ARTIFICIAL REEF DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA

BY

EDWARD WONG FA1 HUNG'

I . INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Artificial reefs have been found to be a popular form of fisheries resource enhancement and management in many parts of the world. The concept of artificial~reefs, being man-made or natural objects intentionally placed on the seabed to increase the abundance and availability of marine fisheries resources, has been realized since the 18th century (Ino, 1974) but the bulk of documented work was carried out in the late 1900's.

In Malaysia this activity was practised by some traditional fishermen in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia since the early 1900's. Knowing that fishing has always been more productive around rocky headlands, rough substrate bottom and shipwrecks, they attempted to duplicate such conditions by sinking derelict wooden boats, bundles of tree-branches and rocks. Their efforts were, by necessity, fairly small-scale and temporary in nature as wooden materials were subjected to degradation by marine borers. These reefs function in the role of fish aggregating devices for demersal fish-much like the surface and midwater fish-aggregating devices of palm fronds that have long been a part of traditional pelagic fishing methods.

Marine fish resources have declined considerably over the past decade, particularly within the coastal inshore area, due to the increased intensity of fisheries exploitation and the use of progressive gears which have also shown damaging effects on the marine habitats. This decline in fisheries resources is reflected in the catch data of research vessels monitoring the demersal resources of the coastal waters off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, where the average catchlhr of 131.1 kg in December 1970 had decreased by 55% to only 58.9 kg in December 1980.

In 1975, there was a total number of 73,304 fishermen with 19,895 licensed fishing gears in Peninsular Malaysia and traditional gears forming the major component at 12,373 units or 62%. Most of the traditional gears were drift nets at 7903 units (64%) with hook and lines and bag nets at 1381 and 1500 units respectively (11% and 12%). The total marine fish landings in Peninsular Malaysia was over 375,000 tonnes with traditional gears contributing over 90,000 tonnes (24%). Although trawlers accounted for only 21% of the total gears, they were responsible for over 48% of the total marine fish landings. The major species of fish caught by trawlers and purse seiners were bream, jewfish, trevally, scad, anchovy, mackerel, herring and prawns while the traditional gears of bag nets, drift nets, lift nets, hooks & lines caught mainly groupers, snappers, pomfret, catfish and tuna.

Accordingly, in 1975, as a step towards alleviating the problem of declining fisheries resources and helping in the rehabilitation of marine habitats, the Fisheries Research Institute of the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture initiated a programme to construct artificial reefs from scrap tyres on the seabed within the coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia. The first artificial reef at Pulau Telor, Kedah was established in May 1975. This was subsequently followed by the establishment of artifical

' Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia.

reefs at Pulau Payar, Kedah in October of the same year and at Pulau Aman, Penang in July of the following year with the support of Goodyear (M) Sdn. Bhd., a leading tyre company in Malaysia, which provided the supply of scrap tyres needed.

In the initial period, the project was carried out on a 'ad hoe' basis with no separate financial allocation. It thus began on a modest scale and progressed gradually with borrowed facilities and manpower. By 1985 a total of 14 artificial reefs had been built with the use of over 58,000 tyres.

As a result of the encouraging ecological development around the artificial reefs and the need to enhance fishery resources in the coastal waters, the artificial reef project was officially recognised as a fisheries development project of the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and the Fifth Malaysia Plan (1986- 1990) provided a budget of M$8.24 million.

A comprehensive programme of artificial reef construction was put up in 198411985 and by the end of 1985, extensive site surveys had been carried out to determine suitable sites for the construction of artificial reefs. In the following year, a total of 37 new artificial reefs was launched followed by an accelerated programme of expansion in 1987. By the end of July 1988, a total of over 476,000 tyres had been used for the construction of artificial reefs in Peninsular Malaysia (Table 1, Fig. 1A & 1B).

Artificial reef construction was initiated in Sarawak and Sabah in 1982. Information supplied by the state fisheries authorities indicated that in Sarawak, 7 artificial reefs comprising a total of 53,277 tyres had been established (Table 2) while in Sabah, 6 artificial reefs using 60,324 tyres were established (Table 3).

