AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other...

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Section 3.1: Biological Molecules 3.1.1 Monomers and Polymers 3.1.2 Carbohydrates 3.1.3 Lipids 3.1.4.1 Proteins 3.1.4.2 Enzymes 3.1.5.1 Nucleic acid structure 3.1.5.2 DNA Replication 3.1.6 ATP 3.1.7 Water 3.1.8 Inorganic Ions AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1-4 Section 3.2: Cells 3.2.1.1 Eukaryotic cells 3.2.1.2 Prokaryotic cells and viruses 3.2.1.3 Studying cells 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune system Section 3.3 Organisms exchange substances with their environment 3.3.1 Surface area to volume ratio 3.3.2 Gas exchange 3.3.3 Digestion and absorption 3.3.4.1 Mass transport in animals 3.3.4.2 Mass transport in plants Section 3.4 Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms 3.4.1 DNA, genes and chromosomes 3.4.2 DNA and protein synthesis 3.4.3 Genetic diversity - mutations and meiosis 3.4.4 Genetic diversity and adaptation – natural selection 3.4.5 Species and taxonomy 3.4.6 Biodiversity 3.4.7 Investigating biodiversity

Transcript of AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other...

Page 1: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Section3.1:BiologicalMolecules3.1.1MonomersandPolymers3.1.2Carbohydrates3.1.3Lipids3.1.4.1Proteins3.1.4.2Enzymes3.1.5.1Nucleicacidstructure3.1.5.2DNAReplication3.1.6ATP3.1.7Water3.1.8InorganicIons

ASLevelPaper1and2.A2LevelPaper1and3- Topics1-4

Section3.2:Cells3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells3.2.1.2Prokaryoticcellsandviruses3.2.1.3Studyingcells3.2.2Allcellsarisefromothercells3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem

Section3.3Organismsexchangesubstanceswiththeirenvironment3.3.1Surfaceareatovolumeratio3.3.2Gasexchange3.3.3Digestionandabsorption3.3.4.1Masstransportinanimals3.3.4.2Masstransportinplants

Section3.4Geneticinformation,variationandrelationshipsbetweenorganisms3.4.1DNA,genesandchromosomes3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis3.4.3Geneticdiversity- mutationsandmeiosis3.4.4Geneticdiversityandadaptation– naturalselection3.4.5Speciesandtaxonomy3.4.6Biodiversity3.4.7Investigatingbiodiversity

Page 2: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.1DNA,genesandchromosomes(p202-207)Whatisagene?

Whatisanallele?

Whatisthegeneticcode?

Whatarethefeaturesofthegeneticcode?

CanyoudistinguishbetweentheDNAinprokaryoticcellsandtheDNAineukaryoticcells?

CanyouexplainthatthemitochondriaandchloroplastsofeukaryoticcellsalsocontainDNA?

CanyoudescribehowaDNAmoleculeanditsassociatedproteinsformachromosome?

Canyouexplainwhatismeantbyhomologouschromosomes?

Page 3: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis(p208-216)Whatismeantbythetermsgenomeandproteome?

WhatisthestructureofRNA?

CanyoudescribethestructureandfunctionofmessengerRNA(mRNA)? CanyoudescribethestructureandfunctionoftransferRNA(tRNA)?

WherewouldyoufindribosomalRNA(rRNA)?

Page 4: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis(p208-216)

Canyouexplainwhathappensduringtranscription? Canyouexplainwhathappensduringsplicing?Rememberthisdoesnotoccurinprokaryotes!

Page 5: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis(p208-216)

Howmightaproteinbeassembled?

Canyoudescribetherolesofribosomes,tRNA,andATP?

Canyouexplainwhathappensduringtranslation?

Page 6: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.3Geneticdiversity- mutations(p220-223)Whatisagenemutation?

Howandwhendogenemutationsarise?

Canyoudescribetheeffectofmutagenicagents?

