequal

conflict between two social classes

➔capitalist class =owns means of production

➔Working class = whose labour the capitalist

exploit for profit .

➔They believe that family benefits the

capitalist system only .

CRITICISM OF MARXIST

➔ They emphasise that nuclear family is dominant in

capitalist society but they ignore increasing variety of

family structures which are found in todays society.

➔ Feminist only emphasise on social class and they that

they underestimate the importance of gender

inequalities within family and they argue that family

meets the need of men not capitalism .

➔ Functionalist argue that marxism does not see the real

benefit of family to its members

as friendship and mutual support.

FEMINISM AND FAMILIES

THEIR VIEWS ARE:

➔Family is unequal and there is gender

division.

➔They argue that these inequalities are not

natural and should not be regarded as

natural.

LIBERAL FEMINIST

➔ They argue that women oppression is being gradually

overcome through changing attitudes and laws .

➔ They believe that we are moving towards greater equality but

full equality will depend on reforms .

➔ They hold the of march of progress view .children are taught

about being equal .

➔ but other feminist criticise them for believing that these

changes would bring equality .

➔ Jenny Somerville argues that radical feminist fail to recognise

that women’s position has considerably improved . Due to

better access to divorce and jobs.

MARXIST FEMINISTS

➔ They believe that the main cause for oppression of

family is due to capitalism.Womens several functions

meet the needs of capitalism e.g.

➔ women reproduce the labour force.

➔ women absorb anger=Fran Ansley describes women as

‘shit takers’.

➔ women are reserve army as they do extra work when

needed ,when no longer needed they return back to

their primary roles as unpaid domestic labour .

RADICAL FEMINIST

All societies have been founded on men are the enemy as they

are the reason for this oppression

➔ patriarchy .

➔ family and marriage institutions are the key in patriarchal

society. men benefit from women unpaid domestic labour

and from their sexual services .

➔ women oppression must be abolished and the only way to

achieve this is separatism =women live independently.

➔ Jenny Somerville (liberal feminist ) argues that separatism is

unlikely to work.

SOCIOLOGIST CRITICISM TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF

FEMINIST

➔ They say there are two weakness of these different

feminist perspectives to family .

➔ 1.All feminist assume that the traditional nuclear

family is the dominant family type .meaning that they

ignore family diversity .

➔2. They are all structural theories meaning that

families members are manipulated by structure of

society to perform certain actions.

NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE OF

FAMILY :

It's based on the idea that the traditional nuclear family and its values (mum, dad and kids, parents are married, dad in paid employment) are best for

society. The Simpsons is a nuclear family.

New Right theorists believe that social policies on the family, children, divorce and welfare have undermined the family.

Charles Murray is a New Right sociologist who says the traditional family is under threat. Murray says that welfare benefits are too high and create a

'culture of dependency' where an individual finds it easy and acceptable to take benefits rather than work. He also created 'underclass' which is the

idea of people who live or benefits and do not work.

New Right theorists are particularly concerned about giving lots of welfare benefits to single mothers. They also think that it's a very bad idea to have

children brought up in families where adults aren't working and in lone parent families or fatherless families. Moral panic and fear of breakdown in

social fabric due to lone parent families.

New Right sociologists believe that the increase in lone-parent and reconstituted families and the easier access to divorce have led to a breakdown in

traditional values. They say that this causes social problems such as crime increase.

divorce

Divorce secularisationFor example church attendance has decreased

CHANGES IN WOMEN'S POSITION : the proportion of

women working rose from 47% in 1959 to 70% in 2005

.feminist argue that women working and being Homemaker

has caused conflict between couples and thats why there is

an increase in divorce rates.They also argue that marriage

remains patriarchal with men benefiting from womens triple

shift .

Feminist Jessie Bernard this high rates of divorce = growing

acceptance of feminist ideas has caused them to release

oppression and became confident about rejecting it .

cohabitation :

Marriages

Since 1920s decline in marriages .

Average age for marriage has rose by seven

years between 1971 to 2005 32 for men and 30

for women .

In 1981 60% of marriages in church and in

2005 this fell to 35% .

jeffrey weeks=SAME SEX

argued that increase in social acceptance may explain a

trend in recent years towards same-sex relationships that

resemble those found among heterosexuals.

stonewell :argues that 5-7% of the adult population have

same sex relationships and that it is impossible to say

whether their is a increase because people before had to

hide this

MARRIAGES MINDMAPFOR FULL MINDMAP OF THE 3

TOPICS

https://www.examtime.com/en-

US/mind_maps/1690486/edit

There has been a decline in marriages since 1920 but since

2005 there is a increase as 4 /10 marriages are remarriages.

REASONS FOR THIS DECLINE:people are more free to make

decisions which makes decisions easier and quicker.

