ArtSTOR When the Rubber Hits the Road Using the CIDOC CRM in the Real World Tony Gill 27 March 2003.
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Transcript of ArtSTOR When the Rubber Hits the Road Using the CIDOC CRM in the Real World Tony Gill 27 March 2003.
![Page 1: ArtSTOR When the Rubber Hits the Road Using the CIDOC CRM in the Real World Tony Gill 27 March 2003.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f1d5503460f94c33ab3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ArtSTOR
When the RubberHits the Road Using the CIDOC CRMin the Real World
Tony Gill
27 March 2003
![Page 2: ArtSTOR When the Rubber Hits the Road Using the CIDOC CRM in the Real World Tony Gill 27 March 2003.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f1d5503460f94c33ab3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ArtSTOR
Outline
The problem of cultural information diversity
Data models and ontologies
CIDOC CRM overview
Mapping to the CIDOC CRM
CRM benefits
Real-world & envisioned applications– RLG Cultural Materials
The future?
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ArtSTOR
Cultural infodiversity
Cultural information held by museums, libraries and archives is necessarily heterogeneous
– Curatorial approaches
– Subject disciplines
– Granularity
– Level of detail
– Data structure
– Data content values
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ArtSTOR
Cultural infodiversity
Cultural information held by museums, libraries and archives is necessarily heterogeneous
– Curatorial approaches
– Subject disciplines
– Granularity
– Level of detail
– Data structure
– Data content values
Infodiversity is good!
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ArtSTOR
Example 1: Photograph
Type: ImageTitle: Allied Leaders at Yalta Date: 1945Publisher: United Press International (UPI)Source: The Bettmann ArchiveCopyright: CorbisKeywords: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
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ArtSTOR
Example 2: Document
Type: TextTitle: Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference Title.Subtitle: II. Declaration of Liberated Europe Date: February 11, 1945.Creator: Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Prime Minister of the United Kingdom President of the United States of AmericaPublisher: State Department
“The following declaration has been approved:The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States of America have consulted with each other in the common interests of the people of their countries and those of liberated Europe. They jointly declare their mutual agreement to concert… and to ensure that Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace of the world…”
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ArtSTOR
Example 3: Getty TGN record
TGN ID: 7012124Names: Yalta (C,V), Jalta (C,V) Types: inhabited place(C), city (C)Position: Lat: 44 30 N, Long: 034 10 EHierarchy: Europe (continent) <– Ukrayina (nation) <– Krym
(autonomous republic)Note: …Site of conference between Allied
powers in WWII in 1945…Source: TGN, Thesaurus of Geographic Names
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ArtSTOR
Example problem
Heterogeneous descriptions clearly linked by a common event
Only matching data value is “1945”!
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ArtSTOR
Cultural infodiversity
No single (meta)data schema fits all
Significant conceptual overlaps– e.g. People, places, events, objects, relationships
Traditional “compromise” approach– Generic simple descriptions for initial discovery
e.g. Dublin Core
– Rich domain-specific descriptions for depthe.g. EAD, MARC
Access by lowest common denominator
Crosswalk proliferation mapping madness!
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ArtSTOR
Data models
Data models are structures for information
Good data models “mirror” the reality the data are attempting to describe
Different data modeling methodologies– Entity-Relation (Relational, SQL, RDBMS)
– Object-Oriented (O-O, OODBMS)
– Semantic Networks (RDF, DAML+OIL)
Few cultural information standards are based on good data models!
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ArtSTOR
Ontology
“A branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being”
– Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary
“Ontology” co-opted by knowledge representation & computer science communities
“A specification of a conceptualization”– Tom Gruber, “A translation approach to portable ontologies”
Knowledge Acquisition, 1993
Thesauri & classification schemes are ontologies!
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ArtSTOR
CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
Object-oriented “domain ontology”– Formalizes the semantics required to describe objects and
relationships in the cultural heritage context
– NOT a metadata standard! But can be used to express metadata standards
Represents over a decade of development– Based on ICOM/CIDOC “International Guidelines for Museum
Object Information: The CIDOC Information Categories”
– Scope covers rich information exchange between museums, libraries and archives
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ArtSTOR
“The primary role of the CRM is to serve as a basis for mediation of cultural heritage information and thereby
provide the semantic 'glue' needed to transform today's disparate, localised information sources into a coherent
and valuable global resource.”
