JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE 1934−1944

JEW

S ON

ROU

TE TO

PALE

STINE

1934−1944

www.wuj.pl

Artur Patek

Artur Patek

Sketches from the History of Aliyah Bet – Clandestine Jewish Immigration

The term Aliyah Bet refers to illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine in the period of

the British Mandate for Palestine; it constituted one of the most effective methods

of struggle of the Zionist movement for the sovereign state of Israel. Its history is

marked, on the one hand, by clandestine activities and spectacular operations, and

on the other, by dramatic events (catastrophes of sea liners carrying immigrants,

deportations of refugees). The book discusses events without which one cannot

understand the contemporary Israel.

Jagiellonian University Press

JAG I E L L O N I A N S T U D I E S I N H I S T O RY

Jews_on_route_okladka_font.indd 1Jews_on_route_okladka_font.indd 1 12/10/2012 9:55:04 AM12/10/2012 9:55:04 AM

JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE 1934−1944

Editor in chief Jan Jacek Bruski

Vol. 1

JAG I E L L O N I A N S T U D I E S I N H I S T O RY

JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE 1934−1944

Artur Patek

Sketches from the History of Aliyah Bet – Clandestine Jewish Immigration

Jagiellonian University Press

Th e publication of this volume was fi nanced by the Jagiellonian University in Krakow – Faculty of History

REVIEWERProf. Tomasz Gąsowski

SERIES COVER LAYOUTJan Jacek Bruski

COVER DESIGNAgnieszka Winciorek

Cover photography: Departure of Jews from Warsaw to Palestine, Railway Station, Warsaw 1937 [Courtesy of National Digital Archives (Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe) in Warsaw]

Th is volume is an English version of a book originally published in Polish by the Avalon, publishing house in Krakow (Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934–1944. Szkice z dziejów alji bet, nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej, Krakow 2009)

Translated from the Polish by Guy Russel Torr and Timothy Williams

© Copyright by Artur Patek & Jagiellonian University Press First edition, Krakow 2012 All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any eletronic, mechanical, or other means, now know or hereaft er invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers

ISBN 978-83-233-3390-6ISSN 2299-758X

www.wuj.pl

Jagiellonian University PressEditorial Offi ces: Michałowskiego St. 9/2, 31-126 KrakowPhone: +48 12 631 18 81, +48 12 631 18 82, Fax: +48 12 631 18 83Distribution: Phone: +48 12 631 01 97, Fax: +48 12 631 01 98Cell Phone: + 48 506 006 674, e-mail: sprzedaz@wuj.plBank: PEKAO SA, IBAN PL80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325

5

Contents

Th e most important abbreviations and acronyms ......................................... 7

Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9

Chapter I: “Th e old new country” 1. Context ........................................................................................................... 172. Towards “Pax Britannica” ............................................................................. 213. Th e Gordian knot .......................................................................................... 234. Yishuv .............................................................................................................. 305. Polarization .................................................................................................... 32

Chapter II: Illegal or independent immigration?1. Th e dispute over terminology ...................................................................... 372. Without formalised frameworks ................................................................. 383. Th e position of the leaders of Yishuv .......................................................... 424. Th e fi rst transport .......................................................................................... 445. Revisionist Ha’apala ...................................................................................... 466. “For Jews the world divides itself into two places...” ................................. 497. “Af al pi” .......................................................................................................... 528. Th e Polish chapter ......................................................................................... 55

Chapter III: On the eve of war1. Mossad – “the maritime department of Hagana” ...................................... 652. “Th e cooperation of enemies for a common cause” ................................. 723. “Immigration today is a question of life or death” .................................... 784. Th e intensifi cation of Aliyah Bet ................................................................ 815. Great Britain’s position and the Arab voice ................................................ 89

Chapter IV: In the shadow of the “White Paper”1. Th e reality of wartime ................................................................................... 972. Th rough the “green border” ......................................................................... 1033. From Anders’ Army ...................................................................................... 1054. “Th e only alternative is to maintain the existing procedures” ................. 108

Chapter V: Th e Atlantic – Mauritius1. Th e story of the passengers of the Atlantic ............................................... 1152. Th e Patria .................................................................................................... 118

3. Deportation to Mauritius ............................................................................. 1214. Five years of exile ........................................................................................... 123

Chapter VI: If the gates to Palestine had been open...1. Th e Kladovo group ........................................................................................ 1312. Th e case of the Darien II ............................................................................ 1343. Catastrophes at sea (the Pencho and the Salvador) ................................... 1374. Th e tragedy of the Struma ............................................................................ 141

Chapter VII: “Th e sole route to survival”1. London’s concessions .................................................................................... 1532. With Romania and Turkey in the background .......................................... 1543. Th e sinking of the Mefk ura ........................................................................ 1614. Th e arrival of the USSR ................................................................................. 1655. In lieu of summing up ................................................................................... 168

Final remarks........................................................................................................... 171

Appendices............................................................................................................... 173

Selected bibliography ............................................................................................. 181

List of tables ............................................................................................................. 207

List of maps .............................................................................................................. 208

Index ......................................................................................................................... 209

7

The most important abbreviations and acronyms

AAN – Archiwum Akt Nowych, Central Archives of Modern Records in WarsawADM – AdmiraltyCINM – Clandestine Immigration and Naval Museum in HaifaCO – Colonial Offi cecol. – columnCZA – Central Zionist Archives in JerusalemDDSG – Deutsche Donau Schiff ahrtgesellschaft , German Association of Danube

Navigation DGFP – Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945FO – Foreign Offi ceFRUS – Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic PapersHMG – His Majesty’s GovernmentJOINT – American Jewish Joint Distribution CommitteeKGPP – Komenda Główna Policji Państwowej, Polish Central Police CommandMapai – Mifl eget Poalei Eretz Israel, Party of the Workers of the Land of IsraelMapam – Mifl eget ha’Poalim ha’Meuhedet, United Workers PartyM.P. – Member of Parliament MSW – Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych, Polish Ministry of Internal Aff airsMSZ – Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych, Polish Ministry of Foreign Aff airsNKVD – Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del, Peoples’ Commissariat for Internal

Aff airsNLI – Th e National Library of Israel in JerusalemNZO – New Zionist OrganizationPISM – Th e Polish Institute and General Sikorski Museum in London RHL – Rhodes House Library in OxfordTNA – Th e National Archives in LondonUSSR – Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsYVA – Yad Vashem Archives in Jerusalem ZAM – Th e Zionist Association in Mauritius

9

Introduction

Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine during the British Mandate was one of the most spectacular enterprises organized by the Jews in the fi rst half of the 20th century before the creation of the state of Israel. Th e Jews called such immigration ‘Type B’ (Aliyah Bet), to diff erentiate it from the offi cial type (aliyah) allowed for by British authorities. Aliyah Bet was an indication of the diaspora’s longing to return to the Promised Land, and simultaneously a way of fi ghting the restrictive policy of Great Britain which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine. It was also a form of aid to Jewish refugees from Europe and salvation for Jews menaced by Nazism. In due time Aliyah Bet became a national myth, part of the Jews’ collective conscious-ness.

Th is book deals with Aliyah Bet activity in the years 1934–1944. It opens with the organization of the fi rst sea transport of illegal immigrants to set sail for Pales-tine (the ship Velos, in July 1934). Th at date is considered the symbolic beginning of Aliyah Bet, though the phenomenon was known to exist from much earlier. Th e closing bookend of the book’s chronology is December 1944 and the last wartime sea transport (the ship Taurus). Th us two entirely diff erent chapters in the history of Aliyah Bet form the subject of my analysis: the period when the movement was forming and becoming organized, and the war years – a  time of great challenges and even greater diffi culties. Th e book does not address the postwar period (1945–1948), a subject to which a decidedly varied literature has already been devoted;1 this decision was dictated by the need to focus on issues which had received relatively little attention in previous research.

Th e work is structured both chronologically and thematically. Th e introductory chapter attempts to explain the complicated realities of the Middle East, with partic-

1 See for example: Y. Bauer, Flight and Rescue: Brichah, New York 1970; M.S. Greenfi eld, J.M. Hoch-stein, Th e Jews’ Secret Fleet. Th e Untold Story of North American Volunteers Who Smashed the British Blockade, Jerusalem 1987 (rev. ed. Jerusalem–New York 1999); Z.V. Hadari, Second Exodus. Th e Full Story of Jewish Illegal Immigration to Palestine, 1945–1948, London 1991; Z.V. Hadari, Z. Tsahor, Voyage to Freedom. An Episode in the Illegal Immigration to Palestine, London 1985; A. Halam-ish, Th e Exodus Aff air. Holocaust Survivors and the Struggle for Palestine, London 1998; F. Liebre-ich, Britain’s Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945–1948, London 2005; N. Stewart, Th e Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol, London–Portland, Or 2002; G. Th omas, Operation Exodus. Th e Perilous Journey from the Nazi Camps to the Promised Land… and Back, London 2010; I. Zertal, From Catastrophe to Power. Holocaust Survivors and the Emer-gence of Israel, Berkeley–Los Angeles–London 1998.

10

ular consideration devoted to the factors which determined the Palestinian problem in the Mandate era. Illegal immigration was an integral part of the then-existing or-der, and the many circumstances which shaped it originated in the preceding years. In the second chapter I present the genesis of Aliyah Bet, including the particulars of the organization of the fi rst refugee sea transport in 1934. I consider the reasons why Zionists-Revisionists were initially extremely active in this area and show the dilemmas faced by Yishuv leaders concerning this form of Jewish immigration. My work deals separately with the Aliyah Bet of Jews from Poland. Immigrants coming from the Republic of Poland constituted a substantive percentage of illegal immi-grants in general, and Polish authorities unoffi cially supported this so-called “tourist emigration.” I endeavor to answer the question as to what motives lay behind these authorities’ actions. In the third chapter I discuss the reasons for the intensifi ca-tion of Aliyah Bet in the last months before the outbreak of the Second World War. In this context I present Mossad le’Aliyah Bet (“the naval department of Hagana”), the secret organization responsible for illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine in its entirety. I also write about other circles and individuals who, acting independently, allied themselves with Aliyah Bet and consider their motives for doing so. Great Britain’s position on the infl ow of Jewish refugees to Palestine is discussed, as well as Arab reactions. In addition, I approach the question of immigration from the Th ird Reich, in which context I mention the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswander-ung based in Vienna.

Subsequent chapters address the period of the Second World War. I begin with an attempt to answer the question of how the realities of the time infl uenced the nature and aims of Aliyah Bet, the position of the Yishuv leaders, and the policy of Great Britain. As is known, Palestine and the Middle East played a  very im-portant role in London’s strategy. I devote a  separate section to topics less com-monly associated with Aliyah Bet in the popular mind, although they were part of it. I have in mind here the secret forms of Jewish infl ux via the “green border” (mainly from Syria and Lebanon) and what was called Aliyah Vav, i.e., willful or legal desertion from the ranks of the Władysław Anders’ Polish army (whose troops were stationed for a  time in Palestine) by soldiers of Jewish origin who had decided to remain in Eretz Israel. Th e fi ft h chapter depicts the circumstanc-es surrounding the deportation of 1580 Jewish refugees to Mauritius by Mandate authorities in December 1940, and describes their fi ve-year exile on this distant island in the Indian Ocean. In the following chapter, I examine the dramatic di-visions in Aliyah Bet: the tragic fate of Jewish refugees from the “Kladovo” group and the sinking of the Salvador (in the Sea of Marmara in December 1940) and the Struma (in the Black Sea in February 1942). I refl ect on whether these trage-dies could have been avoided, and where the responsibility (moral and other) for the deaths of hundreds of unfortunate refugees lay. In the seventh and last chapter, I write about the relaxation of British immigration policy which occurred in 1942 and 1943. I reveal how in changing conditions Mossad le’Aliyah Bet renewed its ef-

11

forts to organize further transports (by ship) of Jewish refugees. In the Appendix the reader will fi nd a list of the sea transports organized by Aliyah Bet in the years 1934–1944.

In my work, I strive to answer the question, what was illegal Jewish immigration? What were the external and internal factors which determined its course, which acted for and against it? What set its tone? What motives drove its organizers and participants? Were these motives consistent over time, or did they change from one period to another? How did Aliyah Bet infl uence Great Britain’s Palestinian policy and its relationship with Yishuv before and during the war?