1) DECREASE IN SECURITISATIONS = People are less

influenced by their religion and in 2005 only 3% of young

people who had no religion married and 17% of people

who had religion married .

LESBIAN COUPLES

Lesbian couple and gender script /

Dunne argued that gender script is deeply in society and that Lesbian couples

are more equal as they share housework and childcare equally .

They give equal importance to each others careers .

This difference is because lesbian couples do not have gender scripts that they

are pressures to apply like heterosexual

one person household

PETER STEIN : A growing number of people are opting for

creative singlehood (the deliberate choice to live alone ).

this has also increased due to increase in divorce.

in 2006 3/10 households contained one person and this

was 3 times more in 1961.This increase was believed to be

because of high divorce rates of under 65 and children

tend to stay with their mothers.

childbearing

4 out 10 child are from outside marriage .Since

1971 to 2005 the average age for first child

rose by 3 years to 27.3.

the fertility rate : but why a decline :

1960=2.95 -decline stigma=religion infl.

2001=1.68 -increase in cohabitation

2006=1.84 - women want careers

STEPFAMILIES

- 86% of stepfamilies have a child from the

women from their previous marriages .

- stepfamilies face greater risk of poverty as

the family is generally big and they take care

of their partners children too.

ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN FAMILY

PATTERNSBlack families :black caribbean and black african people

have the higher proportion of lone parent households . In

2002 More than half of the black families with dependent

children were lone parent and mostly headed by female

black .

This was a evidence of family disorganisation that could be

related to slavery or recently the hight rates of black malds

unemployment

Slavery

When couples were sold separately to white owners they children of

couple slaves tend to stay with their mothers and it ia argued this

established a pattern of family life today . The unemployment of black

mens has caused them to be less able to provide for the family and

results in marital breakdown. But HEIDI SAFIA MIRA argued that the

high rate of lone parent families amongst black is not a result if

disorgation but a result of black womens high value in independence

.

Asian families

Bangladesh,pakistani and indian households

tend to be larger than those of other ethnic

groups.

EXTENDED FAMILY TODAY

NEW RIGHT FAMILY DIVERSITY

New right :

--> they are against family diversity

--> families with family division which they define as biological differences are

the "normal and correct families ".

--> increase in family diversity causes increase in crime and education failures.

-->lone parent families are harmful for children because they cannot discipline

their children and they put a burden on welfare state which causes

encouragement for dependent culture and makes irresponsibility easy.

--> harry barson found that 3000 of 15000 babies born 2000-01 have become

part of lone parent families .

--> criticism = feminist ann oakley says that these roles are not biological and

family oppresses women

PARSONS FUNCTIONAL FIT

➔Nuclear family = parents and dependent

children .

➔Extended family= three generations living

under one roof .

FAMILIES AND WHAT SOCIETY THEY SUIT

➔According to parson their are two types of

society and particular families meet the

needs of these two societies .

➔Modern industrial society and Traditional

pre-industrial society.

➔For parson NUCLEAR FAMILY meets the

needs of industrial society and EXTENDED

FAMILY meets the needs of Pre-industrial

society.

INDUSTRIALIZATION

➔BRITAIN =Started to industrialise from 18th

century .

➔ the extended family began to give a way to

nuclear families.

➔This change was due to new society

emerging through industrialisation and new

family type was needed to meet the need of

the new society .

Reasons to change to nuclear family

➔Geographically mobile workforce .As britain

became industrialised more jobs=easier for

nuclear families to move to find job in new

opened factories .

PARSON WHY NUCLEAR FAMILY IS SUITABLE

➔ A social mobile workforce: The modern industrial

society is based on constantly evolving science and

technology so it requires skilled workforce .This change

is important because the modern society ,a individuals

statues is achieved by their effort and ability not

ascribed (fixed at birth) by their social mobility possible

.e.g. the son of a labourer could become a

lawyer,doctor through ability and hard work. For this

reason parson argues that nuclear family is better

equipped than extended family .

CHESTER

-->there has been increase in family diversity.

--> moved away from conventional to neo conventional = from nuclear family to dual earner (both couples working).

--> most people have been part of a nuclear family or is going to thats why he criticised surveys for focusing on present

only.

--> cohabitation has increased but people eventually marry , birth outside marriage has increased but the child is

registered under both parents and finally this shows commitment to marriage and having children .

--> he argues that family diversity is over exaggerated and he is in favor of nuclear family like functionalist .

RAPPORT FAMILY DIVERSITY

Rapport argues :

-->that family diversity is central for us to

understand family today.

--> we have moved away from nuclear family to a

variety of different families.

--> britain has adopted pluralistic society meaning

that we accept different cultures and lifestyles.

