Arusha | Jun-14 | Heather Cruickshank, Sustainable Implementation
-
Upload
smart-villages -
Category
Engineering
-
view
178 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Arusha | Jun-14 | Heather Cruickshank, Sustainable Implementation
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Smart Villages Workshop Arusha, Tanzania 2nd – 5th June 2014
Dr Heather J Cruickshank
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
my background
• Chartered Civil Engineer
• Infrastructure in UK
• International Development
• Emergency Humanitarian Response
• Centre for Sustainable Development est. 2000
• Undergraduate teaching
• MPhil in Engineering for Sustainable Development
• PhD supervision
• Research
• Engineers Without Borders UK Trustee
• Research and Education
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
SUSTAINABLE
IMPLEMENTATION
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
sustainable development considerations
longer geographical
and temporal
scales
context specific
challenges and aims
complex system and wider impacts
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Development
“...intervention aimed at external goals in a context of value-
based conflict”
intervention
influencing social processes rather than using
resources to meet goals directly
external social goals
actions directed outside an organisation. People
not profit.
value-based conflict
not everyone agrees over social goals, what they
are and how to achieve them Thomas 1996
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Development involves...
• Responding to tensions, conflicts and negotiations
• Acting as AGENTS OF CHANGE influencing social change
• Dealing with PEOPLE, VALUES, POWER, POLITICS at a
micro level
• Emphasis on social goals and value-based conflicts leading
to dynamic development where marginalized groups may
influence structure
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Philanthropy?
• Development should be focussed on outcomes
• The impulse of philanthropy leaves the recipient with no
rights, they can only receive
• Humanitarianism is more of a contract and relationship
between giver and recipient
• Metaphors of ‘repair’ after disasters etc.
• Need to consider unintended consequences of development
• Obligation based intervention
Erica Bornstein 2008
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Value types
Functional value
Social significance value
Epistemic value
Emotional value
Cultural value Stephi Hirmer PhD 2014
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Appropriate technology?
Systems
independence
Image of
modernity
Individual
technology
versus collective
technology
Cost of
technology Risk factor
Evolutionary
capacity of
technology
Single-purpose
versus multi-
purpose
technology
Wicklein, Robert C. (1998)
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Maintenance
ongoing finance
for fuel,
insurance,
servicing
road-
worthiness
standards
a reliable
mechanic
petrol
stations and
road network
In short, we need, the private
sector, the public sector, and
sufficient money
initial
capital
investment
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Development Policy
Process affected by a multiplicity of interests among
state and non-state actors
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Who does what for/with whom?
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS Resource mobilisation
POWER
COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS Mechanisms for exchange
INCENTIVES
VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS Mobilise social energy
VALUES
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Self Reliance?
Juvenile
Adult
Adolescent
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Development Management
Development interventions are characterized by
‘unacknowledged assumptions and unanticipated outcomes’
conflicting goals and ‘diverse development agencies’ Kabeer 1994
‘Management’ is not a single-minded entity. Awareness of
discourses is useful. Actors attribute SUBJECTIVE
meanings to their situations. Degeling and Colebatch 1984
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Project Stages
Needs assessment
Formulation / appraisal
Implementation
Operation
Evaluation and monitoring
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Project Cycle
Needs assessment
Formulation / appraisal
Implementation
Operation
Evaluation and monitoring
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Project Evolution
• Gradual, long and uneven process
• Individual ACTIVITIES may be clear but not the overall AIM
• Project or programme should be sufficiently flexible to
respond to changing circumstances
• Objectives of individual organizations may not necessarily
coincide with those of the intervention or target group
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Organisational Issues
1. Commitment from local community to participate
fully is essential
2. Before the scheme begins consideration must be
given to :
Final ownership
Management of day to operations, however small
Method of payment for any repairs and maintenance
Possibility of future extensions (to neighbouring
communities)
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
A spiral of unsustainable dependence
Unsuitable tariff
Further unwillingness to
pay for poor service
Long down-time
Unaffordable repairs needed
Inability or unwillingness to pay
Back to the start and wait for the next
donor ...
combined with
leading to resulting in
leading to
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Needs Assessment
Intervention as a process means consensus building and priority on
coherence requiring open consultation between:
Principals (owners / sponsors)
Beneficiaries (target groups)
Supporters
Opponents
NEEDS vs DESIRES?
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Factors That Limit Participation
Power
Knowledge
Time and Money
Culture
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Community Based Development
Community Participation Increases
Community Based Development
Community Driven Development
Information
Sharing
Consultation
Collaboration
Community
Empowerment
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Values
Functional value
Economy
Purchase Economy Installation price
Per unit price
Use economy Operational benefit
Financial benefit
Quality & Performance
Reliability
Durability
Effectiveness
Convenience
Time Time management
Time benefit
Flexibility Power output
Timing Accessibility
Physical compatibility
Aesthetics
Appropriateness
Ease of use Personal interaction
Human energy/ effort
Service/service support Training
Maintenance
Social significance
value
Identity Group belonging
Prestige
Status Leadership
Role fulfilling
Epistemic value
Knowledge Access to knowledge
Acquired knowledge Novelty
Curiosity
Emotional value
Association
Fun Family
Group Memorability
Safety
Cultural value Tradition
Spirituality Sacredness
Magic Religion
Stephi Hirmer PhD 2014
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Key Policy Questions
what are we measuring
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
philosophy
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Key Policy Questions
what are we measuring?
OUTPUTS or
OUTCOMES
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
evidence
inputs outcomes impacts
short-term medium-term long-term
activities outputs
immediate
Implementation measurement
Results measurement
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
False Positive Feedback
Misreporting Selected
Perception
Methods
which Mislead
Diplomatic
Prudence
Defences
against
Dissonance
Chambers1992
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
EVIDENCE Empirical Validation of Impacts Developed from
Existing Networks Assessing Clean Energy
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
philosophy
objective is not to provide definitive
answers but to develop the skills
and knowledge necessary to
ask better
questions
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Guiding Principles
Identify functional
requirements
Encourage participatory
development
Value indigenous
knowledge
Promote local
innovation
Strive for
sustainability
Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development
Heather Cruickshank [email protected]
Thank you
Dr Heather J Cruickshank
Centre for Sustainable Development
Department of Engineering
University of Cambridge