AS Revision

Each day different questions…..Click on the photo and name them to see

the answers!!!

Advent Calendar29th

April3oth April

1st

May2nd

May3rd

May4th

May

5th

May6th

May7th

May8th

May9th

May10th

May

11th

May12th

May13th

May14th

May15th

May16th

May

17th

May18th

May19th May

20th

May21st

May22nd

May

29th AprilBefore anything else, preparation is the key to success.

Alexander Graham BellAnatomyDescribe how the blood travels through the heart in the following stages of the cardiac cycle 1) Diastole, 2) Atrial Systole 3) Ventricular Systole (Marks3)

SkillThe classification of skills can help us to understand and learn new movement skills. Using a practical example for each, describe what is meant by a simple skill and a complex skill. (4 marks)

Socio CulturalOutline the origins of Australian Rules football and factors that have helped to develop the game in Australia.(5 marks)

30th AprilOur greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most

certain way to succeed is always to try just one more time.

Thomas A. EdisonAnatomyGive two effects of carbon monoxide on the transport of oxygen in the blood.

• SkillWhat are the characteristics of abilities? And using practical examples, what isA gross motor ability and psychomotor ability? (4 Marks)

• Socio CulturalModern technological products are a key feature of contemporary sport. Outline the advantages and disadvantages on performance in sport of using modern technology. Use examples of specific technology to support each of your points. (4 marks)

1st MayWhat you do today can improve all your

tomorrows.Ralph Marston

• AnatomyDescribe atherosclerosis (3marks)

• SkillExplain two factors which influence the selection of most appropriate and effective practice methods to

improve the performance of movement skills (2marks)

• Socio CulturalDescribe the traditional amateur approach to sport in the UK.Suggest reasons why this traditional amateur approach is being replaced by a moreprofessional approach in contemporary sport (5marks)

2nd MayAchievement seems to be connected with action. Successful men and women keep moving. They make mistakes, but they

don't quit. Conrad Hilton

• Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

Describe the mechanisms of venous return that ensure enough blood is returned to the heart during the training run 4 MARKS

The long term memory is almost limitless in its capacity and information can be retained in there for many years. Describe four strategies that could help a performer retain information in the long term memory. 4 MARKS

How can both funding and the media help to develop sporting excellence in the UK? 6 MARKS

3rd May“The winners in life think constantly in terms of I can, I will,

and I am”Waitely. D

• Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood during aerobic performance Marks 2

Identify and explain three factors that can influence a performer's reaction timeMarks 3

What are the characteristics of physical recreationMarks 3

4th MayThe difference between the impossible and the

possible lies in a person’s determination” Lasorda, T• Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

During sub maximal exercise (aerobic) the predominant muscle fibre type would be slow oxidative (type I). Give one structural and one functional characteristic of this fibre type Marks 2

Explain why selective attention is important to the short term memory Marks 2

Name each stage of the performance pyramidMarks 4

5th MayFor every finish-line tape a runner there are the hours of hard

and often lonely work that rarely gets talked about. Grete Waitz

Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

How will a cool down aid the vascular system Marks 2

Give three characteristics of the short term memoryMarks 3

What are the positive effects of fair play on sport or a sporting situationMarks 4

6th MayMy main focus is on my game.

Woods. T• Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

A cool down has a number of effects on the vascular system which aid the performer. One effect is the prevention of blood pooling. Identify two other effects. Marks 2

Why is variability of practice important to schema theory?

Marks 1

What is meant by the terms physical prowess and physical endeavour Marks 2

7th MayMost of us who aspire to be tops in our fields don't really

consider the amount of work required to stay tops.Althea Gibson

Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

Identify the name and blood pressure value for an adult at rest in both phases of the cardiac cycle.Marks 4

Identify the three different types of reinforcement used in acquiring movement skills.Marks 3

Describe the nature of sport in the USA.Marks 5

8th MayFor every pass I caught in a game, I caught a thousand

in practice. Don Hutson

Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

Why do the changes in pressure at altitude reduce performance Marks 4

Drive reduction is one method that can be used to motivate a performer in Physical Education and Sport. Use a practical example to explain Drive Reduction Theory. Marks 4

How do National Governing Bodies support performers at the top of the performance pyramid?Marks 5

9th May"Think little goals and expect little achievements. Think big

goals and win big success." David Joseph Schwartz

Socio Cultural

Identify 4 roles of a National Governing BodyMarks 4

Anatomy

Explain how oxygen is transported in the blood to the working muscle tissuesMarks 2Skill

Use the example of a gymnast performing a handstand to explain closed loop control Marks 4

10th May"By working hard, you get to play hard guilt-free"

Rohn, J.