--> family diversity shows greater freedom of choice

.

-->there is family diversity because its a response to

our wishes and needs .So people are creating families

that will meet their wishes not the societies .

--> argues that there are 5 different family diversity:

- organisational = differences in how roles are

shared out .

- cultural =different cultures,traditions and religions

- social class = difference in incomes of households .

- lifestage= newly married,couples with children or

retired couples .

- generational = older and younger people have

different

POSTMODERNITY AND LIFE COURSE

TOPIC 4 :DEMOGRAPHY

BIRTH RATES

➔ BIRTH RATE :Number of life births per 1000 of the population per year .

➔ since 1900 in UK there has been long term decline in birth rates .In 1900 birth rate

was 28.7 but in 2007 this had dropped to 10.7

➔ But there has been THREE main BABY BOOMS in 20th century :

➔ 1. WORLD WAR 1 AND 2 .(1914-1918 AND 1939-1945).

➔ 1960’s there was a baby boom but the birth rate dropped back down in 1970.

➔ FERTILITY RATE: is the average number of children women have during their

fertility years.

➔ UK’s fertility rate rise since 2001 but it was still low compared to pass.The TFR of

UK was 1.68 this increased to 1.84 in 2006 but in 1960s (BABY BOOM ) the TFR

was 2.95 .

➔ These show that women are remaining childless than in the past .

REASONS FOR DECLINE IN BIRTH RATES

1.Changes in the position of women :

➔ legal equality with men such as voting rights

➔ .Women had increasing education opportunities.

➔Women working and earning money.

➔Changes in attitudes towards family life and women’s

roles .

➔ easier to divorce (cheaper and quicker)

➔ access to abortion and contraception which gives more

control to their fertility

2.Decline in the infant mortality rate:

➔ This measures the number of infant who die before their

first birthday,per thousand babies born born alive per

year .

➔ Sociologist argue that increase in IMR leads to fall in

birth rates .This is because if many infants die parents

have more children to replace them so = increase in

birth rates but in contrast if infants survive parents

would have fewer of them.

➔ BRASS AND KABIR argued that the trend to smaller

families began in areas who had fallend infant mortality

rate .

IN 20TH CENTURY IMR BEGAN TO FALL:

BECAUSE:➔ improved housing and better sanitations such as clean

water .Which reduced infectious diseases .Infants are

much less susceptible to infections because their

immune system is less developed .

➔ Better nutritions

➔ better knowledge of hygiene=magazine published .

➔ improved services for mothers .

➔ since 1950s mass immunisations against child diseases .

3.CHILDREN BECOME AN ECONOMICAL LIABILITY

➔ Until 19th century =children were economical assets .They were

sent to work from early ages for extra income .

➔ late 19th century=children are becoming economical liability

.THROUGH:

➔ LAWS =banning child labour ,compulsory schooling which causes

= children to depend on their parents for longer now .

➔ CHANGING NORMS= children start to have the right to expect

from their parent in material terms =cost of bringing up children

=RAISED SIGNIFICANTLY .

4.CHILD CENTREDNESS:

➔Parents having less children and focuses

more on the ones they have .

➔children are more protected and valued .

➔A shift from quantity to quality .

5. DECREASE IN IMMIGRATION

➔ This is a factor for birth rates and fertility rate as

mothers outside UK have higher rate of fertility than

in UK .Babies who are to mothers who are from

outside UK made up the 22% of babies born in UK

in 2005 .

➔ OVERALL: All of these show that birth rates,fertility

rates and family sizes have fallen over the last

century but there has been slight increase in 2001.

EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FERTILITY

Changes in number of babies being born affect several aspects these

include :1. Family =smaller families mean that women is likely to be free to go out to work.But better off

couples could have several children and could still afford childcare and still could work full time.

2. The dependency ratio= is the relationship between the size of working of the population and the

size on non working part of the population .The earning ,saving and taxes of the working

population must support the dependent population (don’t work).Children make up large part of

the dependent population as they don’t work so decrease in birth rates decreases dependency

ratio. But if this decrease in birth rates go for long this would cause huge decrease in people

working as there would not be people who are educated and ready to work .This would lead to

an increase in dependency ration again .

3. Public service and policies = If birth rates decrease new policies may be passed e.g. fewer

schools would be built or the number of students in each class would be decreased .Moreover

the types of houses that are built may change e.g if birth rates decrease smaller houses would

be made more .

DEATHS Death rate : Is the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.

FLUCTUATIONS ON DEATH RATES :

OVERVIEW :

➔one fluctuation was The Two World Wars.

➔ Influenza epidemic of 1918.

➔But death rates have been fallen since 1900

BUT WHY WAS THERE A DECREASE IN

DEATH RATES?

