Artificial Retinas
Transcript of Artificial Retinas
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How Eyes Work
Light rays
Refraction
Image formation on retina
Signal transmission to brain by optic nerv
Data processing
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Retinas Thin membrane at the back of the eye
Main function: receive and transmit images to the brain
3 main types of cells:
Rods- outnumber cones 18
Low light=> Create black
Cones-
More light=>color and d
Ganglion cells- ~1 million
receive and interpret mecones=>optic nerve=>br
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Applicable Eye Diseases
Retinitis Pigmentosa (inherited) 1/5000 affected worldwide
Macular Degeneration (age/damage-related)1/2000 affected countries
Degenerative eye diseases that can cause blindness
Retinal neurons are preserved after death of photoreceptors
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Two Main Implant Types
Epiretinal Implantscommunicate directly with the ganglion ancells
Subretinal Implantsreplace photoreceptors in the retina.
Both use stimulation of functional neurons
Require an intact optic nerve pathway
Translate incoming light to electrical stimulation of the functionin the retina
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May include other components such as image processing electronics, a telemetrprovide power and data to the implanted subsystems, implanted electronics forand stimulus generation, and an electrode array to deliver the electrical charge t
Epiretinal Implants
On the surface of the retina
Receive light signals from external cameras
Electronic chip camera mounted in the frame of special glasses
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Subretinal Implants
Behind the retina
Receives light directly from the environment and converts it into elecsignals
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Some Current Models
Argus II- first FDA approved
artificial retina (epiretinal)
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Some Current Models
Argus II- first FDA approvedartificial retina (epiretinal)
Bio-Retina- subretinal artificialretina
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Argus II by Second Sight
3 hour surgery
Three main parts: glasses-mounted videocamera, portable computer; and a chip
The video camera sends image data to thecomputer, which is worn on a belt
The processor converts the image data intoelectrical signals that are beamed to a chipimplanted near the retina
Array of 60 electrodes
These electrodes essentially do the work ofthe light-sensing cells that havedegenerated
~$145,000
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Argus II by Second Sight
I can see if you are in front of me, and if ygo away, he says. Or, if I look at a big tresystem on I can maybe see some darknessbright outside and I move my head to the
right I can see different shadows that tell msomething there. Theres no way to tell wh
- Konstantopoulos.
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Evolution of Argus Model 1 (Argus I)
implanted in 6 blind patients between 2002 and 2004
16-electrode array
Model 2 (Argus II) patented 2013
smaller, more compact
60 electrodes
surgical implant time reduced from the 6 hours to 30 min
Model 3- in development
more than 200 electrodes
ready for preclinical testing
more advanced materials
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Bio-Retina by Nano Retina
Smaller, no antenna
Implant captures images directlya laserpowers the implant remote
30 min procedure
500 pixel (1stgen), 2000 pixel (2nd
Able to look side to side
$60,000 target price
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Limitations
Low resolution (Argus II)
Black and white
Relatively invasive
Expensive
External components, not self-contained
Power source
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Future
Patent by Natcore- first self-powered artificial retina
Research at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Genoa- made of organic, biocomphotovoltaic polymer
Improved resolution
Color
Wavelengths outside visible spectrum
Direct visual cortex stimulation=>blindness due to other causes
Stem cells
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References
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/511356/bionic-eye-implant-approv
http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/700_799/0713.html
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/514081/can-artificial-retinas-resto
http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-06/bio-retina-implant-coullaser-power
http://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2013/04/17/artificial-retina-from-polymer/
http://www.nano-retina.com/docs/Nano%20Retina%20-%20Company%20P
http://retina-implant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx
http://artificialretina.energy.gov/about.shtml
http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyday-innovations/artifici
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