Although various topics concerning illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine have interested scholars, writers and artists before, such interest has largely been focused on particular episodes rich in human drama, such as the tragedy of the Struma men-tioned earlier or, in the postwar period, that of the Exodus 1947.

Th e fi rst attempts to comprehensively synthesize the history of Aliyah Bet ap-peared relatively early. Th ey were written by the brothers Jon and David Kimche (Th e Secret Roads. Th e “Illegal” Migration of a  People, 1938–1948, London 1954), Bracha Habas (Portzei ha-shearim. Sipur korotehah shel Aliyah Bet, Tel Aviv 1957; English edition: Th e Gate Breakers, New York–London 1963) and Chaim Lazar-Litai (Af-‘al-pi. Sefer Aliyah Bet, Tel Aviv 1957). Th ose books, however, were not scholarly works (they were closer to journalism), and when reading them it is not diffi cult to establish where the authors’ sympathies lie. Th is can be observed in the selection of arguments, the placement of emphasis, etc. Th e Kimche brothers and Habas ap-proach the problem from the perspective of the Zionist left , while Lazar-Litai pre-sents the views of the Revisionist movement.

Of scholarly monographs, Dalia Ofer’s book Escaping the Holocaust. Illegal Immi-gration to the Land of Israel, 1939–1944 (New York 1990), fi rst published in Hebrew in Jerusalem in 1988, is of fundamental importance. Th is thorough study, based on wide preliminary source research, devotes much attention to the tactics of the Zion-ist movement. Aryeh L. Avneri’s Mi – „Velos” ‘ad „Taurus.” Asor rishon le-ha’apalah be-darkhe ha-yam, 1934–1944 (Tel Aviv 1985) [From “Velos” to “Taurus.” Th e First Decade of Jewish Illegal Immigration 1934–1944] must also be cited. Th e work has so far only appeared in Hebrew, which by nature limits its potential readership.

Among other works, Mordechai Naor’s popular outline Aliyah 2, 1934–1948: me-korot, sikumim, parashiyot nivharot vehomer ‘ezer/ha – ‘orekh (Yerushalayim 1988) bears mention. It has also appeared in a shortened English version (Haapala. Clan-destine Immigration 1931–1948, Tel Aviv 1987; no footnotes or bibliography). Se-fi not be-terem shahar. Sipuran shel sefi not ha-ma’apilim mi “Vilus” ad “Kerav Emek Ayalon.” Leksikon ha-ha’apalah, 1934–1948 (Hefa 2004) [Dawning Ships. Th e Story of the Clandestine Immigration Ships From “Vilus” to “Ayalon Valley Battle.” Dictionary of the Clandestine 1934–1948] by Shai Horev is a popular, encyclopedic history, with many illustrations and separate entries for each Aliyah Bet sea transport. A collec-tion of studies on the subject edited by Anita Shapira, Ha’apalah: measef letoladot

12

ha-hazalah, ha-berihah, ha-ha’apalah usheerit ha-peleitah (Tel Aviv 1990), has also only appeared in Hebrew.2 Th ese works deal only in part with the period surveyed in the present work and, due to their popular nature, may serve only as an introduction to the subject.

Works concentrating on particular sub-divisions within Aliyah Bet comprise a separate group. Th ey include studies of illegal immigrants deported to Mauritius (by Ronald Friedmann, Geneviève Pitot and Aaron Zwergbaum, among others),3 as well as monographs on selected Aliyah Bet sea transports. Th e tragic destinies of the Struma and Mefk ura in particular, ships which sank in the Black Sea in somewhat mysterious circumstances during the war, have attracted historiographers’ atten-tion. Israeli, American, German, Rumanian, and Turkish authors have written about these issues, including Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins, Serban Gheorghiu, Efraim Ofi r, Jürgen Rohwer, Shimon Rubinstein, Mihai Stoian, and Çetin Yetkin.4 Erich Gershon Steiner has written a fi ctional novel about the disaster on the Patria in November 1940.5

Th e basic source materials which I used for this book were from the National Archives in London and the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. Th e British ar-chives house rich collections of both original documents produced by high-ranking offi cers in the Foreign Offi ce, Colonial Offi ce and War Offi ce, and translations and transcriptions of materials created by Aliyah Bet organizers, Jewish operatives in Palestine, Great Britain and the United States, and immigrants themselves (reports, interrogation transcripts). Reports of the British intelligence services, MI5, must also be mentioned here. I have tried to compare and contrast the information in documents of British provenance with that in Jewish documents from Palestine and the diaspora.

Th e Central Zionist Archives contain groups of documents created by the Offi ce of the Jewish Agency and its immigration department in London and New York. In the archive I found pre-war British reports revealing Great Britain’s attitude to-

2 “Studies in the History of Illegal Immigration into Palestine 1934–1948.” See: Zeev Tzahor’s review in Studies in Contemporary Jewry. Vol. IX: “Modern Jews and Th eir Musical Agendas.” Ed. E. Men-delsohn, New York 1993, pp. 362–364.

3 R. Friedmann, Exil auf Mauritius 1940 bis 1945. Report einer “demokratischen” Deportation jüdi-scher Flüchtlinge, Berlin 1998; G. Pitot, Th e Mauritian Shekel. Th e Story of the Jewish Detainees in Mauritius, 1940–1945, Port Louis 1998; A. Zwergbaum, “Exile in Mauritius,” Yad Vashem Studies (Jerusalem). Vol. IV: 1960, pp. 191–257.

4 D. Frantz, C. Collins, Death on the Black Sea. Th e Untold Story of the “Struma” and World War II’s Holocaust at Sea, New York 2003; S. Gheorghiu, Tragedia navelor “Struma” şi “Mefk ure,” Constanţa 1998; E. Ofi r, With No Way Out. Th e Story of the Struma. Documents and Testimonies, Cluj-Napoca 2003; J. Rohwer, Die Versenkung der jüdischen Flüchtlingstransporter Struma und Mefk ure im Schwarzen Meer (February 1942, August 1944), Frankfurt/Main 1965; S. Rubinstein, Personal Trag-edies as a Refl ection to a Great Tragedy Called Struma, Jerusalem 2003; M. Stoian, Ultima cursă de la Struma la Mefk üre, Bucureşti 1995; Ç. Yetkin, Struma. Bir dramin içyüzü, Istanbul 2008.

5 E.G. Steiner, Th e Story of the Patria, New York 1982.

13

ward Aliyah Bet and materials concerning Jewish refugees deported to Mauritius or interned in the camp at Atlit, as well as a list of several hundred names of Aliyah Bet partners or associates for the year 1939. My work was made much easier by the opportunity to use the complete archive of annual bound volumes of Th e Palestine Post, the main English-language Yishuv publication.6

I also used materials from other institutions. From the Yad Vashem Archives in Jerusalem I made use of documents concerning the tragic fates of the sea trans-ports Struma and Mefk ura (including a report on the causes of the Mefk ura’s capsize written by Chaim Barlas, Shaul Avigur and Reuben Resnik). Th ey constitute part of a  larger collection documenting the situation of Rumanian Jews at the time of the Holocaust. Th at institution also keeps interesting materials on immigrants deported to Mauritius, among them refugees’ stories, proclamations, petitions, and collections of press clippings. Th e originals of these documents are the property of Th e Wiener Library in London and are located there, while Yad Vashem has authorized copies.

At the National Library of Israel in Jerusalem I was able to gain access to several unpublished studies of the Struma and Mefk ura tragedies (works by Tuvia Carmely, Albert Finkelstein, and Shimon Rubinstein).

I studied the Polish chapter of Aliyah Bet by means of materials at the Central Ar-chives of Modern Records in Warsaw. Th is theme is presented mainly in documents from the Ministry of Foreign Aff airs and Polish Police Headquarters. A broader context is provided by analyses and reports from Polish consular posts in Palestine, and from the complexes of the Polish Embassy in London and the diplomatic mis-sion in Bern. As Western scholars have given them attention only sporadically, they merit further examination.

One of the most important source publications is Th e Holocaust and Illegal Im-migration, 1939–1947 (ed. M.J. Cohen, New York–London 1987), from the monu-mental 39–volume series Th e Rise of Israel, containing facsimiles of over 1,900 docu-ments: from the formation of the Zionist movement to the creation of the state of Israel. In it I found materials from the British, Israeli, and American archives: several dozen concerning various matters relating to Aliyah Bet. I also benefi ted from a col-lection of accounts, reports, and other documentary materials published in Span-ish in Jerusalem under the auspices of the Zionist Organization in 1953, entitled La Haapala. Compilación de notas y documentos de la Inmigrácion “Ilegal” a Eretz Israel 1933–1948.

Mention must also be made of the selection of British documents from the col-lection of the National Archives in London: Select British Documents on the Illegal Immigration to Palestine (1939–1940). Th e collection, which comprises 11 docu-ments, appeared in the pages of the Yad Vashem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance (Vol. X: 1974. Ed. Leni Yahil) published in Jerusalem.

6 Th e daily, under the changed title of Th e Jerusalem Post (since 1950), is published to this day.

14

Published memoirs and eyewitness accounts constitute a separate category, fi rst and foremost those of organizers of and participants in illegal immigration. I was helped by, among others, the memoirs of Shaul Avigur (head of Mossad le’Aliyah Bet); his associates Ruth Aliav-Klüger, Ehud Avriel, and Munya Mardor; activists and sympathizers of the Revisionist movement: Ludmila Epstein and Wilhelm Perl, et al.7 All of the above publications are valuable as fi rst-hand testimony, but their plausibility is sometimes less than complete, if only because of the time elapsed be-tween the events narrated and the narration, and consequent coloration of the nar-rators’ perspective by later experiences and political views.

Scholars who are limited to using European languages may fi nd some consola-tion in the fact that many Israeli monographs and source materials from the relevant period have been published in or translated into English. It should also be remem-bered that Aliyah Bet was of primary interest to Great Britain, which explains the abundance and variety of archival materials produced or available in English. Some were translated from Hebrew or Yiddish to meet the needs of the Mandate authori-ties and thus kept in British collections.

Th rough inquiries at archives and libraries I gained access to many materials rarely or never cited by previous scholars. In this context I attempted to fi ll out the existing bibliography for this subject. In the bibliography I also took into account a  selection of about 60 contemporaneous press articles on the events described (e.g. Th e Palestine Post, Th e New York Times, et al.). Th ey in fact contain a great deal of valuable factual information, and have hitherto somehow escaped the historians’ attention. Where relevance justifi ed it, I also made use of material recorded on fi lm (in documentary fi lms) or posted on the Internet.

Here I must address the question of what contribution this work brings to re-search on Aliyah Bet. Th e literature on the subject cited above may give the impres-sion that the topic has to a large degree already been thoroughly covered. Nothing could be further from the truth. I have oft en been confronted with factual contra-dictions and insuffi cient documentation in the existing studies. At times, the same events are perceived in completely divergent ways. Some of the studies (such as the syntheses of the Kimche brothers, Habas or the English version of Mordechai Naor’s book), though undoubtedly important and necessary, lack essential footnotes, which makes verifying the information diffi cult. Th e present work is therefore not only an attempt to grasp Aliyah Bet in its early years, before it became a major po-litical power, in one volume, but also an attempt to gather and set in order the facts and source material. As mentioned above, there is no scholarly monograph which

7 S. Avigur, S pokoleniyem khagany, Tel Awiw 1976 (Hebrew edition: Im dor ha-Haganah, Tel Aviv 1962); R. Aliav, P. Mann, Th e Last Escape. Th e Launching of the Largest Secret Rescue Movement of All Time, London 1974; E. Avriel, Open the Gates! A Personal Story of “Illegal” Immigration to Israel. Preface by G. Meir, New York 1975; M.M. Mardor, Strictly Illegal. Foreword by D. Ben-Gurion, London 1964; L. Epstein, Before the Curtain Fell, Tel-Aviv 1990; W.R. Perl, Operation Action. Rescue from the Holocaust. Revised and enlarged edition, New York 1983.

15

deals comprehensively with pre-war illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine in the English-language literature on the subject. Dalia Ofer’s excellent work Escaping the Holocaust concentrates on aliyah from Europe during the Second World War and for understandable reasons touches only briefl y on aliyah activity outside of Europe.