➔ 1. According to N.L. Tranter =over ¾ of the decline in death rates

since 1850-1970 was due to fall in number of deaths from

infectious diseases such as measles and small box.These caused

most of infants and younger children to die .

GENERAL IDEA =

➔ 1950=emergency of ‘diseases for the affluence (wealth) such as

heart diseases and cancers replaced infectious diseases and this

diseases affected the middle ages mostly .

SOCIAL FACTORS:

Thomas McKeown argues that the improved

nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction

in death rates and was important in reducing

deaths from TB (a diseases).Better nutrition

increased resistance to infections and

increased survival chances to those who were

infected .

MEDICAL IMPROVEMENTS

- After 1950s improved medical knowledge,techniques

and organisations did help reduce death rates .

- By-pass surgery -reduced death rates from heart

disease by ⅓

- Introduction of Antibiotics,blood transfusion ,higher

standards of midwifery,maternity services and setting

up of National health services in 1949.

Environmental Improvements

- Improvements in housing less overcrowded

accommodations.Purer drinking water and improved sewage

disposal methods .

- clean air acts reduced pollution.

Other social changes:

- more decline in dangerous manual occupations like mining .

- smaller families = reduced the rate of transmission of

infection .

- greater public knowledge of the causes of illness

- higher incomes=healthier lifestyle .

LIFE EXPECTANCY

- refers to how long on average a person born

in a given year can expect to live .

- As death rates fall= life expectancy

increases.So there has been increase in life

expectancy of UK.

- In 1900 life expectancy was low because

15% of infants died before they were 1 years

old .

WOMEN LIVE LONGER THAN MEN

- But this has changes due to changes in

employments and lifestyle .Such as women

work and smoke too like men .

CAUSES OF AGEING POPULATION :

- increasing life expectancy =living longer

- declining infant mortality = hardly anyone

dies early in life

- declining fertility =less children are being

borned so old people make most of the

population .

EFFECTS OF AGEING POPULATION

- one person pensioners households= people living alone

has increased .They make 14% of the households .

- Most of these are females=because women live longer

so when their husbands die they live alone.

- the dependency ratio=as the amount of people who

retired increase the dependency ratio increase and the

the burden on working class .

- But some old people stop working at the age of 50 so it

varies whereas some need to wait till 65 to be entitled

for pensions .

AGEING CAUSING PROBLEMS

- society facing problems on meeting the

escalating cost of health and social care of

the growing numbers of old people

- concerns about how to pay the pensions of

the elderly .

SOCIOLOGIST VIEWS

DONALD HIRSCH:argues that social policies

and trends needs to be changed to tackle the

new problems caused by ageing population

.The main problem is how to finance a longer

period of old age .This could either be by

paying more taxes from our savings while

working or by continuing to work longer .or both

of these solutions together.

MIGRATION I would be missing some

parts of migration topic.

key words

Emigration=moving into an area or society

Immigration= moving in .

Net migration= differences between the number

immigrating and the numbers emigrating .This

is expressed as a net increase or net decrease

to migration .

If you can’t memorise these just

remember them as

EMIGRATION = E FOR EXIST

IMMIGRATION= I FOR IN

UK POPULATION

- For most of the 20th century UK’s population was

the result of natural increase(more births than

deaths ) rather than more people emigrating and

immigrating .

- People in UK moved out and less people

immigrated .

- world war has caused a lot of people moving into

Britain this has caused ethnically diverse society.

⇒ MIGRATION EFFECTS → dependency ratio

- migrants are mostly at the work work age this

causes decrease the dependency ratio.But due to

women immigrants having higher fertility rate they

tend to have more children and cause the

dependency ratio to increase as more children are

born that cannot work but ones these children grow

up and get job the dependency ratio decreases as

they can work woman immigrants having children

also increases the average age of population .

TOPIC 5 CHANGING FAMILY PATTERNS

lone parent families :-Make up 24% of families

-90% of lone parents are women

-This increase in lone parent families is due to increases in divorce rates and people who have not been

married having children .

Why mums:

-The expressive role ides influence

- Courts generally give the child custody to mums

-JEAN RENVOIZE found that professional women were able to support their children without fathers

involvement.

NEW RIGHT VIEW =MURRAY ARGUES THAT :

- there is a increase in lone parent families because of the state being over generous to them through

benefits which new right believes causes dependency ratio to increase .

- they believe that giving benefits to them causes perverse incentive= meaning that the state are reward

them for being irresponsible .

- Murray argues that the solution to this is stopping these benefits which would stop this dependency .

- NEW RIGHT were criticised as most lone parents leaders are women and they earn less than men so

they need these benefits and most are unemployed due to child care .