Socio CulturalExplain how education, physical recreation and sport can all exist within a school PE programme Marks 3

Anatomy

Explain the conduction system of the heart Marks 3

Skill

Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain recall and recognition schema Marks 4

11th May“Hard work brings prosperity, playing around brings poverty”

The Bible

Socio CulturalWhat can young people gain as a result of a positive Outdoor Education experienceMarks 4

Anatomy

Identify two mechanisms that aid venous return during exercise Marks 2

Skill

Use a practical example to explain the stages of the psychological refractory period Marks 5

12th MayGuidanceYou need to be able to.........Describe the different types of guidanceEvaluate critically the types of guidance 4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember V_________________ V_________________ M________________ M_________________ They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the first phase. Performances are often _ _ _ _ _ and uncoordinated. They need to have _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance, for example a

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a _ _ _ _ _ _ image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance. This cannot be too much or it will

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the performer. VERBALJERKY OVERLOAD VISUAL COGNITIVECORRECT DEMONSTRATION

’pain is temporary. quitting lasts forever’’Lance Armstrong........Nb – 2013 – maybe Drugs helped???? 

13th May“Follow your dreams and enjoy the ride!”

Father of Davis Love III

Socio CulturalDefine sports sponsorship and identify possible negative effects of sponsorship to sports performersMarks 4

Anatomy

Why would endurance performance decrease when performing at altitude Marks 2Skill

Explain the term motor programmeMarks 3

14th May“Defeat is not the worst of failures. Not to have tried is the true failure.”

George Edward Woodberry

Socio CulturalIdentify two roles of the mediaMarks 2

Anatomy

How would a warm up benefit the strength of muscle contractions when performing the strengthening exerciseMarks 3Skill

Explain proactive and retroactive transfer and give an example of eachMarks 4

15th MaySuccess is how high you bounce when you hit bottom.

George S. Patton

Socio CulturalDiscuss both the positive and negative effects of the media on sportMarks 4

Anatomy

Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood during aerobic performanceMarks 2SkillUse an example from Physical Education or sport to explain how a performer learns by operant conditioning Marks 4

16th May"I've never known anybody to achieve anything without

overcoming adversity." ---Lou Holtz

Socio CulturalDescribe public, private and voluntary funding of sportMarks 3

Anatomy

Identify 2 structures of the hip joint and describe their role during physical performanceMarks 4Skill

What strategies are used to ensure that information can be stored and easily retrieved from the long term memoryMarks 3

17th MaySuccess isn't something that just happens - success is learned, success is

practiced and then it is shared.-- Sparky Anderson

Socio CulturalWhat is meant by the term American Dream?Marks 1

Anatomy Describe how cardiac output is increased during endurance activitiesMarks 4

SkillUse a practical example to illustrate Thorndike's Laws of Learning and how each law can be applied to Physical Education or sport. 1) Law of Effect 2) Law of exercise 3) Law of readiness Marks 6

18th MayThe Six W's: Work will win when wishing won't.

-- Todd Blackledge

Socio CulturalWhy might performer take drugs in sportMarks 5

Anatomy

Explain how gas exchange is increased at the lungs to ensure that a greater amount of oxygen is diffused into the blood during exerciseMarks 4Skill

Negative transfer can adversely affect the learning of movement skills. Give three ways in which negative transfer a can be avoidedMarks 3

19th MayThe difference between failure and success is doing a thing nearly right and doing

it exactly right.-- Edward C. Simmons

Socio CulturalWhat are some of the possible causes of crowd violence at sporting eventsMarks 3

AnatomyDuring the training run blood needs to be diverted away from non-essential organs to the working muscles. Explain how the vasomotor centre controls this distribution.Marks 3Skill

Explain what is meant by an open skill and a closed skill Marks 4

20th May“Striving for success without hard work is like trying to harvest where you haven’t planted.”

~ David BlyDescribe the characteristics of coronary heart disease.Explain how the lifelong involvement in an active healthy lifestyle can help prevent coronary heart disease. [10]

21st May

“You may never know what results come of your action, but if you do nothing there will be no

result.” ~ Mahatma Gandhi

Violence by spectators and players is a contemporary sporting issue.

Discuss violence in sport with reference to both causes and solutions.

10 marks in total

22nd May

All the quotes, all the work, all the effort – its done now; stay cool, think straight and the best

of luck! Matt Watson• Using practical examples, explain the process

of observational learning when it is used for acquiring movement skills and

• learning to follow an active and healthy lifestyle. Refer to Bandura’s model in your answer.

• 10 marks

29th April – Johnny Wilkinson AnatomyDiastole1. The atria/ventricles/heart is relaxed2. Semi Lunar valves are closed3. Blood flows into right and left atrium4. Via pulmonary vein and vena cava5. Pressure rises and forces blood into ventriclesAtrial systole6. The atria contract forcing the blood into the ventricles7. Through AV valves/bicuspid/tricuspidVentricular systole8. The ventricles contract9. Bicuspid and tricuspid valves prevent backflow of blood10. Blood is forced through pulmonary artery and Aorta11. Semi-lunar valves forced open

Skill(simple skill)One or few stimuli to process / limited information to process/one or few decisions to make / skill with few subroutines / limited decision making(e.g. simple)Swimming / running / sprinting / sprint start / (complex skill)Many stimuli to process / lots of information to process / many decisions to make / more feedback / skill with more or many subroutines (e.g. complex) Batting or bowling in cricket / basketball dribble / tennis serve / hitting a ball / gymnastics routine / somersault / high jump / triple jump / golf swing