Besides tyre reefs, the Department of Fisheries embarked on the construction of artificial reefs by sinking derelict andlor confiscated fishing vessels as reef materials in 1984 as well as venturing into the use of concrete pyramidal structures as artificial reefs in 1986. At present, a total of 9 artificial reefs comprising of 77 derelictlconfiscated boats and 4 artificial reefs comprising of 204 concrete pyramidal structures has been established within the coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia (Tables 4 & 5).

1.2 Objectives:

The principal objectives in the construction of artificial reefs in the coastal waters of Malaysia by the Department of Fisheries are:

a) to enhance biological productivity and fisheries resources in coastal waters through the creation of marine ecosystems that serve as sanctuaries and nurserieslbreeding grounds for fish and other marine life.

b) to rehabilitate and conserve marine habitats that have been adversely affected by fishing activities.

c) to help generate the recovery, conservation and increase of the fisheries resources of the coastal inshore area thereby improving the catches of traditional inshore fishermen engaged in the use of artisanal gears.

2. THE STATUS OF GOVERNMENT PROGRAMME ON ARTIFICIAL REEFS

2.1 Location of Artificial Reefs and Number of Units

As of July 1988, a total of 65 artificial reefs constructed from scrap tyres had been established in Malaysia with .the use of 590,562 tyres. There are 52 artificial reefs in the coastal waters of Peninsular

Table 1: Construction of Artificial Reefs (Tyres) Peninsular Malaysia.

Year Total No. of A-reefs Total No. of tyres

W&t coast East coast Total

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

1986 1987 1988 (July)

IM Figure la. Development of artificial

reefs in Malaysia by number of reefs.

mrr

Figure Ib. Development of artificial reefs in Malaysia by total no. of tyres.

Table 2: Construction of Artificial Reefs (tyres) Sarawak.

Year Total No. of A-reefs Total No. of tyres

Table 3: Construction of Artificial Reefs (tyres) Sabah.

Year Total No. of A-reefs Total No. of Tyres

Table 4: Construction of Artificial Reefs (boats) Malaysia.

Year Total No. of A-Reefs Total No. of Boats

Table 5: Construction of Artificial Reefs (concrete) Malaysia.

Year Total No. of A-reefs Total No. of concrete pyramids

1986 1 20 1987 4 204

Figure 2. Location of artificial reefs in Peninsular Malaysia.

396

Malaysia - 16 on the west coast and 36 on the east coast (Fig. 2) - while Sarawak and Sabah have 7 and 6 artificial reefs respectively (Fig. 3).

In addition to these 52 artificial reefs of tyres in Peninsular Malaysia, there are also 7 artificial reefs constructed from derelict/confiscated boats - 3 on the west coast and 4 on the east coast - and 4 artificial reefs constructed from concrete pyramidal structures - 2 on the west coast and 2 on the east coast (Fig. 2). There are also 2 artificial reefs of derelict/confiscated boats in Sarawak.

About 70% of the artificial reefs in Peninsular Malaysia are located in the coastal waters off the east coast as the west coast has the disadvantage of the narrow Straits of Malacca and unsuitable seabed substrate.

At present the States of Pahang and Johor have the most number of artificial reefs (tyres), with 11 artificial reefs within their coastal waters, but eventually the State of Terengganu will have 12 artificial reefs (tyres) as a further 2 more artificial reefs have been planned. As it is now, the State of Terengganu has the most number of artificial reefs within its coastal waters - with 10 tyre reefs, 3 boat reefs and 2 concrete reefs (Table 6). In the west coast, the State of Negeri Sembilan/Malacca has only 1 artificial reef (tyres) while the State of Selangor has 1 artificial reef of tyres and 1 artificial reef of derelict/confiscated boats.

Figure 3: Location of artificial reefs in east Malaysia (SabahISarawak).

Table 6. Distribution of Artificial Reefs by State.

State Tyres Boats Concrete

Kedah Penang Perak Selangor N. SembilanIMelaka Johor Pahang Terengganu Kelantan Sarawak Sabah

TOTAL

All the artificial reefs are located within the coastal inshore waters and the majority are near to islands with distances ranging from 200-500 meters from the shoreline.