In collating information from various sources I had to repeatedly verify facts repeated by other authors, e.g., dates, numbers for Aliyah Bet sea transports, and numbers of illegal immigrants among victims. In my extensive footnotes I collated the existing data, divergent in these fi gures. I made a similar synthesis when making the list of Aliyah Bet transports for 1934–1944 located in the Appendices. In con-trast to the tables in other works, my list is accompanied by substantial commentary (in the footnotes), drawing attention to the disputes in the literature on the subject.

By its nature, illegal Jewish immigration, a secret undertaking, did not allow for archiving of related documents. Th e historian is compensated for this lack by the fact that Aliyah Bet remained a  subject of interest for many countries, thanks to which we have access to source material of diverse provenance.

Th is study is a shortened version of a book originally published in Polish by the Avalon publishing house in Krakow.8 Th e English-language edition omits the Ap-pendix with documents from the British, Israeli and Polish archives. Most of those documents were included in English in the original and there was no need to pub-lish them again here. Illustrations were also omitted. Some sub-chapters were re-edited or condensed. Some fragments of this book appeared fi rst in Israel, on the pages of the Polish-language Tel Aviv weekly Nowiny Kurier.

I need to thank all those who in the course of this work’s preparation have been kind and helpful to me. I off er heartfelt thanks to the reviewer Prof. Tomasz Gąsowski of the Institute of History at Jagiellonian University in Krakow, as well as to the re-viewers of the Polish edition, Prof. Michał Pułaski of the Institute of History at Jag-iellonian University and Prof. Janusz Józef Węc of the Institute of Political Science and International Relations at the same university. I wish to thank the Lanckoroński Foundation for the stipend which allowed me to travel to Great Britain twice to conduct research, and Prof. Stanisław Sroka, Director of the Institute of History at Jagiellonian University, for his benevolent fi nancial support which enabled me to travel to Israel and have the work translated into English. And, last but not least, it is my pleasant duty to sincerely thank the translators, Guy Russell Torr and Timothy Williams, who completed the latter task with great care.

8 A. Patek, Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934–1944. Szkice z dziejów aliji bet, nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej, Kraków 2009, pp. 454. Th e book’s publication was noted in, among other: Nowiny Kurier (Tel Aviv), 21 V 2009, p. 12; Midrasz (Warsaw), No. 2: 2010, pp. 56–57; Slovanský přehled (Praha), Nos. 3–4: 2010, pp. 419–421; Studia Judaica (Kraków), Nos. 1–2: 2009, p. 368.

181

Selected bibliography

I. Archives collections

1. The National Archives (former Public Record Offi ce), London

a. Admiralty Records (ADM)ADM 116/4312 – Palestine: eff orts to curtail illegal immigration of Jews, 1939–1940 ADM 116/4659 – Palestine. Illegal immigration of Jews, 1940–1942

b. Colonial Offi ce Records (CO)CO 67/364/4 – Jewish Camps in Cyprus. Detention of Illegal Immigrants in Cyprus, 1949CO 537/2398 – Palestine. MI5, Illegal Immigration Reviews, 1947CO 733/255/11 – Palestine. Immigration Report by Mr. E. Samuel, 1934CO 733/331/3 – Palestine. Illegal immigration, 1937CO 733/394/1 and 2 – Illegal immigration of Jews into Palestine, 1939CO 733/395/1 – Illegal immigration. Measures in Palestine: setting up of refugee camps,

1939 CO 733/395/4 – Illegal Immigration: “Tiger Hill,” 1939CO 733/429/1 – Palestine. Situation and counter measures, 1940CO 733/429/4 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Th e Low Countries, 1940CO 733/431/1 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Publicity, 1940CO 733/446/4 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Commission of Enquiry into explosion and

sinking of SS “Patria,” 1941 CO 733/446/7 and 8 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. “Darien” ship, 1942CO 733/446/9 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Interim Reports on the Detainment Camp in

Mauritius, 1942–1943CO 733/446/10 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. M.V. “Struma,” 1942CO 733/446/11 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. M.V. “Struma.” Parliamentary Questions,

1942CO 733/454/2 – Jewish illegal immigration into Palestine, 1944–1945CO 733/466/12 – Illegal immigration of Jews into Palestine through Turkey, 1943–1944CO 733/466/15 and 16 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Transport arrangements. Treatment

of “Atlantic” passengers, 1944CO 733/466/18 – Illegal immigration. Detainees in Mauritius. Conditions in camp. Applica-

tions for release, etc., 1944CO 733/466/20 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Detainees in Mauritius. Conditions in camp

and applications for release, 1944

182

c. Foreign Offi ce Records (FO)FO 371/24094 and 24096 – Political. Western. Refugees 1939. General question of settlement

for refugeesFO 371/25124 – Political. Western. Co-ordination, 1940FO 371/25238 and 25239, 25240, 25241, 25242 – Political. General. Refugees 1940. Illegal

immigration into Palestine FO 371/29160 – General. Refugees 1941. Illegal immigration into Palestine FO 371/32661 – General. Refugees 1942. Illegal immigration into PalestineFO 371/42825 – Jewish immigration into Palestine (via Istanbul), 1944FO 371/45383 – Palestine and Transjordan, 1945FO 371/61812 – Illegal immigration into Palestine: control of suspect shipping, 1947

d. Treasury Records (T)T 161/1107 – Palestine. Measures to prevent illegal immigration. Maintenance of refugees

who are refused admission, 1933–1943T 220/195 – Palestine. Measures to prevent illegal immigration, 1944–1951

e. War Offi ce Records (WO)WO 275/60 – On board the Exodus 1947

2. Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem

a. Central Offi ces of the World Zionist Organization and of the Jewish Agency for Pal-estine / Israel abroad

Z4/30286 – Mauritius detainees, 1943–1945Z4/30523 – Immigration into Palestine, 1942Z4/31046 – Memorandum: a  Positive Program. Suggestions for Agenda of World Zionist

Congress, Geneva, August 1939Z4/31066 – Illegal Immigration (including materials on the “Atlantic” as well as the refugees

interned at Atlit and on Mauritius, 1940, 1941)Z4/31096 – “Struma,” 1942Z4/31103 and 31104 – Refugees, 1940–1942Z4/31107 and 31108 – including correspondence of Moshe Shertok (1939–1940)Z4/31145 – correspondence of Chaim Weizmann, Berl Locker and Ivor Linton with Ernest

Bevin and Arthur Creech-Jones (1941–1944)Z5/10819 – Cyprus cases, 1942/1943Z6/292 – Nahum Goldmann’s offi ces in New York and Geneva. Confi dential documents

(1941–1944)Z6/1567 – European Jewish refugees before World War II (1954)

b. Departments of the Executive of the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency for Palestine/ Israel in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Haifa

S25/22701 – Political Department. Illegal immigration. Various documents (1936–1939)

c. Archives of Zionist federations, organizations and associations and collections of documents on the history of Zionism in the United States

F38/1304 – Internment of Jewish Refugees in Athlit, Palestine, 1942

183

d. Affi liated offi ces of the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency and insti-tutions established by them

L15/1139 – Immigration Department, Offi ce in Istanbul (Aliyah from Balkan countries via Turkey, 1943–1944)

L22/922 – “Pencho” (1940, 1943)

e. Personal PapersA289/75 – Harry Sacher: Th e Mauritius detainees, 1 II 1945A406/55 and 59 – Robert Szold. Various documents (1940–1942)

f. Minutes of the Jewish AgencyS100/25 b – Vol. 25 (for the period 2 X 1938–1 I 1939)

3. Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem

a. Archives in Bulgaria fi lesM67/85 – including documents on the sinking of the “Salvador” in 1940

b. Kurt Jakob Ball-Kaduri collection of testimonies and reports on German Jewry O1/213 – Protokoll über eine Besprechung mit Dr. Aron Zwergbaum, Jerusalem, zum Th e-

ma “Mauritius” aufgezeichnet von Dr. Ball-Kaduri. Tel Aviv, 27 Februar 1958

c. Records of Th e Wiener Library, LondonO2/633 – “Die Alijah von Bratislava nach Mauritius.” Ein Tagebuch von Dr. A. ZwergbaumO2/634 – Mauritius: Documents and newspaper cuttingsO2/635 – Mauritius: petitions and cutting from Cyprus PostO2/636 – Hans Klein, London (late of Vienna): “My emigration into forced Internment of

Mauritius”

d. Collection about Romania O11/64 and 66, 67 – “Struma”O11/69 – “Mefk ure,” 1944O11/70 – S.S. “Mefk üre.” S.S. “Patria”O11/71 – “Struma” und “Mefk ure.” Gutachten von Dr. J. Rohver

e. Records of the Wilhelm Filderman Archive (Chairman, Union of Jewish Communi-ties in Romania)

P6/20, P6/24, P6/117 – including documents on Aliyah Bet from Romania (1942, 1944)

4. Atlit Detention Camp for Illegal Immigrants Museum, Atlit

a. booklet Atlit Detention Camp for Illegal Immigrants. Ed. Atlit Detention Camp for Illegal Immigrants [without year of issue]

b. leafl et Ma’apilim Detention Camp Atlit

184

5. The National Library of Israel, Givat Ram, Jerusalem

Unpublished works: Carmely T., Th e Real Story of Struma or Breaking Down a 60 Years Old Conspiracy of Silence,

Haifa 2002 (inventory no. S2 = 2002 B 3367)Carmely T., Dosarul “Struma” şi dedesubturile sale, Haifa 2005 (inventory no. S2 = 2006 B

4904)Finkelstein A., Th e Mefk ure Tragedy (An inquiry into the slayers’ identity), Paris 1989 (inven-

tory no. S2 = 89 B 2684) Rubinstein S., Comments on Several Personal Tragedies that were part of the General Tragedy

Called Struma, Jerusalem 2002 (inventory no. S2 = 2003 B 6596)Shealtiel S., Emigration and Illegal Immigration to Palestine from Bulgaria and via Bulgaria in

the years 1939–1945. Vol. 1–2, Tel Aviv University 2001 (inventory no. S2 = 2003 A 1581; PhD thesis in Hebrew, summary and additional title in English)

6. Rhodes House Library, Oxford

Dudley Nigg Papers, MSS. Medit/21 (Ill – usage of ex-detainees at Athlit Camp, Palestine)

7. The Polish Institute and General Sikorski Museum in London

Records: Ref. A.11 E/87 – Ministry of Foreign Aff airs. Jews in Palestine 1945Ref. A. 11/3/Bl. Wsch. – including analysis and reports of the Bureau for Near and Middle

East Studies of the Polish Government-in-ExileRef. A. 49/1 – Polish Consulate in Tel Aviv. General political relations with Poland

8. Archiwum Akt Nowych (The Central Archives of Modern Records), Warsaw

a. Records of the Ministry of Foreign Aff airs (Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych, MSZ)MSZ 9909 – Th e problem of Jewish emigration – legal and illegal including to Palestine

1938–1939 [microfi lm B 26319]MSZ 9916, 9918 – V. Jabotinsky’s New Zionist Organization – activities, contacts with the

Polish government, 1938–1939 [B 26326, B 26328]MSZ 9933 – Emigration of Jews to Palestine. Activities of Jewish organizations. Question of

youth military training etc., 1939 [B 26343]MSZ 9935 – Th e “Hehalutz – Pioneer” organization in Poland. Tourist emigration to Pales-

tine. Minutes of conferences at Ministry of Foreign Aff airs, 1939 [B 26345]MSZ 10004 – Problem of Jewish emigration. Resolutions of the New Zionist Organization,

1937–1939 [B 26414]MSZ 10008 – Report of an offi cial trip to Palestine, 1939 [B 26418]

185

b. Records of the Polish Central Police Command (Komenda Główna Policji Państwowej, KGPP)

KGPP 258 – Illegal emigration of Jews to Palestine. Memos of the Polish Ministry of Internal Aff airs, correspondence, photocopies of declarations, records of statements, 1938–1939

c. Records of the Polish Embassy in London140 – Palestine. Political system, government, parliament. Arab-Jewish confl ict and govern-

ment policy etc., 1936–1939271 – Palestine. Movement of population. Immigration (including from Poland). Reports,

statistical tables, 1932–1935902 – Emigration of national minorities. Polish Jews in Canada, Palestine, South Africa etc.,

1920–1938

d. Records of the Polish Diplomatic Mission in Bern153 – Palestine. Internal situation and the problem of dividing the country. World Zionist

Congress in Geneva. Reports of the Polish Diplomatic Mission in Bern and the Polish Consulate in Tel Aviv, correspondence, aide-memoires, 1939

e. Records of the Ministry of Internal Aff airs (Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych, MSW)

MSW 1069 – Documents on the evacuation of Jews from Gdansk, 1938 MSW 1508 – Deporting of Polish citizens to Poland from Palestine, 1925–1939

II. Published primary sources

Begin M., Jedyna droga, Warszawa 1936British White Paper, Cmd. 1700 of 1922: Palestine. Correspondence with the Palestine Arab

Delegation and the Zionist Organization, London 1922British White Paper, Cmd. 3692 of 1930: Palestine: Statement of Policy by His Majesty’s Gov-

ernment in the United Kingdom, London 1930British White Paper, Cmd. 5957 of 1939: Correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon, His

Majesty’s High Commissioner at Cairo, and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca, July 1915–March 1916, London 1939

British White Paper, Cmd. 6019 of 1939: Palestine: Statement of Policy, London 1939British White Paper, Cmd. 6180 of 1940: Palestine Land Transfers Regulations. Letter to the

Secretary – General of the League of Nations, February 28, 1940, London 1940Butler R. and Bury J.P.T. (eds.), Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939. Series I.