Socio Cultural1850s / ‘150’ years ago / in Melbourne / in VictoriaSet up or organised or invented by Tom Wills... as winter training game for cricketers(probably) the combination of aboriginal (leaping) game and Rugby (union)(some argue) the combination of Gaelic football and Rugby (union)

Socio CulturalA (successful) media product / good for TV / media interest / media exposure impact of commercialism or sponsorship /links with ‘golden triangle’ Taught or played in schools / interschool games There are (effective) pathway programmes to elite levelGame appeals to all / game can be played by men and women / game can be played by all body typesAustralia keen to have ‘own’ game / (display of) bush culture or manliness / Some players have changed from other games or codes Opportunities for players to gain financial rewards or celebrity statusAvailability of space / access to cricket pitches in winter / young population or nation favourable climate / sporting obsession / government funding for sport

30th April – Katherine Grainger AnatomyLess efficient gas exchange or diffusion / decreased (oxygen) diffusion or concentration gradientHaemoglobin or Hb has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide (than O2..) / ...less oxygen combines with haemoglobin / haemoglobin not fully saturated with oxygen /less oxyhaemoglobinThe partial pressure of oxygen (PPO2) in the blood decreasesLess oxygen is carried or transported (in the blood) / less O2 delivered to musclesSkill1 innate / genetic / natural / born with them 2 enduring / stable / underlying / a potential (for different types of movement) 3 specific / can underpin skills or skill learning / the foundations or building blocks or basis of skill(s)Practical example of gross motor abilities 4 speed / power / flexibility / endurance / strength / stamina / flexibility /Practical example of psychomotor abilities 5 decision making / reaction time / hand-eye co-ordination / spatial awareness / co-ordination /aiming / perception / control / precision/ response orientation / rate control / (manual or finger) dexterity / arm-hand steadiness / wrist or finger or arm speed

Socio CulturaladvantagesFairer outcome / fewer disputes / clarification of goals or tries or whether ball in or out e.g. video playback / third or TV umpire / Hawk –Eyeentertainment or interest for crowds e.g. waiting for result from TMO / Hawk –EyeSafety e.g. gum shields / cricket head gear / landing matsComfort e.g. clothing / equipment design such as footwearMore skilful / improved or more efficient or more effective performance / e.g. body suits (athletics / swimming) / graphite or titanium equipment / modern footballs allow better swing or curve Better understanding of rules e.g. refs or umpires being ‘miked up’ for all to hearAnalysis e.g. use of video or other playback equipment To enhance training e.g. tyre towing / elastic cord / diet / supplementsTo aid recovery / recover from injury e.g. medical products such as artificial ligament and/or joint replacement Inclusion or participation e.g. carbon fibre blades/artificial legs/wheelchairs / surfaces that allow play throughout the yearPurity of sport enhanced e.g. use of drug testing equipment or methodsDisadvantagesCheating e.g. drugs in sportDisruption to ‘game’ e.g. time taken for video playbackInjury e.g. from bladed bootsUnfair advantage / expensive / dependent on sponsor e.g. F1 technology Technology not equally available / not everyone has the item e.g. high tech bikes to more wealthy v less wealthy countries Loss of traditional ethic or nature of sport / win at all costs rather than participation for enjoyment e.g. use of high tech equipment at junior or local level

1st May – David BeckhamAnatomycholesterol or fatty deposits or fat or lipids build up on the arterial walls

(fatty) plaque forms in the arterial walls (of the heart) / atheroma forms narrowing of (the lumen in) the (coronary) arteries / restricted flow of blood or oxygen to heart muscle increased likelihood of blood clots Leading to high blood pressure / hypertension / heart attack / myocardial infarction / angina / arteriosclerosis

Skillclassification or type of skill /the nature of the task the ability or skill level or level of performance or maturation or age or fitness of performer / stage or phase of learning (cognitive, associative, autonomous) (level of) motivation of performer availability of resources the situation or context in which skill performed /

Socio Culturaltaking part for pleasure or enjoyment or intrinsic rewards / not paid to play ‘for the love of the game’/taking part more important than winning.limited or no training or coachingorganisation or administration (often) unreliable or inconsistent /sport or NGBs organised or administered by part time or inexperienced enthusiasts (C19th) public schools / (C19th) middle or upper class /‘gentlemen’ (amateurs)linked to how life should be lived (as well as how sport should be played) Reasons replaced by more professional approachbecause a more reliable or effective or serious or consistent system neededincreased seriousness or win ethic or Lombardian ethic / sport has become more competitiveto do well in international competitions or gain medals or increase excellenceto be a realistic contender on world stage / to keep up with other nationsimpact or influence of sponsors or media or golden triangle /sport now ‘big business’ or an industry participation/to increase participation / to increase BAHLs

2nd May – Amy Williams Anatomy1. Skeletal muscle pump - muscles contract to squeeze

blood back to the heart 2. Valves prevent backflow 3. Respiratory pump - changes in pressure around

abdominal cavity squeezes blood back to the heart 4. Blood above the heart will return due to gravity 5. Venoconstriction of veins returning blood back to the

heart

Skill1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition 2. Link information to that alreadystored/relate to past experiences 3. Make information meaningful/relevant 4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting 5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal6. Reward and reinforce success 7. Chunk/group information together 8. Intensify the stimulus 9. Make information unique/unusual Socio Cultural