A complete list of the artificial reefs, with their location in Malaysia, their present size (in terms of number of tyres) and their respective launching dates, is given in Appendix I.

The size of the artificial reefs (in terms of number of tyres) ranges from a minimum of 300 tyres to a maximum of over 50,000 tyres per reef. There are 23 artificial reefs, comprising 35% of the total number of 65, which have less than 1,000 tyres while only 3 artificial reefs, comprising 5% of the total, have more than 30,000 tyres. About 67% of the total number of artificial reefs have less than 10,000 tyres while there are 8 artificial reefs in the size range of 10,000-20,000 tyres and 10 artificial reefs in the size range of 20,000-30,000 tyres (Table 7). The distribution in size ranges of the artificial reefs is a result of the development plan after 1986 whereby construction efforts are concentrated on one selected reef site per state to achieve the primary :target size of 28,000 tyres, before being directed to another artificial reef.

Table 7: Size of Artificial Reefs in Malaysia.

No. of Tyres No. of A-reefs %

The largest artificial reef of tyres is located at Pulau Angsa, Selangor which has over 52,000 tyres while the artificial reefs at Pulau Pisang (Johore) and Tumpat (Kelantan) have over 32,000 and 34,000 tyres respectively. The artificial reefs with more than 20,000 tyres include Pulau Payar (Kedah), Pulau Aman (Penang), Pulau Kendi I (Penang), Pulau Agas (Perak), Pulau Besar (Melaka), Pulau Harimau I (Johore), Merchang (Terengganu), Pulau Lima Besar (Johor). Sematan (Sarawak) and Teluk Kimanis (Sabah) (Appendix I).

Besides the use of tyres, there are also 9 artificial reefs constructed from derelict/confiscated boats with two of these being located in Sarawak. The artificial reef at Manjung, Perak has the largest number of sunken boats - 35 boats - while the reefs at Pulau Kapas I1 (Terengganu) and Kuala Besar (Kelantan have 15 boats 14 boats respectively (Appendix 11).

There are 4 concrete artificial reefs in Peninsular Malaysia, with one each at Pulau Payar (Kedah) and off Muka Head (Penang) on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and one each off Kuala Ibai and Kuala Setiu (Trengganu) on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. While the two concrete artificial reefs on the west coast at Pulau Payar and Muka Head have only 40 and 20 concrete pyramids respectively, the concrete artificial reefs off Kuala Ibai and Kuala Setiu have 70 and 74 concrete pyramids respectively (Appendix 111).

The concrete artificial reef at Pulau Payar comprises a total of 3 different structural designs - two structural designs with 10 pyramids each were used during the lauching in December 1986 while a third structural design (a modified bigger version) with 20 pyramids was used for expansion work in December 1987. The concrete artificial reef off Muka Head, Penang was established in December 1987 with 20 pyramids of the larger modified structural design. The concrete reefs i t Kuala lbai and Kuala Setiu, Terengganu consist of pyramids of one structural design besides including another 252 and 288 individual concrete units respectively.

2.2 Types of Materials Used

In the construction of artificial reefs in the marine environment, a number of materials, for example old automobiles, scrap tyres, rocks, rubble, concrete pipes and culverts, fibreglass reinforced plastics (FRP), derelict ships and even compacted coal ash have been used but consideration must be given to the following factors:-

- should be durable and long -lasting.

- must not leach out any toxic chemicals when immersed in seawater.

- should be cheap and easily available.

- should be easily handled and transported.

Thin metal-based materials like derelict automobil.es will be reduced by, rust and corrosion to debris within 4-6 years while wooden materials are attacked by marine wood-borers (teredo worms) and the weakened structures subsequently destroyed by wave surges.