Vol. VIII: 1920, London 1958[Colony of Mauritius], Interim Report on the Detainment Camp for the period 1st Oct., 1941,

to 30th Sept., 1942, Port Louis, Mauritius 1942[Colony of Mauritius], Interim Report on the Detainment Camp for the period 1st Oct., 1942,

to 30th Sept., 1943, Port Louis, Mauritius 1943“Dezercje Żydów z Armii Polskiej na Wschodzie,” Zeszyty Historyczne (Paris). No. 103: 1993,

pp. 131–144

186

Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945. Series D. Vol. V: Poland; Th e Balkans; Latin America; Th e Smaller Powers. June 1937–March 1939, London 1953

Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers1937. Vol. II: Th e British Commonwealth, Europe, Near East and Africa, Washington 1954 1939. Vol. IV: Th e Far East, Th e Near East and Africa, Washington 19551940. Vol. III: Th e British Commonwealth, Th e Soviet Union, Th e Near East and Africa,

Washington 19581943. Vol. I: General, Washington 19631944. Vol. III: Th e British Commonwealth and Europe, Washington 1965

Haapala, La. Compilación de notas y documentos de la Inmigrácion “Ilegal” a Eretz Israel 1933–1948. La selección del material por M. Kitrón, Jerusalem 1953

Herzl T., Th e Jewish State, New York–London 1988 (translation from German, Leipzig–Wien 1896)

Hurewitz J.C., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East. A Documentary Record: 1914–1956. Vol. II, Princeton 1956

Hurewitz J.C., Th e Middle East and North Africa in World Politics. A Documentary Record. Vol. II: British-French Supremacy 1914–1945, New Haven–London 1979

[Th e Jewish Agency for Palestine], Book of Documents submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations relating to the Establishment of the National Home for the Jewish People, New York 1947

[Th e Jewish Agency for Palestine], Th e Jewish Case before the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Palestine as presented by the Jewish Agency for Palestine. Statements and Memoranda, Jerusalem 1947

[Th e Jewish Agency for Palestine], Memorandum submitted to the Palestine Royal Commis-sion on behalf of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, London 1936

Laqueur W., Rubin B. (eds.), Th e Israel-Arab Reader. A Documentary History of the Middle East Confl ict, 4th ed., New York–Oxford 1985

Palestine Mandate, Cmd. 1785, London 1922Palestine Royal Commission. Report. Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to

Parliament by Command of His Majesty. July, 1937. Cmd. 5479, London 1937“Palestine Statement of Policy by H.M.G. Offi cial Communique No. 2/39,” Th e Palestine Post,

18 V 1939, p. 3Palestine. Termination of the Mandate 15th May, 1948. Statement prepared for public informa-

tion by the Colonial Offi ce and Foreign Offi ce, London 1948Parliamentary Debates. House of Commons. Offi cial Report. 5th Series. Vol. 298, London 1935;

Vol. 346, London 1939, Vol. 347, London 1939; Vol. 348, London 1939; Vol. 350, London 1939; Vol. 351, London 1939; Vol. 356, London 1939; Vol. 357, London 1940; Vol. 367, London 1940; Vol. 368, London 1940; Vol. 377, London 1942; Vol. 378, London 1942; Vol. 393, London 1943; Vol. 398, London 1944; Vol. 400, London 1944; Vol. 408, London 1945

Parliamentary Debates. House of Lords. Offi cial Report. 5th Series. Vol. 115, London 1940; Vol. 128, London 1943

Patek A. (ed.), “Żydowska ‘emigracja turystyczna’ z Polski do Palestyny w 1939 roku –doku-menty,” Studia Historyczne (Kraków). No. 1 (213): 2011, pp. 81–98

Th e Political History of Palestine under British Administration. (Memorandum by His Britan-nic Majesty’s Government presented in July, 1947, to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine), Jerusalem 1947

187

Reich B. (ed.), Arab-Israeli Confl ict and Conciliation. A Documentary History, London 1995Report of the Commission on the Palestine Disturbances of August 1929 presented by the Sec-

retary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, London 1930Th e Rise of Israel. A Documentary Record from the Nineteenth Century to 1948. A Facsimile

Series Reproducing Over 1.900 Documents in 39 Volumes. General Editor H.M. Sachar, New York 1987Vol. 7, 8: Britain Enters into a Compact with Zionism 1917. Ed. by I. FriedmanVol. 16: Th e Jewish Yishuv’s Development in the Interwar Period. Ed. by A.S. KliemanVol. 19: Zionist Political Activity in the 1920s and 1930s. Ed. by A.S. KliemanVol. 24: Th e Royal Commission Report, 1937. Ed. by A.S. Klieman Vol. 27: Th e Darkest Year 1939. Ed. by A.S. Klieman Vol. 28: Implementing the White Paper, 1939–1941. Ed. by M.J. CohenVol. 30: Th e Holocaust and Illegal Immigration, 1939–1947. Ed. by M.J. Cohen

“Select British Documents on the Illegal Immigration to Palestine (1939–1940).” Introduced by L. Yahil, Yad Vashem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance (Jeru-salem). Vol. X: 1974, pp. 241–276

Sovietsko-izrailskiye otnosheniya. Sbornik dokumientov. T. I: 1941–1953. Kniga 1: 1941–May 1949, Moskva 2000

A Survey of Palestine. Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Vol. 1, Jerusalem 1946

Todorov T., Th e Fragility of Goodness. Why Bulgaria’s Jews Survived the Holocaust, London 2000

Tomaszewski J. (ed.), “Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wobec Żydów, 1938–1939 (dokumenty),” Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny (Warszawa). Vol. 3: 2003. No. 1 (11), pp. 197–235

Wight M., British Colonial Constitutions 1947, Oxford 1952Woodhead J., “Th e Report of the Palestine Partition Commission,” International Aff airs (Ox-

ford). No. 2: 1939, pp. 171–193Żabotyński W., Państwo Żydowskie, Warszawa–Kraków–Poznań–Łódź [1937]Żebrowski R., Dzieje Żydów w Polsce 1918–1939. Wybór tekstów źródłowych, Warszawa 1993

III. Diaries and memoirs

Aliav R., Mann P., Th e Last Escape. Th e Launching of the Largest Secret Rescue Movement of All Time, London 1974

Anders W., Bez ostatniego rozdziału. Wspomnienia z lat 1939–1946, Londyn 1959 (reprint: Bydgoszcz 1989)

Avigur S., S pokoleniyem khagany, Tel Awiw 1976 (Hebrew edition: Im dor ha-Haganah, Tel Aviv 1962)

Avriel E., Open the Gates! A Personal Story of “Illegal” Immigration to Israel. Preface by G. Meir, New York 1975 (also the Italian edition: Aprite le porte. La drammatica storia dell’ immigrazione clandestina in Israele, Milano 1976)

Barbur E., Urbański K., Właśnie Izrael. „Gadany” przewodnik po teraźniejszości i historii Iz-raela, Warszawa 2006

188

Begin M., Th e Revolt, Jerusalem 1951 (7th ed.: Jerusalem–Tel Aviv–Haifa 1977; Hebrew edi-tion: Mered, Yerushalayim 1950)

Ben-Gurion D., Israel. A Personal History, London 1972 (translation from the Hebrew, Tel-Aviv 1969)

Ben-Gurion D., Rebirth and Destiny of Israel. Edited and translated from the Hebrew under the supervision of M. Nurock, New York 1954

Bentwich N. and H., Mandate Memories 1918–1948, New York 1965Braginsky Y., Am hoter el hof, Tel-Aviv 1965Drymmer W.T., “Zagadnienie żydowskie w Polsce w latach 1935–1939 (Wspomnienie z pra-

cy w Ministerstwie Spraw Zagranicznych),” Zeszyty Historyczne (Paris). No. 13: 1968, pp. 55–75

[Dugdale B.], Baff y. Th e Diaries of Blanche Dugdale 1936–1947. Edited by N.A. Rose. Fore-word by M. Weisgal, London 1973

Epstein L., Before the Curtain Fell, Tel-Aviv 1990Feinber Ch., “Nach fünfzehn Jahren… ‘Patria’ – Gedanken. Aus den Erinnerungen eines

Geretteten,” Jedioth Chadashoth (Tel-Aviv), 25 XI 1955, p. 6Friling T., “Th e ‘King of the Jews’ in Bulgaria. David Ben-Gurion’s Diary, December 1944,”

Shvut. Studies in Russian and East European Jewish History and Culture (Tel-Aviv–Beer Sheva). Ed. B. Pinkus. Vol. 10 (26): 2001, pp. 182–279

Hirschmann I.A., Life Line to a Promised Land, New York 1946Kollek T., For Jerusalem. A Life by Teddy Kollek with his son, Amos Kollek, London 1978Konfi no B., Aliyah Bet. Nielegalna imigraciya. Kratk ocherk za izvshenite nielegalni transporti

za Palestina prez 1939/40 god, Sofi ya 1946 (Hebrew edition: Aliyah Bet me-hofe Bulgar-yah, Yerushalayim-Tel Aviv 1965)

Laub M., Th e Last Barrier to Freedom. Internment of Jewish Holocaust Survivors on Cyprus, 1946–1949, Berkeley, Cal. 1985

Lenk K., Th e Mauritius Aff air. Th e Boat People of 1940/1941. Edited and translated from the original German by R.S. Lenk, Brighton 1993

Marcus E., “Th e German Foreign Offi ce and the Palestine Question in the Period 1933–1939,” Yad Vashem Studies (Jerusalem). Vol. II: 1958, pp. 179–204

Mardor M.M., Strictly Illegal. Foreword by D. Ben-Gurion, London 1964 (Hebrew edition: Shelihut alumah, Tel-Aviv 1957)

Meir G., My Life, 6th ed., London 1978Nameri D., Sipuro shel Davidka, Tel Aviv 1974Pearse R., Th ree Years in the Levant, London 1949[Pearlman M.], Ben Gurion Looks Back in talks with Moshe Pearlman, New York 1965Perl W.R., Operation Action. Rescue from the Holocaust. Revised and enlarged edition, New

York 1983 (1st ed.: Th e Four-Front War. From the Holocaust to the Promised Land, New York 1979)

Sander-Steckl R., À bientôt en Eretz Israël. L’odyssée des réfugiés de l’Atlantic (décembre 1939–avril 1942). Journal traduit de l’allemand par Sonia Combe. Commenté par Michel Daëron, Paris 2002

Shamir Y., Summing Up. An Autobiography, Boston–New York–Toronto–London 1994Siemaszko Z.S., “Rozmowa z gen. Andersem w dniu 31 lipca 1967 roku,” Kultura (Paris).