1. performers can: concentrate on sport / train full time / become professional 2. performers can compete more equally with those from better funded countries 3. provision of or money for high level or specialist facilities or equipment or clothing 4. provision of or money for high level training or coaching 5. fund: UK Sport / UKSI (EIS) / NGBs / H.C. councils / YST / Sports Colleges 6. 6. attracts or provides world class events or competitions 7. scholarships / World Class (Performance) Programme / TASS / gifted and talented 8. raises profile or awareness of sport/s / promotes sport/s 9. positive role models / raises profile or awareness of performers 10. sponsorship / money to sport/s or performer/s 11. influence on : rules or timings or seasons or format or structure of sport12. use of dvds or videos or websites 13. Increases participation / mass participation / build base of performance pyramid / shatter stereotypes / money / to clubs

3rd May – Steven RedgraveAnatomy1. Dissolves in the plasma 2. Combines with

haemoglobin 3. Forms

carbaminohaemoglobin4. Dissolves in water

Skill1. RT deteriorates with age 2. Males have faster RT then females 3. Experience of a skill speeds up RT 4. Anticipation of the stimulus, 5. Warning signals - information given prior to the

stimulus 6. The strength/clarity of the stimulus 7. Expecting a particular response to a stimulus 8. Expecting a stimulus to be presented, 9. PRP - presentation of a second stimulus before a first is

cleared 10. The colder the body the slower the reactions 11. Arms react quicker than legs - length of neural pathway12. Extroverts tend to react quicker than introverts 13. levels of motivation/alertness affect RT, 14. Drugs/Alcohol can affect RT 15. Number of choices affect RT - Hicks Law

Socio Cultural1. Limited skill/fitness2. Limited organisation/no officials3. Flexible rules4. Limited competition5. Enjoyable/Non serious 6. Basic equipment 7. Time decided by participants8. Amateur/Hobby/Choice 9. Space decided by participants

4th May Answers - AP McCoy

Anatomy• Structural - 1. Size - Small• 2. Colour - Red • 3. Capillaries - Many• Function 4. Slow to fatigue• 5. Slow contractile speed• 7. Low force output • 8. High aerobic capacity

Skill• 1. Limited capacity/5-9 items/Up to 30

seconds• 2. Only allows relevant information

through/filters irrelevant information • 3. Brain operates as a single channel

organ/bottleneck occurs when more than one item tries to pass through

• 4. STM initiates movement therefore the quicker the relevant detail enters the STM the quicker the response

Socio Cultural•1. Excellence/elite•2. Performance •3. Participation•4. Foundation

5th May – Mo Farrah1. Flushes out lactic acid/waste products

2. Keeps capillaries dilated/maintains blood flow to muscles

3. Maintains skeletal pump/muscular pump

4. Prevents blood pooling

5. Maintains venous return

6. Maintains stroke volume/cardiac output

7. Maintains blood pressure

8. Gradually decreases heart rate

1. Limited capacity/5-9 items, 2. Up to 30 seconds

3. Initiates movement/working memory/two way process between STSS/STM/LTM

4. Chunking information can extend capacity, 5. Information is encoded/passed onto LTM

1. helps officials2. helps the flow of the game/improves spirit of the game

3. increases enjoyment/goodwill amongst players

4. increases enjoyment amongst crowd/prevents hooliganism

5. raises status of the sport/positive image

6. produces positive role models/reinforces positive behaviour

6th May – Ronnie O SullivanAnatomy1. Maintain stroke volume/cardiac output 2. Gradual decrease in temperature 3. Maintain blood pressure 4. Removal of waste products/carbon

dioxide/lactic acid 5. Keeps capillaries dilated/maintains blood

flow/oxygen to muscles/reduces oxygen debt

6. Maintains skeletal pump/respiratory pump 7. Maintains venous return

SkillDifferent experiences in practice situations will build up/extend the schema/schema will be able to be used in many situations/greater transfer of skillsSocio Cultural

Physical Prowess - Physical skill/expertise/proficiency/fitness

Physical Endeavour - Effort/commitment/determination

7th May – Andy MurrayAnatomy

• Contraction Phase • 1. Systolic 100-130 mmHg

• Relaxation Phase • 2. Diastolic 70 – 90 mmHg

Skill1. Positive (reinforcement) 2. Negative (reinforcement) 3. Punishment.