NEW RIGHT VIEW ON LONE

PARENT FAMILIES :

NEW RIGHT VIEW =MURRAY ARGUES THAT :

- there is a increase in lone parent families because of the state being over

generous to them through benefits which new right believes causes

dependency ratio to increase .

- they believe that giving benefits to them causes perverse incentive=

meaning that the state are reward them for being irresponsible .

- Murray argues that the solution to this is stopping these benefits which

would stop this dependency .

- NEW RIGHT were criticised as most lone parents leaders are women and

they earn less than men so they need these benefits and most are

unemployed due to child care .

SOCIAL POLICIES Topic social policies:

Functionalist:

--> they argue that these policies help family to function more effectively.

--> But for feminists not all members benefit only men and benefit cuts do nOt benefit the poor.

New right :

--> social policies can encourage a dependency culture which undermines the traditional nuclear family .

--> they believe that social policies causes nuclear family to lose its fUnction.

--> against the policy of giving house for unmarried couples.

SOCIAL POLICIES :

Feminist :Social policies helps to maintain subordination and reinforce patriarchal ideals .

● This could be proved through the laws such as child benefits which are given to the mum because it Is

assumed that women do not work and depend on the men or the state benefits .

● The policies meet the needs of men

● Feminist hilary land that social policies assume that the ideal family is nuclear family .edmund leah

calls this type of family as cereal packet norm .

● Diana leonard argues that some policies seem as beneficial but they are actually enforcing patriarchal

.E.g maternity leave which is designed for women show how children care should be take by the mum

only rather than men.

● But feminists are criticised as not all policies are patriarchal e.g equal pay act and sex discrimination

act helps women who are refugee or divorced or who are a victim of domestic violence .

SOCIAL POLICIES

New labour :

--> social policies could improve the lives of family members .

--> they believe that some reforms benefit the family not all.

● They favour nuclear families

● They think that marriage is important .

General idea :

->Eileen drew : concept of gender regimes to show how different countries have different policies which may encourage or discourage equality .

-->the two types were :

Traditional familistic gender regime = instrumental and expressive roles. E.g in greece there are no nurseries or child care centres . E.g courts favouring

mother in divorce cases regarding custody of their children.

-->Individualising gender regime = both couples need to be the equal.e.g equal pay act and sex discrimination act .

Marxism :

● Policies benefit the ruling class while suppressing working class

● They disagree with functionalist view that policies benefit the family .

● The working class struggled to get these act and it is really easy to take them away from them .

Donzelot :

● Teachers , doctors and social workers enforce social policies and he calls them police because they control us .

● Social workers tend to got to inspect lower classed people whicH they label as problem families .

● He disagrees with march of progress view .

● One strength : shows the importance of professionals knowledge as a form of power and control.

● Weakness : does not show the benefits of social policies .

Education : meritocratic:means

those who do well are reward and

those who do not do well are not .so

education is not ascribed

Functionalist :

- education is one of the many social institutions that help society to function

properly as education contributes to the economy.

- Functionalists believe that education brings people together and provides a

sense of solidarity and consensus.

- establishes certain skills needed for the future in the workplace and has a

positive impact on society.

However, Marxists and Feminists criticise this by saying education doesn’t bring

people together yet causes a divide due to unfairness of social class and society

being patriarchal.

They also say that the Functionalist view ignores the negative impacts that

education has on society and only focuses on the positives.

New right:.They argue that some people are naturally talented than others .functionalist

favour an education system with meritocratic principles (ability + talent) and

education should socialise children towards national pride.

- The current education system is failing because it is run by state .

- parents employers and students have no say in education system .

SOLUTION IS: more school diversity = would allow parents to have a variety of

choice and gives them as consumers more power

so the more school mean parents do not have to send their children to the nly

nearest school and this would cause competition between school so more effort will

be made by schools to make their education good .

new right

ROLE OF STATE IS:

- state creates league tables from ofsted

- reports and exam results

- national curriculum (science maths english

compulsory) = causes culture between students .

MARXISM Louis Althusser (a Marxist) (1971) argued that the main role of education in a capitalist society :

- the reproduction of an efficient and obedient workforce. This is achieved through schools.

. Marxists see the educational system as a mechanism for maintaining class inequalities, for example the

reproduction of the capitalist system.

The capitalist system is one whereby the rich (the bourgeoisie) stay rich and the poor (the proletariat) stay

poor.

they argue that education system is to reproduce and justify the existing class structure

Marxists do not believe in meritocracy, this is where the educational system gives equal opportunities to

everyone despite their background. They believe that education is designed to help and benefit the

bourgeoisie. They believe that schools and teachers reject working class pupils and so the working class

Bowles and Gintis were two Marxists who did not agree with

meritocracy. They believed that your social class determined how you

would end up in life

Bowles and Gintis were two Marxists who did

not agree with meritocracy. They believed that

your social class determined how you would

end up in life

CHUBB AND MOE :

VOUCHER SYSTEM :

They argue that ‘marketisation of schools’ is what will make education better

.because increasing school =compete=raising education standards to attract

consumers .

chubb and moe argue that greater consumer causes better standards of education

because parents are in control of their children education .