No. 7–8 (274–275): 1970, pp. 26–39

189

Soshuk L., Eisenberg A. (eds.), Momentous Century. Personal and Eyewitness Accounts of the Rise of the Jewish Homeland and State 1875–1978, New York–London 1984

Weizmann Ch., Trial and Error. Th e Autobiography of Chaim Weizmann, London 1950

IV. Contemporary press articles (selection)

“204 Jewish Emigrants Drowned in Storm. 66 Children among Dead,” Th e Palestine Post, 15 XII 1940

“246 żydowskich uchodźców utonęło w Morzu Czarnym,” Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Żołnierza (London), 8 VIII 1944

“400 Refugees Rescued from Blazing Vessel off Rhodes,” Th e Palestine Post, 6 VII 1939“541 Refugees Arrive in Istanbul from Romania,” Th e Palestine Post, 30 X 1944“709 Refugees Lost in Struma. Ship Sinks in Black Sea,” Th e Palestine Post, 27 II 1942“840 Refugees from Rhodes Land Here. Rim Disaster Victims and Others in 3 Small Boats,”

Th e Palestine Post, 20 VIII 1939“1400 Refugees Land at Tel Aviv Beach. Th ree Killed by Marine Patrol Fire,” Th e Palestine

Post, 3 IX 1939“1875 Refugees Fight Death in Mediterranean. Fleeing from Nazi Tyranny 7 Die on Voyage

from Creta,” Cyprus Post (Nicosia), 16 XI 1940“2000 Jewish Refugees Marooned on the Danube. MacDonald Refuses to Lift Palestine Ban,”

Th e Palestine Post, 8 II 1940“Abril Refugees Deported,” Th e Palestine Post, 10 III 1947“Af-al-pi-magbit,” Trybuna Narodowa (Kraków–Lwów–Warszawa), 9 XII 1938“Arab Gov’t Offi cials Ask Immigration Stoppage. Full Text of Memorandum Submitted to

High Commissioner,” Th e Palestine Post, 10 VII 1936“Are Th ere Nazi Jews?,” Th e Palestine Post, 25 III 1940“Athlit, where refugees are cleared,” Th e Palestine Post, 22 I 1940“Britain’s Blow Will Not Subdue Jews. Statement of the Jewish Agency for Palestine,”

Th e Palestine Post, 18 V 1939“Bulgaria Responsible For Salvador Tragedy,” Th e Palestine Post, 22 XII 1940“Explosion Wrecks Liner at Haifa,” Th e Times (London), 26 XI 1940“Govt. to Prosecute Illegal Immigrants. 1220 Refugees Prevented Entry Between February

and April,” Th e Palestine Post, 26 IV 1939“Happy End of A Sad Odyssey. Saga of Mauritius Refugees,” Th e Palestine Post, 27 VIII 1945“Hundreds of Homeless in Cellars and Ship’s Holds,” Th e Palestine Post, 14 VI 1939“Increased Penalties For Assisting ‘Illegals,’” Th e Palestine Post, 24 VIII 1939“Jewish Agency and Aid to ‘Illegals,’” Th e Palestine Post, 2 VIII 1939“Jewish Refugee Tragedy. Disastrous Voyage. Palestine Entry Barred,” Manchester Guardian,

26 II 1942“Jewry Mourns and Protests,” Th e Palestine Post, 27 II 1942Levy J.M., “Refugee Boats Attacked,” Th e New York Times, 17 VIII 1944“Loss of Refugee Ship in Black Sea. 760 Jews Drowned,” Th e Times, 27 II 1942“Mauritius Refugees Return,” Th e Palestine Post, 27 VIII 1945“Mr. Ben Gurion in Bulgaria,” Th e Palestine Post, 3 XII 1944

190

“Murder of Lord Moyne. Minister Resident Shot in Cairo,” Th e Palestine Post, 7 XI 1944Namier L.B., “Th e Refugee Ships,” Time and Tide (London), 14 III 1942“No Legal Immigration in the Next Schedule Period,” Th e Palestine Post, 13 VII 1939“Parita Refugees Released,” Th e Palestine Post, 1 IX 1939“Patria Enquiry Opened,” Th e Palestine Post, 13 XII 1940“Patria Roll Growing. Total Number of Dead Now 137,” Th e Palestine Post, 30 XII 1940.“Patria Sinks in Haifa Harbour,” Th e Palestine Post, 26 XI 1940“Refugee Dead of Typhoid,” Th e Palestine Post, 6 XII 1940“Refugee Ship off Palestine Is Sunk by Blast,” Th e New York Times, 26 XI 1940“Salvador Was Derelict Ship Without Maps Or Instruments,” Th e Palestine Post, 18 XII 1940“Severer Measures Against Illegal Immigration,” Th e Palestine Post, 20 III 1940“A Ship in the Black Sea, Transporting 700 Victims, Sailed into a Mine Field for Lack of Navi-

gation Facilities,” Th e New York Times, 28 II 1942“Th e S.S. Parita Beached at Tel Aviv on Tuesday,” Th e Palestine Post, 24 VIII 1939“Struma Again Raised in Commons,” Th e Palestine Post, 13 III 1942 “Th e Struma Tragedy,” Th e New York Times, 13 III 1942“Survivors of Patria to Remain. Offi cial Communique. Position Regarding Other ‘Illegals’

Unchanged,” Th e Palestine Post, 5 XII 1940“Turkey Censures Romania for Struma Sinking,” Th e Palestine Post, 5 III 1942“U-Boat Sank Refugee Ship,” Th e Palestine Post, 20 VIII 1944“Th e White Paper and the Struma. Dr. Weizmann on Refugee Tragedy,” Th e Palestine Post,

9 III 1942“White Paper not in Accordance with League’s View of Mandate,” Th e Palestine Post,

25 VIII 1939

V. Monographs and articles

Abella I., Troper H., None Is Too Many. Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933–1948, New York 1983

Aharonson R., Rothschild and Early Jewish Colonization in Palestine, Lanham 2000Anderl G., “Die Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Wien, 1938–1943,” David – Jü-

dische Kulturzeitschrift (Wien). Jg. 5: 1993, H. 16, pp. 12–19Anderl G., “Die ‘Zentralstellen für jüdische Auswanderung’ in Wien, Berlin und Prag –

ein Vergleich,” Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte (Tel Aviv). 23. Band: 1994, pp. 275–299

Anderl G., “Berthold Storfer: Retter oder Kollaborateur? Skizzen einer umstrittenen Persön-lichkeit. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der ‘sogenannten illegalen Einwanderung’ in das britische Mandatsgebiet Palästina,” David – Jüdische Kulturzeitschrift (Wien). Jg. 9: 1997, H. 35, pp. 15–30

Anderl G., Manoschek W., Gescheiterte Flucht. Der “Kladovo-Transport” auf dem Weg nach Palästina, 1939–1942, Wien 2001

Anderl G., Manoschek W., “Herta Eisler und der jüdische ‘Kladovo-Transport’ auf dem Weg nach Palästina” [in:] Zwei Tage Zeit. Herta Reich und die Spuren jüdischen Lebens in Mürz-zuschlag. H. Halbrainer (Hg.), Graz 1998, pp. 38–62

List of tables

1. Intercontinental migration of Jews 1881–1948 ...................................................... 192. Population of Palestine in the Mandate period ...................................................... 273. Jewish immigration to Palestine for the years 1881–1948 (in 1000s) ................. 274. Jewish immigration according to the main countries of origin (in 1000s) ........ 295. Persons who remained in Palestine without permission and subsequently

legalised their stay, 1933–1935 ................................................................................. 436. “Tourist emigration organizations” ......................................................................... 597. Tourist emigration from Poland to Palestine January 1938–February 1939

according to month .................................................................................................... 628. Jewish emigration from Poland in 1938 .................................................................. 629. Persons deported from Palestine 1934–1939 ......................................................... 80

10. Before and aft er the “White Paper.” Ha’apala from Europe in 1939 .................... 8211. Th e largest Aliyah Bet sea transports before World War II ................................... 8612. Ha’apala from Europe during the war ..................................................................... 10213. Rudnitchar, Hilda and Sakarya in the Mandate’s offi cial statistics ....................... 11214. Interned at Beau Bassin, Mauritius 1940–1945 ...................................................... 12515. Th e largest Aliyah Bet sea transports during the war ................................................. 161

List of maps

1. Th e Middle East in the 1930s .................................................................................... 392. Th e main Aliyah Bet routes 1934–1939 ................................................................... 833. Th e route of the passengers of the Atlantic............................................................ 1174. Th e Pencho passenger odyssey (1940–1944) .......................................................... 1385. Th e route of the Struma ................................................................................................... 146

209209

Index*

AAbdülhamid II, sultan of the Ottoman Em-

pire 47 Abdullah, emir of Transjordan 26, 34 Abella, Irving 100 Achdut Ha’Avoda (United Labour Party) 68 Acre 121Aden 18, 168Af-al-pi 52, 81Af al pi 174, 175 Agami, Moshe, see Averbuch, MosheAghia Zioni 176Aghios Nikolaos 86, 88, 176, 177 Ahad ha-Am (Asher Hirsch Ginsberg) 20 Aharonson, Ran 19 Ahtopol 162 Alami, Musa 169 Albania 53, 60, 174Aldouby, Zvy 73 Aleppa 71Alexandria 46, 137, 168Al-Gaylani, Rashid Ali 103, 136Al-Haurani, Tewfi k Bey 80 Al-Husseini, Haj Amin 32–35, 98Alia, Josette 50Aliav, Ruth (Ruth Klueger) 14, 66, 91, 103,

134, 135, 156 Aliyah Dalet 38Aliyah Gimmel 38Aliyah Vav 10, 106, 108 American Jewish Joint Distribution Com-

mittee (Joint) 69, 133, 157, 158, 163 American Zionist Emergency Council 152Anderl, Gabriela 73, 74, 76, 131–134Anders, Władysław 10, 105–108Anderson, Ewan W. 17Andrychów 57

Ankara 139, 147, 148, 151, 167Ankara = Turkey 132, 164 Antonescu, Ion 156, 165Antonius, George 20Arazi, Yehuda 66, 70, 135Arendt, Hannah 73Argentina 19, 49, 77Aron, Jacques 81, 177Aroni, Samuel 145Arsene, Maria (Arthur Leibovici) 141, 147Artemisia 174, 175 Asefat ha’Nivharim (Assembly of Represent-

atives) 30, 169 Assa, Anri 165Assimi 89, 176 Astia 176 Astir 86, 89, 90, 176 Athens 45, 48, 52, 71, 83, 139 Atlantic 76, 87, 115–119, 121, 122, 126, 141,

161, 178 Atlit 13, 91, 92, 111, 113, 121, 126, 135, 136,

153, 155 Atrato 71, 72, 86, 90, 175, 176 Aumann, Moshe 28Australia 50 Austria 35, 49, 53, 55, 71–73, 75–77, 81, 85,

89, 108, 115, 118, 124, 125, 129, 131, 171 Austro-Hungary 21 Averbuch, Moshe 66, 71, 103, 135, 157Avidov, Yani 104Avigur, Shaul (Shaul Meirov) 13, 14, 65, 66,

68, 85, 95, 105, 119, 162, 166Avineri, Shlomo 18, 20Avneri, Aryeh L. 11, 20Avriel, Ehud (Georg Überall) 14, 71, 72, 77,

86, 120, 131, 132, 160, 167Ayelet ha’Shahar 104

* Ship names are given in italics.