Socio Cultural1. (American Dream)Sport a vehicle for achieving the American Dream or going from rags to riches or achieving upward social mobility 2. (win ethic) (Driven by) ‘win ethic’ or Lombardian ethic / win at all costs / very competitive / no draws 3. (commercialism) Commercialism / sport is (big) business / sport or performers make money / used to promote or advertise products / performers or sports or teams heavily sponsored or endorsed / performer as commodity or billboards4. Media media (& advertising) fund pro. sport or influence it e.g. influence rules or timings or dictate commercial breaks 5. (golden triangle) Golden triangle / relationship between sport, sponsorship and media / sport linked with sponsorship6. (entertainment) Sport is entertainment or part of entertainment industry / e.g. marching band or ‘pom pom’ girls or cheerleading squads or other suitable example 7. (capitalist) Reflects capitalism or free enterprise or private enterprise 8. (dominates) ‘Big 4’ or professional sport dominates / little mass participation / limited or no system of local sports clubs 9. (school / uni sport) High status of high school or uni sport / high school players local stars / scholarships to universities / university sport feeds professional sport /large crowds at high school or uni ‘games’ 10. (draft) (Importance of the) draft system / (top) college athletes drafted into professional sport.

11. (hero worship) Sport stars as heroes

8th May – Toby FloodAnatomy1. Less oxygen available,2. Partial pressure of oxygen is reduced3. Increased rate of

breathing/hyperventilation, 4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the

partial pressure of oxygen6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated,7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood8. Less oxygen available for the muscles,9. Fatigue sets in quicker

Skill1. Drive to learn a new task 2. Action is taken to satisfy the drive/skill is

practiced 3. Skill is successful/skill is learned/S-R bond

is strengthened 4. Drive is reduced 5. Too much practice/Overlearning leads to

inhibition (lack of drive) 6. New tasks/goals need to be set to re-

motivated Socio Cultural1. select or manage national team / talent ID / select for World Class Programme2. provide funding3. provide sports science information4. high level coaching or training / performance directors / national coach / train high performance coaches or officials / academies5. seek sponsorship or develop commercial links / obtain media coverage / negotiate with media6. give access to high level facilities or equipment.7. Work with UK SPORT or UKSI or HCSCs eg Sp England or sports colleges or high level clubs8. organise or provide or inform about competitions9. provide anti-doping education 10. encourage or support academic education / provide lifestyle or career advice

9th Answers – Jessica Ennis

Anatomy• 1. attached to

haemoglobin• 2. forms

oxyhaemoglobin • 3. dissolved in plasma

Skill• 1. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal

feedback informs performer about position of the body

• 2. Information goes to central control mechanism

• 3. Comparison is made between actual movement and memory trace

• 4. Changes that may be required are initiated by effector mechanism

• 5. Muscular system adjusts the body• 6. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal

feedback occurs again • 7. Level 2 involves sub-conscious control• 8. Level 3 involves conscious control

Socio Cultural1. Encourage participation/develop grassroots, 2. Select national team, 3. Talent identification/select performers for world class programme4. Trains coaches/officials, 5. Controls the finance of their sport/seeks sponsorship, 6. Maintains rules/oversees rule changes 7. Deal with discipline issues, 8. work with other organisations, 9. Organises leagues/cups/competitions10. Obtains media coverage, 11. Gives information/supports clubs, 12. Improves facilities for participation

10th Answers – Andrew Flintoff

Anatomy• 1. attached to

haemoglobin• 2. forms

oxyhaemoglobin • 3. dissolved in plasma

Skill• 1. Information about the

environment - eg, stance needed when serving in tennis

• 2. How hard the pass needs to be - what direction

• 3. Sensory information during or after the movement - eg, overbalancing during a headstand

• 4. Knowledge of results - eg ball landed on the green in golf

Socio Cultural1. Education - theory/things learnt/exams/NC2. Physical recreation - PE run clubs for all/school trips/free time in lessons 3. Sport - inter school fixtures/competitive part of PE

11th Answers – Paul Gascoigne

Anatomy• 1. Valves• 2. Respiratory Pump • 3. Skeletal Muscle Pump• 4. Gravity forces blood

from above the heart

Skill• 1. S1 - First stimulus is identified/detected

(GK sees free kick struck)• 2. R1 - response to first stimulus is initiated

(Keeper moves to his left) • 3. S2 - second stimulus received (Ball

strikes the wall and is deflected)• 4. R2 - Second response is initiated (Keeper

tries to move back right towards the ball)• 5. X - Delay is second response caused by

the bottleneck in the brain/First response is not cleared before second stimulus is receivedSocio Cultural

1. Health/Fitness, 2. Outdoor Education specific skills, 3. Leadership4. Personal well being/increased self esteem/confidence, 5. Decision making/problem solving 6. Team work/co-operation/communication, 7. Preparation for active leisure/career in outdoor education8. Appreciation of the natural environment

12th – Lance Armstrong4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember V__ISUAL V__ERBAL M_ANUAL M_ECHANICAL They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.