Discarded scrap tyres have been found to be suitable for artificial reef construction as the tyres do not degrade in seawater nor leach out any toxic chemicals whilst providing a substrate for attachment by encrusting organisms and a habitat for fish and other marine life. The tyres are readily available and economical to acquire and assemble into large structures and easily transported to the artificial reef sites. Although similar programmes in other countries had experienced problems in the use of discarded scrap tyres for artificial reef construction, the absence of hurricances and typhoons in Malaysia permitted the use of unballasted tyres without any major problems of drifting or loss of structural integrity. As a result, the majority of artificial reefs in Malaysia have been constructed entirely with the

use of discarded scrap tyres and up to July 1988, a total of over 580,000 tyres had been used for this purpose. "

In addition to these tyre reefs, the Department of Fisheries embarked upon the construction of artificial reefs using derelict or confiscated fishing boats as reef materials in 1984 since their disposal was posing a major environmental problem. Although small wooden boats had a limited life span underwater, the larger vessels were considerably durable and their use involved no major construction cost other than minimal preparation in terms of removing loose debris and towing out to the reef site.

Moreover, in 1986, the Department of Fisheries decided to establish artificial reefs using prefabricated concrete pyramid units built from concrete pipes and concrete culverts. The advantage of concrete units is that they can be built bigger and stronger and their design predetermined to achieve optimum effects on the marine resources.

2.3 Design and Construction

2.3.1 Tyre Reefs

All scrap tyres which are used to construct artificial reefs require 2 circular holes, diameter 6-8 cm, to be drilled at the periphery (tread wall) of the tyres or 2 rectangular holes, about 75 cm2, to be cut on the side wall of the tyres (Fig. 4). This is to enable trapped air to escape during the process of sinking the tyres in water. The drilling can be done by an electric drill using a custom-made drill bit while cutting of the side walls can be done by using a heavy knife.

Figure 4: Cutting/drilling of holes onto tyres.

Up to 1985, tyre reefs were constructed using 3-4 tyres tied up with polyethylene ropes into small bundles/modules of a tetrahedral shape and transported in batches of 300-500 tyres to the artificial reef site by the Fisheries research vessel or small fishing boats. The use of local fishermen's boats was advantageous in heightening the awareness of the community in the artificial reef project as well as instiiling a sense of community involvement with the project. Furthermore, payment for the rental of boats was effected directly to the community rather than to an outside agency. These modules could be handled with ease during transportation and subsequent underwater reef construction. The modules of tyres were placed on the seabed by sliding them down a shot-rope tied to an existing reef to prevent the modules from drifting far apart. Research scuba divers of the Department of Fisheries then tied these modules together with other adjoining modules to limit the possibility of any tyre module drifting loose. As a result the tyre reef was an irregular, haphazard bed of tyres'with a height profile not exceeding 1 meter. Subsequent reef construction incorporated open patches of substrate between groups of tyre modules to further improve fishery resource enhancement.

Under the current accelerated program of reef development beginning with the Fifth Malaysia Plan in 1986, the tyre reefs have to be constructed by a different method to eliminate the use of scuba divers for underwater reef construction due to the large quantity of tyres involved. Although initial preparation of the tyres i.e. drillinglcutting of holes is continued, as it is an essential step, the tyres are tied into a pyramid using a total 6f 42 tyres with a resultant height of about 2 meters (Fig. 5). Each pyramid is composed of 3 layers of tyre modules, each module being build from 3 tyres tied together in a triangular shape. The base layer has 9 tyre modules tied together, the middle layer has 4 tyre modules while the apex consists of 1 tyre module. The floor space occupied by a single pyramid is about 3 m2. A large polyethylene rope, diameter 20 mm or more, is then threaded through the tyre pyramids before they are sunk at the artificial reef site. Subsequent expansion involves a procedure whereby the pyramids are allowed to slide down a shot-rope tied to an existing reef and shot-rope is then tied to the last tyre pyramid before being sunk onto the seabed (Fig. 6).

Figure 5: Tyre Pyramid.

Figure 6: Emplacement of tyre of pyramids at reef site.

The resultant structure of the artificial reef is thus a loose arrangement of tyre pyramids on the seabed, with occassional piling of a few pyramids reaching a height of 3 metres or more, and all the pyramids interconnected by a lar'ge polyethylene rope. Because of this loose arrangement, an artificial reef of 50,000 tyres can be expected to cover a seabed area of 0.7 hectares.

