As of 2008, half of the population is urban The demography of Urbanization: Main Characteristics...
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![Page 1: As of 2008, half of the population is urban The demography of Urbanization: Main Characteristics Total World Population: will increase from current.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e345503460f94b231b2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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As of 2008, half of the population is urban
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The demography of Urbanization: Main Characteristics
• Total World Population: will increase from current 7 billion to 8.2 billion by 2030
• World Urban Population: is expected to increase from current 3.5 billion to about 5 billion by 2030 (60 %)
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The Draft Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (2015-2030)
• Goal 11: “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”
• Target 1: “By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, and upgrade slums
• Target 3: “By 2030 enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacities for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries”
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Most of the urban population will continue residing in the smallest agglomerations
Percentage of the urban population in urban agglomerations
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The 5 Shelter deprivation indicators used by the UN
• Lack of durable housing • Lack of sufficient living space• Lack of access to save drinking water• Lack of access to improved sanitation• Lack of secure tenure
1 billion people are living in slums / informal settlements !!
Urgent need for affordable housing policies !!
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Slums / informal settlements
“Slums of Despair”
• In city centre• One room housing• Rental tenements• Shared facilities (Toilet, water)• Temporality • No housing security
“Slums of Hope”
• On the periphery • Self-managed housing• Incremental improvement and
expansion (horizontal & vertical)
• Incremental expansion and improvement of public services
• Often based on co-operation between residents-municipality-NGOs
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Housing policies for the urban poor
Sites-and-Services
• Government provides land for new housing development
• Government provides some basic public services and infrastructure:
– Roads– Water (communal taps)– Electricity
• Sometimes a ‘core unit’ • Residents build their own
houses
Slum-/settlement upgrading
• In existing, informal settlements• Regularisation of ownership
(de jure or de facto)• Provision/expansion of basic
public services
Acceptation by the authorities fosters new housing (self-managed) construction activities by the residents
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Assisted self-help housing projects: variation in policy packages
PLOT/HOUSE SERVICES COSTS
Plot Size(m2)
Built-up living space
(m2)
Electricity Piped water
Septic tank
Paved road
Sewerage
80 0
Lowest
Highest
80 0 x x
80 20 x x
100 20 x x x
100 40 x x x
120 60 x x x x
120 80 x x x x
80-120 80-200 x x x x
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Structure of the book on Affordable Housing in the Global South
Part 1: Thematic
• Urban land markets• Housing finance• Assisted self-help housing• Hazard-resilient housing• Rental housing• Housing co-operatives• Community-led initiatives
Part 2: Asia
• India• Pakistan• Indonesia• Sri Lanka• China
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Structure of the book on Affordable Housing in the Global South
Part 3: Latin America
• Mexico• Brazil• Colombia• Peru• Ecuador• Nicaragua
Part 4: Africa
• Egypt• South Africa• Nigeria• Kenya• Ghana
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General Findings
• Self-managed housing is the main form of housing provision• Assistance to self-build housing can make a difference• Security of land tenure is key to incremental consolidation• New finance models are promising instrument for affordable
housing (A-B-C-model: Savings/Subsidy/Credit)• Massive housing schemes often lead to housing vacancies• Pro-poor housing strategies benefit from stakeholder
approaches (e.g. community contracting)• For affordability, housing policies should aim at a variety of
target groups • For sustainability, urban sprawl must be avoided
(densification of the built-up area is needed)