Whatisasubstitutionmutationandwhatcouldthepossibleeffectsbe?

Whatisadeletionmutationandwhatcouldthepossibleeffectsbe?

Whatisachromosomemutation?

Page 7: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.3Geneticdiversity– meiosis(p224-228)

Canyoudescribetheprocessofmeiosis?

Howdoesmeiosiscreategeneticvariation?Whyismeiosisnecessary?Whattypesofcellsdoesmeiosisresultin?

Howwouldyoucalculatethepossiblechromosomecombinationsfollowingmeiosis?Andthenumberofpossiblechromosomecombinationsproducedfromthefertilisation oftwogametes?

Canyouexplainthedifferentoutcomeofmitosisandmeiosis?

Page 8: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.4Geneticdiversityandadaptation– naturalselection(p229-230)

Whatisgeneticdiversity?

Whatfactorsinfluencegeneticdiversity?

Explainhowgeneticdiversityisafactorinenablingnaturalselectiontooccur:

Canyoulisttheprinciplesofnaturalselectionintheevolutionofpopulations?

Explainhowreproductivesuccessaffectsallelefrequencywithinagenepool:

Page 9: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.4Geneticdiversityandadaptation– typesofselection(p230-234)

Cabyoudescribedirectionalselection,exemplifiedbyantibioticresistanceinbacteria?

Canyoudescribestabilisingselection,exemplifiedbyhumanbirthweights?

Canyoudescribehowadaptationsmaybeanatomical,physiologicalorbehavioural?

Page 10: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.5Speciesandtaxonomy(p237-242)Whatisaspecies?

Howarespeciesnamed?

Whataretheprinciplesofclassification?

ArtificialvsPhylogeneticclassification:

Whatisahierarchy?

Canyouexplainhowweorganisethegroupsofspecies?

D

K

P

C

O

F

G

S

Whatisphylogeny?

Page 11: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.5Speciesandtaxonomy(p237-242)

Whatistheroleofcourtshipinensuringsuccessfulmating?

Howdoescourtshiphelpmembersofaspeciesrecogniseeachother?

Whataresomedifficultiesofdefiningaspecies?

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Topic4:3.4.6Biodiversity(p243-248)

Canyoudescribetheimpactofagricultureonspeciesdiversity?Whatismeantbybiodiversity?

Whatismeantbyspeciesdiversity?

Whatismeantbygeneticdiversity?

Whatismeantbyecosystemdiversity?

Whatisadiversityindexandhowisitusedasameasureofspeciesdiversity?

Canyouexplainthebalancebetweenconservationandfarming?

Page 13: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.7Investigatingbiodiversity(p249-252)

Howcanyouidentifygeneticdiversitywithin,orbetweenspeciesbyusingthefrequencyofmeasurableorobservablecharacteristics?

Howcanyouidentifygeneticdiversitywithin,orbetweenspeciesbyusingthebasesequenceofDNA?

Howcanyouidentifygeneticdiversitywithin,orbetweenspeciesbyusingthebasesequenceofmRNA?

Howcanyouidentifygeneticdiversitywithin,orbetweenspeciesbyusingtheaminoacidsequenceoftheproteinsencodedbyDNAandmRNA?

Howcanyouidentifygeneticdiversitywithin,orbetweenspeciesbyusingimmunologicalcomparisonofproteins?

Page 14: AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune

Topic4:3.4.7Investigatingbiodiversity(p253-256)

Howisvariationmeasured?

Whatissamplingandwhyisitused?

Howdoweminimisetheeffectofchancewhensampling?

Whatarethedifferenttypesofvariationandtheircauses?

Howdoyoucalculatethemean,modeandmedian?

Whatisthenormaldistributioncurve?

Howdowecalculatethestandarddeviation?Whatdoesitshowus?

∑=thesumofx=measuredvalue(fromthesample)x̄=meanvaluen=thetotalnumberofvaluesinthesample


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