COGNITIVE is the first phase. Performances are often JERKY and uncoordinated. They need to have EXTRINSIC feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on VISUAL guidance, for example a DEMONSTRATION which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a CORRECT image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with VERBAL guidance. This cannot be too much or it will OVERLOAD the performer. VERBAL JERKY OVERLOADVISUAL COGNITIVECORRECT DEMONSTRATION

13th Answers – Lewis Hamilton

Anatomy• 1. The partial pressure of oxygen is reduced• 2. Less oxygen available at high altitude• 3. Hyperventilation/ performer breathes faster• 4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs• 5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the partial

pressure of oxygen• 6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated• 7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood• 8. Less oxygen is available for muscles/aerobic

respiration• 9. Fatigue sets in quicker

Skill• 1. Generalised series of movmements/Plan of a skill• 2. Stored in LTM• 3. Made up of sub routines• 4. Hierachy of importance• 5. Initaited by one decision• 6. Programme created through practice• 7. Put into action by effector mechanism• 8. Operate under open/closed loop control• 9. Modified after each attempt

Socio CulturalDescription - The money/other support to individuals/teams/events to gain publicityNegative affects, 1. Money can be withdrawn/limited time, 2. Some sponsorship can give poor image (alcohol, tobacco)3. Sponsors can control/manipulate performer, 4. Performers may be/feel exploited5. Not always available/not available to all, 6. Performers may become reliant on a particular sponsor, 7. Pressure to win/cheating

14th Answers – Shane WarneAnatomy• 1. Increase in muscle temperature• 2. Allows greater stretch/elasticity• 3. Decreases risk of injury/increase in blood

flow/oxygen• 4. Nerve impulse conduction is quicker• 5. Improves co-ordination/increases strength of

contraction• 6. Less resistance within muscle• 7. Increased enzyme activity• 8. More energy available for muscles

Skill• 1. Proactive - a skill

currently being learnt has an effect on a skill in the future

• 2. Retroactive - a skill currently being learned has an effect on a skill already learned

Socio Cultural1. Inform2. Educate3. Advertise/promote/publicise4. Entertain

15th Answers – Tom Daley Anatomy• 1. Dissolves in the plasma• 2. Combines with

haemoglobin• 3. Forms

carbaminohaemoglobin• 4. Dissolves in water

Skill• 1. Trial and error• 2. Behaviour is modified/environment

manipulated• 3. Reinforcement/Praise helps learning• 4. Behaviour is shaped• 5. Responses not reinforced will

disappear• 6. Partial reinforcement given

occasionally ensures learning more thorough but takes longer

• 7. Complete reinforcement after every attempt increases speed of learning

Socio CulturalPositive1. Role modes produced, 2. Stereotypes can be shattered3. Can increase participation, 4. Can highlight minority sports/groups5. Sport is now part of the entertainment industry, 6. Money to the sport/money to the clubs7. Rule changes which have been positive for the sportNegative8. Focus on negative behaviour/poor role models, 9. Stereotypes can be reinforced10. Reduces participation, 11. Usually focuses on few sports (football)/unequal coverage12. Financial rewards for only those at the very top

16th Answers – Tanni Grey Thompson

Anatomy• Shape of bone/socket - wide range of movement

allowed• Ligaments - hold bone in place/stability/join bone

to bone• Cartilage - Prevents wear and tear/friction/absorb

compression• Tendon - provides strength/support• Synovial Fluid - lubricates joint• Pads of fat - absorbs shock/protect from wear and

tear• Synovial Membrane - secretes Synovial fluid

Skill• 1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition• 2. Link information to that already

stored/relate to past experiences• 3. Make information meaningful/relevant• 4. Experience is

enjoyable/novel/interesting• 5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal• 6. Reward and reinforce success• 7. Chunk/group information together• 8. Intensify the stimulus

Socio Cultural1. Public - money from government or local authority2. Private - Money from sponsorship/businesses3. Voluntary - Money or donations from individuals and charities/fundraising

17th Answers – Graeme McDowell

Anatomy• 1. Increase Heart Rate, 2. Increase in stroke

volume, 3. Adrenaline is released• 4. Increase in venous return, 5. Stretches wall of

right atrium which increases firing of SA node• 6. Starlings Law, 7. Information sent by

proprioceptors/baroreceptors/chemoreceptors to Cardiac Control Centre

• 8. Increase in sympathetic control, 9. Increase in temperature which speeds up nerve impulses

Skill• Effect• 1. If response is followed by a satisfier then the

S-R bond is strengthened• 2. eg - A rugby player is pleased to see a

successful conversion• 3. If the response is followed by an annoyer the

S-R bond will be weakened• 4. eg - The rugby conversion is not a success• Exercise• 5. The S-R bond will be strengthened by practice• 6. eg - A badminton player practices serving• Readiness• 7. The performer must be physically/mentally

capable of attempting the skill• 8. eg - A young footballer must be able top grasp

the principles of offside before he is taught it/the high jump bar must be low enough for the athlete to be able to clear it

Socio Cultural1. Anyone can achieve success/wealth/status2. Rags to Riches3. Everyone has an equal chance of success, 4. happiness is achieved through wealth5. Hard work will be rewarded6. Land of opportunity

18th Answers – Graham Swann

Anatomy• 1. There is high partial pressure of oxygen in the

lungs/alveoli• 2. There is a low partial pressure oxygen in the

blood• 3. During exercise there is a greater diffusion

gradient• 4. Faster diffusion will occur• 5. Increased blood supply/temperature• 6. Increased surface area of lungs/respiration rate• 7. Reduced resistance to diffusion

Skill• 1. Ensure performer understands the

task requirements• 2. Performers attention drawn to

aspects that may cause negative transfer• 3. Ensure practice to match/skill to skill

as similar as possible• 4. First skill thoroughly learned before

introducing a second skill• 5. Focus on similar aspects• 6. Avoid teaching conflicting skills close

to each otherSocio Cultural1. builds muscles/lose or gain weight/increase energy2. Reduce pain/recover from injury3. steady nerves/increase aggression or motivation4. pressure to win5. to look good/aesthetic6. rewards/money/win at all costs ethic7. lack of education/unaware of dangers8. Belief that everyone else is doing it/level playing field9. Belief that they will get away with it

19th Answers – Strictly come dancing!