THIS IDEAS WOULD BENEFIT PEOPLE FROM DEPRIVED PLACES BUT RICH

PEOPLE WOULD NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE ALREADY GOT THE HIGHEST

EDUCATION SYSTEM.

Durkheim :

education system help to create

social solidarity by transmitting the

norms and values of society . Norms

and value met eg they read the

national song .

parson:

argued that education is the bridge between

family and wider society.He sees family as

pluralist standards due to them having

ascribed e.g the bigger child is given more

rights.

but school is universalist because they are

judged with impersonal standards .

PARSON- parson also argues that school prepares us

to wider society through meritocratic

principles = equality achieved through own

ability and effort .parson also argues that

schools have a second function of helping

children to select their future work that they

are best suited to .

- Parson argued that education is the bridge

between family and wider society.

DAVIS AND MOORE Davis and Moore argued that education does select a

role allocation .school acts as a ‘miniature’=prepares

us for wider society interaction .

They also argued that inequalities are necessary in

education so that the most important jobs are filled

with the most talented people and not all people are

talented so there should be rewards for people who

are the talented ones and thats why this encourages

people to compete and select the most talented one .

THE MYTH OF CULTURAL

DEPRIVATION :

- NEIL KEDDIE Argued that a child cannot be

deprived from its own culture and argues

that WC children are just culturally different

not culturally deprived .She also argues that

they are failing because the education is MC

dominated through mostly MC values.

- culturally deprived=they put less amount of

emphasis on education .

douglas

Childrens fail in education because WC parents

are less likely to do anything intellectual that

would prepare children to school .

Language

Carl bereiter and siegfried engel mann : they

argued that language used by WC is defitiant

.they describe working class families as using

gestures,single words and disjoint senetences .

Thats why children fail

basel bernstein

Restricted code : used by workig class . Short

limited , simple sentences used . They uses

CONTENT-BOUND = everyone knows what

you are talking about .

Elaborated code : MC use it . They use wider

vocabulary and they are CONTENTS FREE=

they dont assume eclveryone knows what they

are talking about .

Elaborated code is important :

- used by middle class people so when MC

children start school they use elaborated code

and have no diffuculty unlike W/C STUDENTS .

- used by teachers , textbooks and exams and

thats why bernstein argues this skill is needed

for education . He argues that WC are culturally

deprived because schools fail to teach them the

elobrated code .

Douglas

wc people put less value on education and

gives less encouragement to them and visits

schools less and are less likely to discuss their

children's progress with teachers which causes

lack of motivation.

Cultural. Deprivation theorists

They argue that WCs lack of parental interest in

their children's education reflects the

subcultural values of of the WC .

SUBCULTURE. : a group whose values differ

from mainstream culture.

They argue that WC have different goals beliefs

attitudes from rest of the society and thats why

children fail in school .

Feinstein

Middle class children succeed because they

are given the nessasry support, motivation and

displine .

Sugarman 4 mains to education barriers

Fatalism : accepts accepts what happens and does

not challenge it .

Collectivism : being. Part of a group than a individual

success

Immediate gratification : wants to rewarded straight

away rather than rewarded more in future .

Present time orientation : present time is more

important .

Cultural capital bordie

Means knowledge, values , language and

abilities of middle class.

Bordie argued that cultural and material

deprivation are equally affecting child education

.like bernstein he agrees that Mc children are

more advantge because school transmits MC

culture .

GEWIRTZ types of families when

choosing schools

privileged skilled choosers: professional

middle.class parent who know all about the

system e.g looks at ofsted reports .

Disconnected local chooser: WC who have lack

of cultural and economical capital so they

choose local schools .

Semi skilled : Mainly WC . They want to send to

best school but lack fron cultural capital

BARRY TROYNA AND JENNY

WILLIAMS

- they argue that it is not the child's language

it is the school’s attitude.the teachers have

speech hierarchy where MC language is the

highest.

BLACKSTONE AND MORTIMORE

They reject the view that WC parents are not

interested in their children's education .They

argue that WC parents attend less parent

evening because they work longer or are put off

by middle class schools atmosphere not

because they are not interested .

STATISTICS ON MATERIAL

DEPRIVATION

In 2006 33% of children who

received free school meal got 5 or

more GCSE (a evidence of child

poverty) .But 61% who had not

received this help got 5 or more

GCSE.