210210

BBachi, Roberto 27, 80Backmann, René 50Baer, Tadek 163Baghdad 103, 104Balfour, Arthur James 22Balfour Declaration 22–24, 26, 35–37, 114,

152 Balkans 71, 76, 92, 98, 101, 132, 154, 157,

167–169 Balke, Ralf 22, 97Ball-Kaduri, Kurt-Jakob 74, 85, 128, 132,

137Bar-Avi, Israel 142Bar-Kochba, Shimeon 18 Bar-Zohar, Michael 32, 97Barbur, Eli 159Barclay, C. 116Bard, Mitchell 100Bari 83Barlas, Chaim (Hayim) 13, 140, 145, 162,

173 Barnawi, Eli 50Barpal, Yosef 45, 66Basle 18Basra 168Bateman, Charles H. 70Batmaz, Şakir 40Batory 137 Bauer, Yehuda 9, 35, 53, 65, 69, 72, 73, 77,

85, 97, 101, 105, 134, 136, 145, 152Baumkoller, Abraham 24Beau Bassin 123, 125Beck, Józef 56, 57Beckman, Morris 97Beer Sheva 157 Begin, Menachem 60, 107, 108, 121, 122,

150Beirut 40, 71, 90Bela-Christa 160, 179 Belgium 51, 52, 54, 60 Belgrade 71, 134 Belgrade = Yugoslavia 133 Belize (British Honduras) 115 Ben-Gurion, David 14, 31, 34, 45, 65, 66, 69,

78, 97, 102, 119, 150–152, 157, 159, 167

Ben Hecht 68Ben-Horin, Eliahu 87, 112Bennett, John S. 113Bentwich, Helen 25Bentwich, Norman 25, 49Benvenisti, Misho 159, 160Benz, Wolfgang 120, 162Berlin 76 Berlin = Germany 50, 72, 73, 77, 134, 161,

164 Bern 13 Bernacki, Włodzimierz 124Bernstein, I. 47Bernstein, S. 155Betar (Brit Trumpeldor, Trumpeldor Alli-

ance) 44, 46–48, 52, 53, 60, 81, 88, 107Bethell, Nicholas 24, 33, 35, 139, 147–150 Bethlehem 34 Bevin, Ernest 113Bielicki, Vladimir 163Bierman, John 137Biltmore Program (1942) 152, 154Binder, Johannes 74Black, Edwin 73Black Sea 10, 12, 74, 101, 110, 131, 133, 144,

148, 149Bludan 94Bogner, Nahum 156 Bogoslovskiy, Viktor V. 77Boh 160Bojko, Krzysztof 56Bosphorus 71, 148, 149, 151, 156, 158, 159,

164 Bowden, Tom 33Braginski, Yehuda 45, 66, 68, 135Braila 54 Bratislava 75, 76, 83, 131, 137, 138 Brazil 49, 77, 86 Breitman, Richard 51, 100Brenner, Lenni 31, 48, 88, 100Brest on the Bug 56, 59, 60 Brindisi 83Brno 128Bronsztejn, Szyja 55Brzoza, Czesław 61Bucharest 64, 71, 76, 151, 152, 159, 163, 165

211211

Bucharest = Romania 108, 132, 160Buchwajc (Buchweitz), Menachem 25, 166Budapest 18, 76Bukovina 76Bulbul 160–162, 164, 179 Bulgaria 29, 40, 46, 69, 82, 84–86, 89, 103,

108, 110, 112, 137, 139–141, 144, 154, 155, 165, 167, 171, 174, 176–178

Bullard, Reader 90Burgas 164Burstein, Moshe 30Bury, John Patrick Tuer 23Butler, Rohan 23Butnaru, Ion C. 149, 160, 163, 165

CCadogan, Alexander 141 Caesarea 70Cairo 26, 94, 135, 150Canada 19, 49, 51, 77, 100, 150Çankaya 149 Cappollo 48, 174Carmely, Tuvia 13, 141, 145, 149Carmichael, Joel 31Carvell, John E.M. 109, 113Caucasus 47Cesarani, David 73Chary, Frederick B. 165, 167Chateau d’If 54 Chazan, Meir 118–120Chmielewski, Wojciech 57 Chojnowski, Andrzej 20, 87 Churchill, Winston 24–26, 36, 99, 102, 111,

113, 122, 136Cohen, Eugene J. 65Cohen, Michael J. 13, 26, 33, 74, 79, 98, 99,

101, 111, 115, 136, 150, 154Cohen, Richard J. 133Cohn-Sherbok, Dan 145Cohn-Sherbok, Lavinia 25, 66Collins, Catherine 12, 141, 142, 145–147,

149–151 Colorado 72, 78, 86, 176, 177 Comay, Joan 25, 66Congo (Belgium) 60

Constanta 58, 83, 89, 90, 133, 135, 142, 146, 154, 156, 161, 163, 166

Corfu 86Cranborne, Robert Arthur Gascoyne-Cecil,

Viscount 143, 153 Crete 88, 116Crimea 164Croning, Petre 163Cuba 51Cyprus 18, 19, 54, 77, 115–117, 137, 155,

156, 168, 173, 175, 178 Czechoslovakia 29, 50, 71, 75, 77, 81, 85,

112, 115, 123–126, 129, 135, 156, 171 DDachau 92Daëron, Michel 116, 118 Damascus 71 Dan, Shaike, see Trachtenberg, YesheyahuDaniels, Roger 51Dann, Uriel 26, 36Dante, Alighieri 47 Danube 74, 83, 86, 103, 115, 131–133, 135,

167 Danzig 46, 48, 72, 85, 115, 124, 125, 131Dardanelles 46, 110 Darien II 103, 132–136, 140, 144, 153, 161,

178 Della Pergola, Sergio 19Delpa 58, 175 Deniezhko, Dmitri M. 148 Deutsche Donau Schiff ahrtgesellschaft

(DDSG, German Association of Danube Navigation) 74, 115, 131

Dikof, Lazar 147Dimitrios 177 Dmitrev, Vladimir I. 164 Dniestr 160 Dodecanese Islands 137 Dora 85, 177, 179 Dordeval 155, 179 Douer, Alisa 131Draga 175 Dreyfus, Alfred 18Drymmer, Wiktor Tomir 46, 57Dugdale, Blanche 115

212212

Durrës 53Dworkin, Lejba 59Dyneburg 65

EEckert, Brita 49Edelheit, Abraham J. 18, 23, 28, 33Edelheit, Hershel 18, 23, 28, 33Eden, Anthony 57, 99Egypt 18, 21, 35, 71, 79, 94, 98, 103, 106,

122, 137, 147, 166, 169Eichmann, Adolf 72, 73, 75–77, 134Einstein, Albert 150Eisenberg, Azriel 104El Alamein 98El-Alami, Dawoud 145El-Eini, Roza 25Eli 175 Elpeleg, Zvi 32Emden 75 Enoch, Erwin 116, 126, 127Enzer, Shmuel 159, 160Epstein, Ludmila 14, 46, 47, 53, 54, 111, 166Ettinger, Amos 159, 166, 167Europa 179 Euxenia 155, 178 Evian-les-Bains 50, 171Exodus 1947 11

FFeilchenfeld, Werner 73Feingold, Henry L. 100Feinstein, Josephine 141, 142, 145Feisal, king of Iraq 26 Feiwel, Tosco R. 25Feld, Eva 118Ferramonti di Tarsia 137Filderman, Wilhelm 160Finkelstein, Albert 13, 162–164Finkelstein, Sophie 164Fiume 53, 83 Fiume 88 Flesch, Hermann 81, 176, 177Flinker, David 121Fraenkel, Josef 52, 112

France 17, 18, 21, 23, 50–52, 54, 57, 60, 61, 66, 71, 118, 132, 176

Franconia 129 Frankel, Jonathan 69, 102, 157Frantz, Douglas 12, 141, 142, 145–147,

149–151Fridman, Natán 121Friedberg-Valureanu, Uli 142Friedman, Isaiah 22, 23Friedman, Saul S. 100Friedmann, Ronald 12, 124, 125, 129 Friling, Tuvia 167Frossoula (Frosula) 90, 177

GGabrea, Radu 151Gajewski, Jan 61 Galante, Abraham 141 Galilee 28, 34, 41, 47, 48, 66 Galili, Moshe (Moshe Krivoshein) 52, 53,

81, 174, 175Gaza 34Gąsowski, Tomasz 15, 106, 107Gebert, Konstanty 73, 98Geff en, David 118General Gouvernement (GG) 131Geneva 57, 78, 158Gensicke, Klaus 32, 98Geppo 86, 88, 175Geppo II 86, 176 Germany (also Th ird Reich) 10, 17, 21,

23, 28, 29, 34, 35, 49–53, 55, 56, 58, 63, 71–78, 82, 84, 85, 89, 98–102, 105, 106, 109–112, 115, 124–126, 131, 132, 134–137, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149, 151, 152, 154, 156–158, 160, 161, 165, 171, 172

Germany, Federal Republic of 147, 148Gheorghiu, Serban 12, 141Gibraltar, Strait of 75 Gilbert, Martin 20, 22, 28, 33, 34, 41, 65, 77,

78, 83, 90, 98, 99, 113, 114, 136, 167Giles, Arthur F. 93Ginsburg, Pino 66, 67, 76Gitman, Max 61Glazer, Eliyahu 53, 81, 86

213213

Glubb, John Bagot 22, 34Golan Heights 47 Goldman, Ron 151Goldman, Solomon 69 Goldmann, Nahum 36Goldscheider, Calvin 29Golomb, Eliyahu 30, 45, 46, 66, 68, 78, 119,

157Gort, John Standish Surtees Prendergast

Vereker 168 Great Britain 9–12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21–26,

31, 32, 34–36, 40, 47, 49, 51, 56, 57, 61, 63, 64, 69, 73, 75, 77–79, 93, 94, 97–103, 109–111, 126, 128, 132, 135, 136, 143, 144, 150–155, 166–169, 171, 172

Greece 45, 48, 52, 53, 71, 76, 85, 92, 94, 116, 134, 140, 154, 158, 174–177

Greenberg, Izzy 151Greenfi eld, Murray S. 9, 68 Grinbaum, I. 134Grossmann, Kurt R. 42, 86, 179 Guiana, British 77, 114Guirchoun, Henri 50Gunther, Franklin M. 86, 92 Gutman, Yisrael 106, 157Gvati, Chaim 20

HHabas, Bracha 11, 14, 38, 46, 74, 91, 121,

132, 134, 135, 137, 160, 166 Hacohen, David 135Hadari, Ze’ev Venia 9, 65–68, 70, 94, 145,

157, 158, 167, 169Hagana 10, 30, 31, 42, 45, 54, 57, 65–68, 70,

71, 78, 89, 101, 104, 107, 116, 118–121, 135, 157

Haifa 11, 34, 41, 52, 54, 85, 90, 91, 93, 98, 109, 110, 117, 118, 122, 123, 128, 129, 134, 135, 139

Hainarul 178 Haining, Robert Hadden 89Ha’Kibbutz Ha’Meuhad (United Kibbutz)

44, 66, 67Halamish, Aviva 9, 38, 65Halbrainer, Heimo 133Halifax, Edward 150

Hall, George 122Haller, Paul 52, 81, 86, 175–177Halpern, B. 30Hamburg 51, 75 Hankey, Robert Maurice Alers 168Hanna, Paul Lamont 25, 35Ha’Oved Ha’Tziyoni (Zionist Worker) 68Ha’Poel Ha’Mizrachi (Mizrachi Worker) 68Ha’Shomer Ha’Tzair (Young Guard) 68Hattis, Susan Lee 34, 35Hauran 80Hausner, Bernard 41, 58 Havana 51Hedjaz 21, 26Heft er, Jean 151Hehalutz 44–46, 52, 58, 60, 66, 84, 85, 131,

174, 175 Heim, Susanne 101Heller, Joseph 100Herzl, Th eodor 18Hilda 102, 110–112, 161, 178 Hillgruber, Andreas 35Hirsch, Robert 116, 126, 127Hirschmann, Ira Arthur 158, 160, 162Hirsz, Gordon 61Hirszowicz, Łukasz 35, 51, 72, 73 Histadrut 30, 31, 44, 66, 67, 79, 104, 107,

123, 157 Hitler, Adolf 28, 32, 34, 111, 133, 151, 156,

169Hoare, Reginald Hervey 137Hochstein, Joseph M. 9, 68Holland 51, 54, 85, 177 Holon 129, 151Hong Kong 77Horev, Shai 11, 45, 111 Horowitz, Dan 25, 42, 101Hoskins, Halford Lancaster 17 Hoter, E. 66Houstoun-Boswall, William Evelyn 90, 168Huneidi, Sahar 25Hungary 29, 71, 76, 84, 85, 112, 124, 125,

135, 154, 156, 157, 165Hurewitz, Jacob Coleman 21, 22, 24, 25, 30,

33, 36, 79, 152Hussein ibn Ali 21, 26

214214

Husseini, clan 32Hyamson, Albert Montefi ore 25

IIgneada 162, 164 India 17, 33 Intergovernmental Committee on Political

Refugees 50Iraklion 116, 117Iran 71, 103, 105 Iraq 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 35, 39, 42, 98, 103–