Martin Doerr & Nick Croftshttp://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/
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ArtSTOR
CRM overview
CRM v3.4 comprises 84 Classes interlinked by 139 Properties
Classes inherit properties from their parents, or Superclasses
Event-centric and empirical; observations about the world
Short-cuts, for typically incomplete knowledge
Highly extensible through Sub-typing of classes and properties
Ideally suited to RDF implementation
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ArtSTOR
Scope of the CRM
Intended scope: Exchange and integration of scientific documentation about museum collections
– “Scientific” means sufficient depth & precision for research
– “Museum” defined by ICOM
– Includes contextual information
– Includes exchange between museums, libraries & archives
– Excludes administrative information, e.g. visitor statistics
Practical scope: The set of extant data sets and structures used in museum documentation
“The curated knowledge of museums”
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participate in
Actors Conceptual Objects
Physical Entities
Temporal Entities
affect
Types
refine
Ap
pe
llati
on
s
ide n
t ify/
na
me
location
occur atwithin
Time-Spans
Places
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ArtSTOR
Mapping to the CRM
Mappings entail “deconstruction” of original records– Artifact-centric nature of descriptions discarded
– Implicit entities (especially events) made explicit
Mappings to existing standards– EAD
– IFLA FRBR
– SPECTRUM
– AMICO
– And others
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ArtSTOR
Making implicit concepts explicit
The element DC.Creator implies:– An Actor, who created something
– An Actor Appellation by which to identify the creator
– An Event, the act of creation
– Some Man-Made Stuff, the physical or conceptual thing that was created and is being described by the DC record
E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff p108 was produced by E12 Production Event p14 carried out by E39 Actor p131 is identified by E82 Actor Appellation
E28 Conceptual Object p94 was created by E65 Creation Event p14 carried out by E39 Actor p131 is identified by E82 Actor Appellation
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E31 Document“Yalta Agreement”
E7 Activity
Crimea Conference
E65 Conc. Creation
*
E52 Time-Span
February 1945
E39 Actor
E52 Time-Span
1945-02-11
E39 Actor
E39 Actor
E53 Place
7012124
E38 Image
carried out
participated in
falls within
took place at
within
within
refers to
has created
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ArtSTOR
Benefits of the CRM
Elegant and simple compared to comparable Entity-Relation model
Coherently integrates information at varying degrees of detail
Readily extensible through object-oriented class ‘typing’ and ‘specializations’
Richer semantic content; allows (some) inferences to be made from ‘fuzzy’ data
Designed for semantically lossless mediation of heterogeneous cultural heritage information
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ArtSTOR
CRM learning curve
Model necessarily complex in order to model the broad domain of cultural heritage information
Object-oriented modeling paradigm unfamiliar compared to entity-relation modeling
– Just similar enough to be confusing!
– Object-oriented models can be implemented using relational DBMS
Notation problems– Difficult to express mappings textually
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ArtSTOR
Real-world applications
Conceptual reference– Disambiguating dialogue (especially between domain & technology
experts)
– Validation of schema (c.f. Patrick LeBouef, FRBR)
Information exchange– Canonical “master” mappings
– Expression in XML or RDFS
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ArtSTOR
Real-world applications
System & schema design– RLG Cultural Materials (U.S., more next slide…)
– Finnish National Gallery Database (Finland)
– City of Geneva MusInfo Project (Switzerland)
– Germanische Nationalmuseum Nuremberg (Germany)
– Monument Inventory Data Standard (U.K.)
– Heritage Data Dictionary (U.K.)
– CLIO Cultural Documentation System, ICS-FORTH & Benaki Museum (Greece)
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ArtSTOR
RLG Cultural Materials
Online multimedia resource
Cultural content aggregated from diverse international alliance of RLG member institutions
“Where Museums, Libraries & Archives Intersect”
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ArtSTOR
RLG Cultural Materials Data Model
Wildly heterogeneous data
Support “who, what, when, where” access
Access paths for searching reviewed by Description Advisory Group
Resulted in “event-based” data model, influenced by:– CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
– <indecs> Metadata Framework
– ABC/Harmony Logical Model
Specialization by Type
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ArtSTOR
Object production information
Man made object
Man made object
Production
ActivityActors
performed (carried out by)
had specific purpose (was purpose of)
had general purpose (was purpose of)
used object (was used for)
produced (was produced by)
was generally used
Type
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ArtSTOR
Object production information
Man made object
Man made object
EventActors
performed (carried out by)
had specific purpose (was purpose of)
had general purpose (was purpose of)
used object (was used for)
produced (was produced by)
was generally used
Type
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Cultural Materials Logical Data Model
Version: 2001-05-04‘T’ signifies a link to the Type entity (not displayed for clarity)
“Show me photographs of New York from the 1940’s…”
PlaceName = “New York”EventType =
“creation”EventBeginDate = “1940”EventEndDate = “1949”
WorkType = “Photograph”
surrogateURL = “http://…”
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ArtSTOR
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ArtSTOR
Envisioned applications
Mediation systems & agents– Meaningful queries and results across distributed heterogeneous
data sources
Semantic web for culture?
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ArtSTOR
The future
Recognition of the benefits of adherence to cultural descriptive standards
Extension standards for data syntax & values
“Entity Identity” problem
Shared interdisciplinary authority files– E.g. Getty ULAN, LC NAF, Encoded Archival Context Initiative
Semantic web for culture– Gradual transition from record-centric documentation to knowledge
networks
– How to navigate potentially unbounded networks?
– How to maintain links within potentially unbounded networks?