All the stages of the construction work, from the preliminary work of drillingkutting to the final emplacement on the seabed, were contracted out usually to the local fishermen cooperative. The employment of local fishermen and the use of their fishing boats allowed a continuance of the comm'unity involvement with the artificial reef programme.

The cost of construction ranges from M$1200 to M$2500 per batch of 504 tyres tied into 12 pyramids. The cost varies greatly depending on locality and distance offshore of the artificial reef site.

2.3.2 Boat Reefs

The derelict or confiscated boats, that are selected for sinking to serve as artificial reefs, are cleared of all debris and loose pieces which would otherwise result in flotsam upon sinking of the boat. All water tanks and fuel tanks are opened or punctured to prevent trapped air hindering the sinking of the boat. The derelictkonfiscated boats are then towed to the artificial reef site and anchored. The boats are then sunk by allowing water ingress through knocking out the rudder or propeller shaft or opening sea-cocks or in the case of small boats, knocking out a hole in the hull using an axe.

2.3.3 Concrete Reefs

In the initial launching of the concrete reef at Pulau Payar, Kedah in December 1986, two different structural designs were used viz.:

a) concrete pipes (0.6 m long x 0.6 m diameter)

b) concrete drainage culverts (0.6 m long x 0.6 m height)

A pyramid was constructed by arranging 20 concrete units on a wooden platform of chengal hardwood and secured by steel cables (Fig. 7 & Fig. 8). The resulting concrete pyramid was about 1.2 m long X 2.4 m wide X 2.4 m high. The weight of one pyramid of concrete pipes was about 1.5 tonnes while the weight of the culvert pyramid was about 2 tonnes. A total of 20 concrete pyramids, comprising 10 of each structural design, were then transported to the artificial reef site on a barge equipped with a crane. The concrete pyramids were individually placed on the seabed with the use of the crane and divers had to go underwater after each and every single emplacement to release the crane's cable from the concrete pyramid.

The total cost for establishment of the concrete artificial reef was M$34,700 with transportation and emplacement on the seabed accounting for 58% of the cost. The entire work was contracted out to a marine engineering company, with specifications laid down by the Department of Fisheries. The average cost per concrete pyramid was about M$1750.

As a result of observations carried out on these two concrete reef designs regarding their stability and effectiveness, modifications were made to the type of concrete units to be used for the construction of concrete artificial reefs.

Subsequently, construction of concrete pyramids using pipes was chosen for further expansion and establishment of concrete artificial reefs but the size of the concfete pipe unit was increased to 1.8 m length and 0.9 m diameter. The thickness of the wall was increased from 3.8 cm to 5 cm and strengthened with BRC-10 specifications. The concrete pipe itself had 8 holes of 20 cm diameter and

20 PIECES CYLINDRICIAL CEMENT PIPESIPYRAMID

WOODEN PLATFORM

Figure 7: Concrete pyramid (pipes).

403

CULVERT

20 CULVERT PIECESIPYRAMID

6 PCS. BOLT &

Figure 8: Concrete pyramid (culvert).

the wooden platform had 4 cross-beams instead of the previous 3 cross-beams. The diameter of the steel cables used to secure the concrete units to the wooden platform was increased from 7 mm to 10 mm and a total of 4 such steel cables was used, compared to the previous use of only 2 steel cables per pyramid. The resulting concrete pyramid was about 1.8 m wide X 3.65 m long x 3.6 m high (Fig. 9).

A total of 20 such concrete pyramids were used to expand the existing artificial reef at Pulau Payar, Kedah and another 20 pyramids used to established a new artificial reef off Muka Head, Penang, in December 1987. The total cost involved was over M$80.000. As before. the entire work package was contracted out to a marine engineering company with the neceassary expertise and experience to handle the construction requirements. The average cost per pyramid was about M$2000.

2 THICK (BEC 10) 8 HOLES

Concrete pipe unit

CHENGAL MARDWOOD

8 BOLT &i

platform

L v w

Figure 9: 10 Pieces cylindrical concrete pipeslpyramid.