Anatomy• 1. Vasodilation of arteries supplying the

working muscles/Vascular shunt• 2. Opening/Vasodilation of the precapillary

sphincters supplying the working muscles• 3. Vasoconstriction of arteries supplying

non-essential organs• 4. Closing/Vasoconstriction of precapillary

sphincters supplying non-essential organs• 5. Sympathetic stimulation/reduction

Skill• Open skill• 1. The environment is constantly

changing/affected by the environment• 2. The performer needs to adapt the changing

conditions/performer is reactive• 3. The skill is externally paced• 4. The skill is mainly perceptual• Closed Skill• 5. The skill is self paced/internally paced• 6. The environment does not affect the

skill/environment unchanged• 7. The skill is habitual• 8. Movements follow a set pattern/pre-planned

Socio Cultural1. Alcohol/Drugs2. Frustration at the score or officials3. Rivalry/local derbies/religion4. Verbal abuse/provocation/racism5. Pre-match hype/over excitement/importance of game6. Large number of fans/poor policing or stewarding7. Hooliganism at football8. Mass culture/Tribal nature of event/peer group pressure9. Violence or poor behaviour on the pitch copied by crowd10. Lack of suitable punishment or deterrent.

20th May – Answers Carl FrochDescription of characteristics of CHD:(CHD is) the failure of the (coronary) arteries to supply enough oxygen to the myocardium or heart muscle(CHD is) the deposit of fatty materials in the coronary arteries of the heart (vascular system)CHD - ConditionsAngina chest pain caused by the partial blockage of coronary arterycauses lack of oxygen to myocardium or heart tissueHeart attack or myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest sudden and severe restriction / complete blockage of oxygen supply to myocardium (heart tissue)arteriosclerosis a condition where the walls of the coronary arteries become thicker or hard or less elasticatherosclerosis most common cause of CHDthe accumulation of fatty deposits or cholesterol or plaque or atheroma on walls of coronary arteriesleads to narrowing or blocking of the lumen or blood vesselsleads to stroke or heart attack or myocardial infarction CHD – Risk Factorssedentary or inactive lifestylesmoking

carbon monoxide increases HR or strain on heartincreased risk of blood clots or blockagesincreased risk of damage to coronary arteries

hypertension or high blood pressuresystolic blood pressure equal or greater than 140mmHg / diastolic blood pressure equal or greater than 90mmHg

obesityBMI > 30 (kg/m2)

high blood cholesterol or blood lipids / high fat or poor dietIncreased LDL cholesterol levels (compared to HDL cholesterol levels)Blood cholesterol level greater than 6mmol/lite

high stress levels or heredity or age or diabetes

20th May – Answers 2 Carl FrochExplanation of how an active, healthy lifestyle can prevent CHD CHD prevention (frequency) individuals should be physically active on regular basis adults - 30 mins 3 - 5 times per week children and young people - 60 mins a day.(intensity) should leave performer out of breath / aerobic exercise raise heart rate into age related training zone / working at sub-maximal level or low or medium or moderate intensity or below OBLA E.g. rowing / running / cycling / circuit training (or other suitable example)15. (weight training) isometric training should be avoided Raises blood pressure to dangerous levelsCauses increased strain on the heart / trigger heart attack or strokeActivity factors (- moderate aerobic activity): improves efficiency of coronary circulationincreases levels of High density lipoproteins / HDLsincrease in HDLs associated with reduced CHDHDLs not harmful to vascular system HDLs break down or carry away LDLsreduces levels of Low density lipoproteins / LDLsbuild up on the walls of arteriesreduces stress levels myocardial infarction or heart attack less likely less risk of hypertension or high blood pressure / reduces blood pressureHealthy resting systolic blood pressure 120mmHg / diastolic blood pressure 80mmHgless risk of arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis / CHDIncreases ability of the body to regulate blood pressureless risk of angina as coronary circulation improvedless body fat / maintain or manage healthy body weight as more calories burnedNutritional factors:a balanced diet will help prevent CHD (50-70% carbohydrate / 20-30% protein / 10-20% fat)low fat or low cholesterol diet will prevent arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis / CHDlow salt intake will help prevent CHD / High salt intake can lead to CHDstop smokingreduce alcohol intake