105, 136, 168Irgun Zvai Leumi (National Military Or-

ganization) 31, 47, 53, 57, 60, 100, 101, 107, 108, 120, 121

Istanbul 66, 71, 83, 101, 117, 135, 139, 140, 142, 144–146, 153, 155, 156, 158–160, 162, 164–166, 173

Italy 34, 45, 52, 53, 66, 71, 72, 85, 97, 98, 101, 106, 116, 122, 132, 133, 137, 174–177

Izmir 158

JJabotinsky, Eri 53, 111Jabotinsky, Vladimir 46, 47, 52, 57, 63, 89,

132 Jacobovici, Simcha 151Jaff a 34, 41, 90 Jerusalem 11–13, 17, 18, 20, 28, 30, 34, 35,

67, 71, 84, 91, 93, 94, 98, 116, 152, 157, 158, 163

Jewish Agency 12, 24, 28, 31, 32, 40, 42, 44–46, 51, 58, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 78, 81, 82, 90, 100, 102, 104, 107, 108, 123, 124, 128, 129, 133, 135, 136, 140, 143, 149, 153, 155, 157–159, 162, 171

Jewish Brigade 97, 107, 124, 136Johan de Witt 123 Jones, Philip 25 Jordan (river) 24, 26, 47, 150 Joseph, Bernard 25, 33, 92, 97 Judea 34, 42

KKaduri, Ezra 103 Kahan, Marek (Meir) 58, 108

Kamenec, Ivan 75Kamm, Josephine 19 Kaniuk, Yoram 65Kárná, Margita 76Kárný, Miroslav 76Karthaus, Wolfgang 72Katina 86, 87, 175 Katz, Ephraim 73Katz, Mordechai 53 Katz, Shmuel 47Katznelson, Berl 44, 46, 68, 78, 121 Katznelson, Josef 53Kazbek 160, 161, 179 Kedourie, Elie 21, 22Kemp, Danny 151Kemper, Raimund 76 Kennedy, Joseph Patrick 35 Kenya 77Keren Kayemet le’Israel (Jewish National

Fund) 19, 128Kfar Giladi 104Kfar Kama 48Kimche, David 11, 14, 46, 71, 72, 86, 103,

105, 120, 162Kimche, Jon 11, 14, 22, 46, 71, 72, 86, 103,

105, 120, 162Kirk, George 26, 97, 99, 120, 144, 145Kirkuk 42Kitrón, Moshe 44, 78, 118, 134Kladovo 10, 103, 131–134 Kleiber, Manfred 147Klein, Hans 124Klieman, Aaron S. 26, 30, 33 Klueger, Ruth, see Aliav, RuthKlugman, Aleksander 58, 60Kochan, Lionel Edmond 166Koen, Albert 165Koestler, Arthur 22, 25, 120, 121, 144Kollek, Amos 157Kollek, Teddy (Th eodor) 157, 158 Konfi no, Baruch 82, 84, 102, 109, 139, 140,

176–178 Kook, Hillel 53Kossoy, Edward 57, 58, 107, 108 Kosta 52, 174 Kovac, Erwin 116, 126, 127

215215

Kovalev, Erik A. 148Krakow 15 Kralitza Maria 176 Krammer, Arnold 166Krasuski, Jerzy 72 Kraut, Alan M. 51, 100Krotova 177 Krum, khan of Bulgaria 137Kubiak, Krzysztof 145 Kula, Marcin 49Kurnikowski, Zdzisław Kazimierz 42

LLampson, Miles 90Land Transfers Regulations (1940) 98 Lapidot, Yehuda 47, 53, 54, 110Laqueur, Walter 18, 22, 24, 28, 36, 78, 85,

142, 152, 157, 165Las Perlas 177 Latvia 71, 90, 124, 125Laub, Morris 156Laufer, Erez 135 Lazar, Haim 47, 48, 53, 54Lazar-Litai, Chaim 11, 52, 53, 85, 145League of Nations 23, 24, 26, 31, 36, 40, 56,

79Lebanon 10, 21, 23, 24, 34, 40, 47, 54, 71, 79,

80, 103, 104 Leibovici, Arthur, see Arsene, MariaLenczowski, George 17, 166Lenk, Karl 116, 124, 127Lenk, Rudolf S. 116Levin, Dow 106Levinthal, Louis 155Levy, Joseph M. 162Liberia 86Libertad 178 Libya 122, 147Liebman, M. 68Liebreich, Fritz 9, 65, 79, 80Liesel 86, 177 Lilienthal, Alfred M. 121 Lily 179 Limassol 116, 117 Linton, Joseph Ivor 155Lipscher, Ladislav 75

Lisbon 158Lissak, Moshe 25Lithuania 90, 171 Lloyd, Th omas Ingram 122 Lloyd of Dolobran, George Ambrose 110,

112Locker, Berl 153Lodz 70Lohamei Herut Israel (Lehi, Fighters for the

Freedom of Israel) 100, 101, 150London 11–13, 19, 20, 35, 38, 50, 64, 93, 94,

111, 126–128, 143, 147, 151, 153, 167 London = Great Britain 10, 21–24, 26,

32–35, 37, 79, 94, 97–99, 101, 108, 111, 113–115, 122,136, 150–155, 168

London, Louise 77, 114Loraine, Percy Lyham 109Lothian, Philip Henry Kerr, Marquess of

122Louis, William Roger 169Luttwak, Edward Nicolae 42, 101

MMacDonald, James Ramsay 24, 33, 35 MacDonald, Malcolm 35, 81, 89, 94, 99,

111, 113MacMichael, Harold 36, 91, 99, 136, 143,

149–151, 153Madagascar 57, 115Mafdal (National Religious Party) 68 Maga, Timothy P. 162Mahmud, Pasha Mohammed 94Malaya 77, 151 Mandel, Neville J. 20Mann, Peggy 14, 91, 134Manning, Olivia 149Manoschek, Walter 131–134 Mapai (Mifl eget Poalei Eretz Israel, Party of

the Workers of the Land of Israel) 31, 44, 46, 68, 78, 120

Mapam (Mifl eget Ha’Poalim Ha’Meuhedet, United Workers’ Party) 68

Marcus, Ernst 73Mardor, Munya M. 14, 38, 103, 119, 121 Marica 160, 179 Marlowe, John 25

216216

Marmara, Sea of 10, 84, 139Marrus, Michael R. 137 Marseilles 46, 54 Marsis 90, 177 Maurer, Ion Gheorghe 151Mauritius 10, 12, 13, 103, 115, 118, 121–

130, 135, 144, 150, 155 McMahon, Henry 21, 26Mecca 21Medding, Peter Y. 31Medina 21 Mediterranean Sea 45, 46, 53, 85, 91, 92,

101, 133Mefk ura 12, 13, 148, 160–164, 179 Meir, Golda 71, 72, 120, 132, 160Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther 103–105Meirov, Gur 66Meirov, Shaul, see Avigur, ShaulMejcher, Helmut 25, 35Melzer, Emanuel 55, 56Mendelsohn, Ezra 12, 56, 156Meniker, Vadim 29Merkaz le’Aliyah (Centre for Aliyah) 53, 54 Mexico 86, 150 Michael II, king of Romania 165Michaelis, Dolf 73Mihai 155, 178 Milka 160, 179 Miller, Scott 51Miller, Ylana N. 25 Milos 76, 87, 115, 116, 118, 161, 178 Milotová, Jaroslava 76 Mińsk Mazowiecki 56 Mircea 155, 179 Mishmar Ha’Yarden 47Mizrachi (Spiritual Centre) 44, 68, 176Mohammed 21 Mokrzycki, Bronisław 107 Momtchiloff , Nicolas 141 Monroe, Elizabeth 22Montefi ore, Moses 19 Moravia 128 Morgan Witts, Max 51 Morina 160, 161, 164, 179 Morris, Benny 33Moscow 148, 164

Moscow = Soviet Union 105, 149, 166–168 Moser, Jonny 74 Mossad le’Aliyah Bet 10, 14, 65–71, 74–76,

78, 84–86, 90, 102, 104, 105, 110, 131, 132, 134, 135, 156–162, 166, 167, 172, 176–179

Mossek, Moshe 28Mossek, Nissim 139Moyne, Walter Edward Guinness, Lord 99,

136, 150, 153 Mussolini, Benito 34Müller, Heinrich 76

NNahariya 70, 129Nameri, David 66, 69, 103Namier, Lewis (Ludwik Bernsztajn-Niemi-

rowski) 122, 143Naomi Julia 54, 86, 178 Naor, Mordechai 11, 14, 46, 47, 53, 65, 69,

81, 85, 90, 92, 95, 101, 104, 105, 120, 145, 149, 161, 162, 166, 174–177, 179

Nashashibi, clan 32Naval Contraband Control Service 109, 111 Nedava, Joseph 47 Negev 34, 157Netanya 70 Neumann, Emmanuel 144Nevakivi, Jukka 22Nevo, Joseph 34New York 11–13, 121, 145, 150, 158New Zealand 150New Zionist Organization 31, 46, 52, 63, 74,

85, 107 Nicosia, Francis R. 35, 73–75Nieuw Zeeland 123 Niko 177 Nili 46 Nitsanim 70 Nordia 46 Norton, Cliff ord 63Nurock, Mordechai 45

OOdessa 47Ofer, Dalia 11, 15, 44, 48, 53, 54, 58, 65, 69,

75, 76, 79, 84, 90, 101, 102, 110, 111, 120,

217217

131, 133–135, 137, 139, 142, 145, 149, 154, 156–159, 161–163, 166, 174–177, 179

Ofi r, Efraim 12, 141, 145, 147–150, 159Ogilvie, Sarah A. 51Osiris (Syros) 177 Ostrowski, Vladek 163Ovendale, Ritchie 33Ozer, Ayhan 141–143, 145, 162

PPacifi c 76, 87, 115, 116, 118, 161, 178 Paetz, Andreas 30 Palestine passimPalestine Citizenship Act (1925) 40 Palestine Immigration Ordinance (1939) 93 Palestine Rescue Committee 162 Palestine Royal Commission (Lord Peel’s

Royal Commission) 33, 35, 41, 51Palmach 66, 70, 101 Palyam 70Panagia Conasterio 176 Panama 86, 92, 116, 132, 142, 144 Pandelis, Jean 142, 159, 166Pankowicz, Andrzej 34, 57Paris 53, 55, 61, 65, 71 Paris = France 22 Parita 54, 86, 87, 177 Partition Commission (1938) 35Passfi eld, Sidney Webb, Lord 33Patai, Raphael 145, 162Patek, Artur 15, 44, 55, 60, 91, 92, 118, 124,

126, 135, 141, 147, 151, 152, 156, 161, 162, 169

Patria 12, 54, 118–122, 124, 136, 141, 151, 154

Pearlman, Moshe 151 Pearse, Richard 104Peel, William Robert Wellesley, Earl of 33,

51Pencho 137–139, 178 Penkower, Monty Noam 97, 158, 160Perl, Wilhelm R. 14, 52, 81, 82, 86, 88, 90,

111, 116, 118, 134, 137, 145, 175–177, 179

Petah Tikva 20

Peters, Joan 80Peterson, Maurice 168 Pickett, Winston 129Picot, Georges 21Pilarczyk, Krzysztof 44Pinkus, Benjamin 139, 166Pinner, Ludwig 73Pińsk 57, 59, 60 Piraeus 52, 53, 83, 90 Pitot, Geneviève 12, 124–127, 129, 130Poland 10, 28, 29, 40, 41, 44–48, 53, 55–64,

67, 70, 71, 75, 84–86, 89, 90, 105–107, 112, 115, 124–126, 131, 135, 136, 156, 165, 171, 172

Pomerantz, Venia, see Hadari, Ze’ev VeniaPorat, Dina 157, 159 Port Louis 123 Portugal 77 Poseidon 174 Prague 76, 81 Price, Coverley 85Prinz, Arthur 74Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 75,

131, 137 Przytyk 56Pułaski, Michał 15, 34, 57

QQuirini-Popławska, Danuta 56, 156

RRabinovich, Abraham 67 Raczyński, Edward 64, 93Raizel, M. 149Randall, Alec Walter George 63, 143, 144 Red Sea 123Reich, Bernard 151, 152Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland

(National Representative Council of Jews in Germany) 74

Reinharz, Jehuda 30, 31Rembertów 57 Rendel, George William 108, 139, 140Resel, Moshe 162Resnik, Reuben B. 13, 162

218218

Revisionists (Zionists-Revisionists) 10, 11, 14, 31, 44, 46–48, 52, 53, 55, 57–60, 63, 64, 68, 73, 76, 81, 84–86, 88, 90, 102, 110, 111, 137, 142, 157, 159, 161, 172, 174–178

Reynolds, Quentin 73Rhodes 54, 88, 137, 139 Rhodesia, Southern 77, 78Rihaniya 48Rim 88, 177 Rishon le-Zion 20 Rives, Childs James 42, 79Rodimatsav, A.G. 148 Rohwer, Jürgen 12, 148, 149, 160, 164, 165Romania 29, 40, 45, 47, 54, 55, 58, 60, 67,

69, 71, 76, 85, 86, 89, 90, 92, 103, 108, 112, 115,124, 125, 131–133, 136, 137, 142–144, 147, 151, 154–156, 159, 160, 163, 165-167, 171, 172, 175–179

Rome 71Ronald, N.S. 132Roosevelt, Eleanor 150 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 50, 51, 158Rose, Norman 31, 115Rosenberg, Stuart 51Rosenkranz, Herbert 53, 74Rosh Pina 20, 47, 104 Rothschild, Edmond de 19Rothschild, Walter 22Rozin, Yitzhak 53 Rubin, Barry 22, 24, 36, 152, 160Rubinstein, Shimon 12, 13, 141, 143, 147Rudnitchar 84, 87, 109–112, 140, 177, 178 Rupnow, Dirk 73Ruse 167Russia 17–21, 38, 45, 67

SSachar, Howard Morley 20, 22, 27, 30, 40,

74, 100, 139, 145 Sacher, Harry 126Safran, David 141Sagi, Nana 53, 65, 85, 105, 145Sajmište 134 Sakarya (river) 110 Sakarya (town) 110

Sakarya 110–112, 161, 178 Salah-a-din 166, 179 Salamovici, Medea 143Salvador 10, 84, 137, 139–141, 154, 155, 178 Samaria 34 Samuel, Edwin 45Samuel, Herbert Louis 25 San Francisco 121 San Remo 23 Sander-Steckl, Ruth 116, 123Sanders, Ronald 22, 40, 51, 120Sandu 89, 176 Sarafand 91, 176 Sarner, Harvey 106–108Saudi Arabia 35Sava 133 Săveanu, Simion 147, 150Schaary, David 155, 156Schechtman, Joseph B. 32, 47, 98, 166Schmid, Kurt 74Schrager-Costin, Mircea 162Schwadran, Benjamin 17Segev, Tom 25 Sereni, Enzo 103, 167Sevastopol 129 Shafi r, Gershon 20 Shamil 47Shamir, Yitzhak 100Shanghai 86Shapira, Anita 11Shapiro, Sraya 70Shapiro, Yonathan 31 Sharett, Moshe, see Shertok, MosheShavit, Yaacov 31, 53, 57, 85Shaw, Stanford J. 157, 158Shealtiel, Shlomo 84, 139, 140Sheff er, Gabriel 36Shelah, Menachem 72, 134 Shepherd, Naomi 25 Sherman, Ari Joshua 77 Shertok, Moshe 66, 68, 69, 78, 79, 107, 119,

133Shillitoe, J.B. 110Shind, Ze’ev 45, 66, 135, 157Shlaim, Avi 34Shuckburgh, John 74, 89

219219

Siberia 107Siemaszko, Zbigniew S. 106Silverstone, Paul H. 58, 85, 87, 135, 139,

142, 156, 161, 162, 174, 175, 177–179Sjöberg, Tommie 50Sloame, Joanna 129Slovakia 74–76, 84, 108, 131, 137, 138, 157,

165, 178 Slutsky, Yehuda 30, 42 Smyrni 167 Sofi a 82, 108, 139, 140, 167 Sofi a = Bulgaria 140, 167 Solel Boneh 104Solomon, Michael 142, 150Soshuk, Levi 104South Africa (Union of South Africa) 19,

49, 127, 128South African Jewish Board of Deputies 129 Soviet Union (USSR) 29, 65, 98, 105–107,

124, 125, 148, 149, 165–168Special Operations Executive (SOE) 135 Sprinzak, Yosef 79Sroka, Stanisław 15St. John, Robert 31St. Louis 51 Stalin, Joseph V. 149 Stalingrad 103, 156 Stara Zagora 167Stavsky, Abraham 53, 177Steger, Christian 55, 91Stein, Kenneth 28Stein, Leonard 18, 22Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry 123Steiner, Erich Gershon 12, 118 Steinhardt, Laurence A. 158, 160Stern, Abraham 100Stern group 100, 151 Sternklar, S.A. 155Stettinius, Edward Reilly 157 Stewart, Ninian 9, 68Stockholm 158Stoian, Mihai 12, 141, 147, 161, 162Stoliar, David 145, 147, 148, 151Storfer, Berthold 76, 77, 115, 131, 178Strauss, Herbert A. 49Streibel, Robert 74

Struma 10–13, 87, 141–155, 159, 161, 178 Suez 129, 168Suez Canal 17, 18, 26, 98, 123 Sulina 54, 117, 131–133, 135 Sušak 72Sykes, Christopher 34, 42, 144Sykes, Mark 21Syria 10, 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 40, 41, 47, 52, 71,

79, 80, 94, 103–105Syrkin, Marie 37Sweden 60Switzerland 18 Szczepański, Władysław 28Szenes, Hannah 167Szimanowski, Sladec 163 Szulc, Tad 66, 77, 134, 158, 167Szyndler, Artur 76

ŠŠabac 133–135

TTabenkin, Yitzhak 44, 66, 67, 78 Tartakower, Arieh 42, 86, 179Tauber, Eliezer 21Taurus 9, 161, 166, 179 Taylor, Alan R. 20, 23, 31, 65, 152Tel Aviv 11, 12, 15, 34, 45, 48, 54, 58, 60, 67,

70, 73, 84, 91, 98 Tel Hai 121 Teveth, Shabtai 32, 78, 118Th omas, Gordon 9, 51Th omas, Ireneusz E. 156Tiberias Lake 47 Tiger Hill 86, 87, 90, 91, 97, 178 Tobruk 135 Todorov, Tzvetan 165Tomaszewski, Jerzy 20, 28, 55, 56, 75, 87Torr, Guy Russell 15Tours 61Trachtenberg, Yesheyahu (Shaike Dan) 166,

167Transjordan 26, 32–35, 41, 47, 71, 79, 80,

104 Transnistria 160 Trevor, Daphne 98, 155

220220

Trinidad 115Tripoli 177 Troper, Harold 100Trumpeldor, Josef 25, 121Trust and Transfer Offi ce Haavara Ltd. 73 Tsahor (Tzahor), Ze’ev 9, 12, 167 Tulcea 83, 115 Tunisia 40 Turan, Kazim 163Turkey 17, 18, 21, 23, 26, 29, 38, 47, 66, 92,

101, 105, 110, 112, 124, 125, 135, 139, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 153–155, 157, 158, 161, 164–168

Turnbull, Roland E. 155

UUdelson, Joseph H. 20 Uganda 19 Union 48, 174 United Nations (UN) 121United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation

Administration (UNRRA) 130 United States 12, 19, 28, 49–51, 56, 65, 66,

69, 77, 82, 91, 100, 118, 121–123, 147, 150–152, 158, 160, 163

Urbański, Krzysztof 159 Uruguay 139

VVaad Leumi (National Council) 30, 123,

149Vaneev, Gennady I. 148Vanfel, Hans 119Varna 46, 83, 89, 109, 135, 137, 139, 160Velos 9, 45, 46, 60, 87, 174 Vienna 10, 52, 53, 71, 73, 76, 81, 83, 109,

131, 134, 158Vitorul 154, 155, 179 Vlissingen 83, 85 Volynia 57, 108

WWachsman, Goldie 53Wadsworth, George 28, 64, 88–90, 93, 110,

122, 123Wagner, Jan 63

Walaszek, Adam 124 War Refugee Board 158, 160 Warsaw 13, 48, 57–61, 63, 64, 71Warsaw = Poland 56, 63, 64 Washington 82, 122, 150 Washington = United States 50, 51 Wasserstein, Bernard 25, 92, 97, 99, 110,

111, 113, 116, 122, 123, 139Wasserstein, David 48Waterlow, Sydney 94Wauchope, Arthur 94Wavell, Archibald 99, 122Wedgwood, Josiah Clement 150Weinbaum, Laurence 55–58, 60–62, 64 Weiner, Hannah 131, 133, 134Weisgal, Meyer Wolfe 31Weisl, Wolfgang von 52, 53, 112Weiss, Karin 30Weizmann, Chaim 23, 24, 26, 31, 33, 36, 38,

49, 79, 113, 115, 118, 122, 126Węc, Janusz Józef 15White Paper

Churchill’s (1922) 25Passfi eld’s (1930) 33, 36MacDonald’s (1939) 35, 36, 38, 69, 79,

81, 82, 97–99, 101, 102, 111, 114, 120, 128, 143, 152–154

Wiesel, Elie 149Wight, Martin 24Wigoder, Geoff rey 37, 65, 105, 145 Willaume, Małgorzata 165Williams, Timothy 15Wilson, Mary Christina 26 Wilson, Woodrow 23Wingate, Orde Charles 42 Wischnitzer, Mark 27, 49, 83, 139, 145, 162Wolf, Szymon 50Woodhead, John 35World Jewish Congress 128Wyman, David S. 100, 143, 150, 158, 160,

162

YYaakobi, Shlomo 53 Yahil, Leni 13, 112Yalta 129

Yehieli, Zvi 66Yemen 29, 35Yetkin, Çetin 12, 141Yugoslavia 72, 85, 86, 102, 109, 131–134,

137, 140, 175, 176

ZZalewska, Gabriela 57Zameret, Shmarya 66, 67Zamorski, Kazimierz 106–108, 166Zangwill, Israel 20Zasloff , Jonathan Jermiah 142Zbąszyń 85Zeevi, M. 45Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung

(Central Offi ce for Jewish Emigration) 10, 73–76, 81, 109, 111, 115, 134

Zertal, Idith 9, 38, 65–67, 71Ziemiński, Jan, see Wagner, JanZiff er, Heinz 158 Zionist Association in Mauritius 128

Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ire-land 128

Zionist Organization (later the World Zion-ist Organization) 18, 28, 31, 44, 68, 71, 128

Zionist Organization of America 69Zissu, Abraham Leib 159Zofi ówka 57Zucker, Norman L. 51Zucker, Naomi Flink 51Zuroff , Efraim 157Zvielli, Alexander 107, 149Zweig, Ronald W. 98, 135, 143, 144, 153,

155Zwergbaum, Aaron 12, 89, 116, 117, 124–

130

ŻŻaroń, Piotr 105Żebrowski, Rafał 56 Żyborski, Wacław 59, 61

TECHNICAL EDITORJadwiga Makowiec

PROOFREADERMonika Zapała

TYPESETTERKatarzyna Mróz-Jaskuła

Jagiellonian University PressEditorial Offi ces: Michałowskiego St. 9/2, 31-126 KrakowPhone: +48 12 631 18 81, +48 12 631 18 82, Fax: +48 12 631 18 83

JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE 1934−1944

JEW

S ON

ROU

TE TO

PALE

STINE

1934−1944

www.wuj.pl

Artur Patek

Artur Patek

Sketches from the History of Aliyah Bet – Clandestine Jewish Immigration

The term Aliyah Bet refers to illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine in the period of

the British Mandate for Palestine; it constituted one of the most effective methods

of struggle of the Zionist movement for the sovereign state of Israel. Its history is

marked, on the one hand, by clandestine activities and spectacular operations, and

on the other, by dramatic events (catastrophes of sea liners carrying immigrants,

deportations of refugees). The book discusses events without which one cannot

understand the contemporary Israel.

Jagiellonian University Press

JAG I E L L O N I A N S T U D I E S I N H I S T O RY

Jews_on_route_okladka_font.indd 1Jews_on_route_okladka_font.indd 1 12/10/2012 9:55:04 AM12/10/2012 9:55:04 AM