JANE FLAHERTY

Argued that money problems in family is a

factor to childrens non attendance to school.

one other statistics is that 90% of failing

schools are in deprived areas .

HOUSING -Poor housing could affect children's achievement e.g for example

overcrowding could make it hard for the child to study and this could be

due to sharing rooms or no extra room to do homeworks.

-for little children lack of space causes unsafe environments to do

activities at home .

-more over living in temporary houses causes frequent changes in

schools and disturbed their education.

-temporary and crowded housing can cause illness and greater risk of

accidents which causes absence and failure in education as they miss

out on work.

DIET AND HEALTH

-Marilyn howard argued that younger people

from poorer areas are lacking from energy

intakes like vitamins and minerals .poor

nutrition affects health e.g.weakening immune

system and decrease their energy levels and

causes absence or lack of concentration in

school.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND COST OF EDUCATION

Lack of support means children from poorer

areas are missing out on experience that helps

their education .DAVID BULL refers to this as

the ‘cost of free schooling’

EMILY TANER ET AL : found that the cost of

transport,uniforms,books,computers,calculators

and sports,musics and art equipments place a

heavy burden on poor families

lack of funds = children work

RIDGE found that children in poverty tend to do

baby sitting,cleaning and paper rounds and

this often has a negative impact on their school

work.and this explains why WC children tend to

leave school at 16 and few got to university.

OVERALL JUDGMENT

Material deprivation is more important:

PETER MORTIMORE AND GEOFF WHITTY

argues that material inequalities have a greater

effect on achievement than school factors and

for this reason PETER ROBINSON ARGUED

:That tackling child poverty would be the most

effective way to boost achievement.

Internal factors

Refers to factors within school and the

education system including:

Labelling

Self fulling prophecy

Marketisation and section policies

Pupil sub cultures .

Children are put top sets

High statues knowledge is more

abstract,theoretical and complicated.

Low statues knowledge : common sense and

the ones that relate their knowledge to

everyday life .

Interactionist

They look at small scale of studies e.g.

Interviews .

They are interested in how people are labelled

and effects of those who are being labelled

.They focus on the meaning out of the research

Labelling

Howard becker : 60 chicago high school

teachers were assessed and becker found that

they judged pupils according to how close they

are to ideal student . Appearance and work are

also considered in. Judgment .MC students are

the closest to ideal student whereas Wc are

furthest away due to bad behaviour .

labelling

- Cicourel and kitsuse studied education

councillors and found that :

- they judged and choose the students

through social class and race .

- when students who had similar grades they

tend to choose middle class students

because they have more potential to

succeed .

labelling Ray riste : found that labelling was consistent

throughout the education system. he found that

teacher labelled students in primary school .the

teacher had two groups:

tigers=fast learners=middle class=close to

teachers table = great encouragement

cardinals+clowns= working class =furthest

away =low level book given= groups work

labelling

Gillborn and youdell

that by having sets in schools are not allowing

those who are in low groups to have access to

high status knowledge . Which increase the

gap they labelled them according to their ability

to get 5A*-C GCSE .

NELL KEDDIE

children are labelled through what they are

taught :

low status knowledge:named it as C stream

pupils = working class =everyday knowledge

high status knowledge = named it as A

STREAM =middle class =abstract and

theoretical.

The self-fulfilling prophecy:

is a prediction that comes true simply because

it is been made to come true .

How Self-fulfilling prophecy WORKS

step 1: the teacher labels the child (too clever) and makes predictions (he will

get A)

step 2:the teacher acts according to this e.g. by giving extra hard work to push

him and gives more attention.

step 3: the people internalises (takes it in) the teachers expectation and it

becomes part of self-image and causes confidence in the child to work harder

and the prediction is fulfilled .

APPLY THE LABELLING:

negative labelling =you will fail= teacher shows lack of attention =child

believes=subculture=FAIL= prediction fulfilled.

positive labelling = intelligent girl = teacher gives attention and harder work =

child internalises it = confident child= harder work= success= prediction fulfilled.

JACOBSON AND ROSENTHAL:FULFILLING

PROPHECY

-They went to a school and did a IQ test

-they choose random students who did the IQ

test and labelled them as CLEVER

-they told the school and teacher believed it

-results that 47% made significant progress

ones they were labelled as clever by their

teachers.

STREAMING AND THE SELF-

FULFILLING PROPHECY

STREAMING:separating children into different

groups regard to their ability and self fulfilling

prophecy can be cause after streaming .

BECKER showed that working class students

are not seen as ideal students and that they

lack from ability so they are likely to put into

lower streams .

DOUGLAS

CHILDREN WHO WERE PUT IN

LOWER STREAMS AT THE AGE OF 8

WERE LOW IN IQ TEST AT THE AGE

OF 11.