21st May – Becky AdlingtonCauses of violence: Players and Spectators 1 (frustration) frustration with match officials or other suitable example of frustration 2 (emotional intensity) emotional intensity or importance of result or pressure/pre-match hype or psyche-up/position in league or cup or competition/monetary reward. 3 (abuse/provocation) provocation or abuse or ‘cheating’ or rule breaking by opponents or team mates or (where relevant) from crowd/violence on pitch/racism 4 (punishment) lack of punishment or deterrent 5 (religion/tradition) religion/traditional rivalry/local derby/team loyalty Causes of violence: Players 6 (weapons) (potential) ‘weapons’ e.g. sticks or clubs 7 (nature of game) nature of game/body checking or contract e.g. ice hockey or rugby 8 (kit) kit or equipment that ‘de-humanises’ or protects Causes of violence: Spectators 9 (alcohol/drugs) alcohol/drugs 10 (numbers) overcrowding /poor spectator provision/poor policing or stewarding. 11 (hooligans) hooligans at football/organised violence 12 (mass culture) mass culture/peer pressure/tribal nature of event/loss of individual identify or diminished responsibility within crowd/limited alternative outlets for energy Possible solutions: Players: 13 (rule changes) Rule changes 14 (punishment) More severe punishments/accept suitable example 15 (education) Education/emphasis on fair play/position as role models emphasised 16 (officials) More officials/more authority for officials 17 (technology) Technology/video playbacks Possible solutions: Spectators: 18 (Deterrents) Stricter deterrents or punishments (eg. remove season tickets) 19 (control of alcohol) Control of alcohol 20 (facilities) Improve spectator facilities/separation of fans/home and away fans to leave seperately 21 (CCTV) Use of CCTV or other security measures 22 (liaison) Liaison of police from different areas or countries

23 (family) Promotion as family entertainment/family sections within crowd

22nd May – 4 leaf clover1. Demonstration – watching demonstration/watching the model (accurate development of demo. point)2. Attention3. performer cues in to or selectively attends to or focuses or concentrates (on aspects of display or demonstration) role models or high status performers or significant others draw focus / role model educate or encourage or shows how to followan active and healthy lifestyle / degree of attention is influenced by attractiveness or status of model key points highlighted / verbal guidance used to highlight key aspect of demoe.g. (movement skill) focus on or watch the arm action of a successful performer’s tennis servee.g. (BAHL) watching or seeing a role model or significant other who does not smoke / or whose alcohol intake is moderatee.g. (BAHL) watching a successful tennis player who follows a healthy lifestylee.g. (BAHL) regular participation in sport by popular people encourages observer to follow active lifestyle4. Retention5. observer needs to remember the demo or movements or behaviours watched repetition of the demonstration or role model’s movements or behaviours will aid memory / demo or information should berepeatede.g. (movement skill) coach repeats or gets another athlete to repeat demo of triple jump or other skille.g. (BAHL) information about importance of not smoking / moderation in alcohol consumption is repeated so learner remembers keyinformation use of mental rehearsal or imagery can help (observer retain demonstration)e.g. (movement skill) imagining the movement of arm action in a tennis serve may help retention/performer mentally rehearses serve symbolic coding by using key/catch phrases can help retention of demonstratione.g. (movement skill) use of phrases such as ‘clean palm, dirty neck’ (Shot Putt)e.g. (BAHL) catch phrases such as ‘change for life’ or ‘five a day’6. Motor reproduction7. observer must be capable of performing the skill / or information must be at a level relevant to performer / performer must be able to matchdemonstration observer must have physical capacity to perform skill or follow lifestyle choices performer must have mental capacity to understand skill or lifestyle choicese.g. (movement skill) a young child will not be able to perform a slam dunk (basketball) / must have leg strength to complete all threephases of triple jump/ lower school performers must understand components of triple jumpe.g. (BAHL) learners must understand the benefits of not smoking / of a balanced diet

22nd May 2 – 4 leaf clover9. observer must have drive to or want to learn to copy model use of praise or positive reinforcement (to encourage drive to copy model)e.g. (movement skill) coach praises or positively reinforces successful copying of tennis serve / coach uses praise or positivereinforcement to encourage copying of demonstratione.g. (BAHL) parents praise or support your healthy or lifestyle / role model praises learner for not smoking / moderating alcoholconsumption / for exercising / badge given for eating healthily or exercisinge.g. (BAHL) learners must have mental willpower to stop smoking/moderate alcohol consumption10. Matching performance – performer imitates demonstrationFurther discussion might include:11. copying more likely if behaviour is socially acceptable/follows social normse.g. (movement skill) if sportsmanship shown by tennis player / if tennis player always does thorough warm up12. copying more likely if behaviour or skill is considered to be relevant (to needs) Observer will try to copy model if they can see how copying (the behaviour or skill) will positively affect performance or lifestylee.g. (movement skill) observer / player wants to play tennis or improve tennis serve or get fittere.g. (BAHL) observer / player wants to follow an active lifestyle to make friends13. copying more likely if observer can identify with model or demonstrator Same sex / age / race / ability model will encourage copyinge.g. (movement skill) female observer more likely to try to copy serve of female demonstratore.g. (BAHL) male observer more likely to want to copy active lifestyle of male demonstrator14. reference to bobo dolls experiment