STREAMING and SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY

BENEFITS

Middle class benefit from streaming because

they teachers sees them as ideal student and

they gain confidence and work harder and

succeeds .

PUPIL SUBCULTURES

this is the name given to a group of students

who have similar values and behaviour patterns

and this subcultures emerge according to the

labelling they get and due to their reaction to

the streaming in the education system.

LACEYS ARGUED : streaming=differentiation

differentiation means when teachers are

categorising pupils according to their ability and

behaviour .

streaming is a form of this

polarisation : is when students react to the

opposite of their streaming.

the pro-school subculture

PRO-SCHOOL : pupils placed in higher

streams (middle class) tend to be suitable to

the schools values and they forms status

through academic success .

anti-school subculture:LACEY FOUND

That children placed in low streams ( working

class) suffer from low self esteem because the

school has undermined this by placing them to

lower streams and feel they have inferior

status.

this label failure=search for alternatives ways to

gain statues=breaking school values which

leads =self fulfilling prophecy

ball found that

if abolishing banding is used (type of

streaming) where everyone is taught together

subcultures are removed and anti-school

attitude is declined and that the students got

better exam results which shows self fulfilling

prophecy and shows that how teacher labeling

is enough to cause anti-school subculture .

limitations of labelling

it makes it seem like there is DETERMINISM which means

that it assumes that children who are labelled cannot

achieve.

marry fullers study shows that not all students do bad when

labelled as she studied how black girls in year 11 did well

in their exams after being labelled negatively .

marxist criticism: that labelling is not just the teacher fault

but the system they work in too.

MARKETISATION AND SELECTION

POLICIES

GILLBORN AND YOUDELL :A-TO-C

ECONOMY.

this is when the school spends time effort and

resources on students who are able to get 5A*-

C to boost their league table position .

they call this process = educational triage

triage=sorting

youdell and gilborn use (educational triage: ) =analogy of a cave

=education system

WALKING WOUNDED =

COULD BE IGNORED

BECAUSE THEY WOULD

DEFINITELY SURVIVE

=STUDENTS WHO WOULD

DEFINITELY GET 5A*-C

THOSE WITH THE

CHANCE TO SURVIVE=

STUDENT WHO HAVE

THE POTENTIAL TO GET

5A*-C

THOSE WHO

WOULD DIE

ANYWAY =

HOPELESS AND

HAVE NO CHANCE

OF GETTING 5A*-C

COMPETITION AND SELECTION

MARKETISATION:explains why schools are

under pressure to select more able and largely

middle class students .

because they help to gain good league table

results and make their school more popular and

more middle class students attracted to

maintain this success .

THIS pressure increases social segregation because marketisation leads to :

popular schools to:

cream-skimming= selecting higher ability

pupils= who costs less to teach

silt-shifting= off loading pupils =with learning

difficulties= expensive to teach= get poor

results=NO.

ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN

ACHIEVEMENT :

ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN ACHIEVEMENT COULD BE EXPLAINED THROUGH :

- CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

- MATERIAL DEPRIVATION AND CLASS

- RACISM IN WIDER SOCIETY

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

INTELLECTUAL AND LINGUISTIC SKILLS

:Is one of the reasons why children of W/C

and ethnic groups underachieve .

SOCIOLOGIST LINKED THIS TO:

BEREITER AND ENGELMANN: language

spoken by black families with low is not enough

for for educational success of their child

.BOWKER also agrees with this and says that

lack of standard english is a barrier to to

progress in education and wider society

CHILDREN WHOSE PARENTS LACK

FROM ENGLISH

SWAN REPORT SHOWED THAT PARENTS NOT

HAVING ENGLISH AND NOT SPEAKING

ENGLISH AT HOME IS NOT THE MAIN REASON

TO WHY MINORITY CHILDREN

UNDERACHIEVE .

GILLBORN AND MIRZA FOUND THAT INDIAN

CHILDREN DO REALLY WELL DESPITE THEIR

PARENTS NOT SPEAKING ENGLISH AT HOME

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

THEORIEST ARGUE :

- Children fail to be socialised because of

dysfunctional family structure .

- Moynihan argued that many black families

are headed by lone mothers = children are

deprived of enough care=financial struggle

+child role model of dad not there = the child

himself forms this type of family and fail in

school in future

NEW RIGHT:MURRAY

HIGH RATES OF LONE PARENT

FAMILIES+LACK OF POSITIVE MALE ROLE

MODEL =UNDERACHIEVEMENT OF

CHILDREN MINORITIES

scruton argues that : ethnic minorities are

failing because they are failing to embrace

mainstream British culture .

ASIAN FAMILIES

DRIVER AND BALLARD