A total of 144 concrete pyramids was also used earlier for the establishment of two new artificial reefs off Kuala Ibai and Kuala Setiu, Terengganu in November 1987. However, due to a combination of factors - rough sea conditions, lifting capacity of crane, weight of concrete pyramid - the pyramid size was reduced, by using only 6 concrete pipes per pyramid, to about 1.8 m wide x 2.7 m high (Fig. 10).

0 PLATFORM

Figure 10: 6 Piece cylindrical concrete pipeslpyramid.

As in the initial I'aunching in December 1986 at Pulau Payar, a barge equipped with a crane had to be used for transportation and emplacement of the concrete pyramids at the artificial reef site. However a simple system of loops was devised to effect release of the crane's cable from the surface-thus eliminating the need for divers to go underwater to unshackle the cable after each and evpy single emplacement of the concrete pyramids.

2.4 Financial Support

Prior to 1979, the artificial reef project was carried out on 'ad hoe' basis by the Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Fisheries, with borrowed facilities and manpower and with no separate financial allocation.

Following the mid-term review of the Third Malaysia Plan (1976-1980) in late 1978, the artificial reef project became officially recognized as a research project of the Fisheries Division and over M$116,000 was allocated and utilized for the purchase of research and diving equipment.

A sum of M$524,000 was provided under the Fourth Malaysia Plan (1981-1985) for the continuation of research activities on the artificial reef project.

Under the National Agricultural Policy (NAP) formulated in 1984, the Government of Malaysia has accorded high priority to the fisheries sector with special emphasis on i) intensification of rehabilitation, conservation and protection of coastal fisheries resources; ii) improvement of fisheries support services particularly in the fields of research and development, training and extension; and iii) maximizing export earnings through offshore fisheries. The ~ i f t h Malaysia Plan (1986-1990) further emphasizes specific thrusts to fisheries development policies to attain objectives within the framework of the National Agricultural Policy.

Accordingly, under the budgetary category of fisheries management and conservation, the Fifth Malaysia Plan has allocated a budget of M$8.24 million for the development of artificial reefs towards fisheries resource enhancement.

2.5 Duration of Programme

The artificial reef development programme is scheduled to utilize about two million tyres in the construction of all 65 artificial reefs of tyres in Malaysia by the end of the Fifth Malaysia Plan (1986- 1990). So far artificial reefs of tyres have been built but not completed in 60 sites out of the total 65 reef sites. Each artificial reef will comprise an average of 28,000 to 50,000 tyres and an expected 1.5 million tyres will be needed for the completion of all 65 tyre reefs by the end of 1990.

3. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SITES

The selection of sites for the establishment of artificial reefs is based upon the following general criteria: i) firm seabed: ii) depth range 15-35 m; iii) adequate water clarity; iv) absence of strong currents and v) guaranteed navigational safety.

The depth range and water clarity are related requisites for ecological development on the artificial reef as they affect light penetration for the growth of marine organisms. In this respect, reef sites are not placed in close proximity to river mouths and other sources of land run-off which may cause high sedimentation and sewage effluent. The reef site should be sufficiently deep so as not to Be affected by wave surges and storms. Good water clarity and an optimum depth range are also needed to facilitate assessment and monitoring surveys of the fish resources by scuba divers.

Reef sites or areas with strong underwater currents may cause scouring of the bottom substrate and 'sanding-in' of the reef materials and hence affecting the overall stability of the artificial reef. Moreover, strong currents can be a deterring factor in the settlement and growth of encrusting organisms.

Furthermore, artificial reefs should be located away from shipping lanes and fishing grounds traditionally operated by trawlerslpurse seiners. An artificial reef must also not be constructed over or near undersea cables and pipelines. Otherwise such artificial reefs would become navigational hazards to shipping or obstacles to fishing operations in the coastal areas or cause damage to cables and pipelines.

Preliminary proposals of sites for artificial reef construction were put forward after consideration of areas heavily impacted by intensive fishing activities and after in-depth discussions with local fishing communities. The fishermen cooperatives were encouraged to put forward their views and proposals of suitable sites while areas used for cockle-farming, prawn fishing as well as natural cockle beds were delineated so that artificial reefs were not built within such areas in order to prevent conflict of use.

Site surveys were then carried out with the use of scientific echo-sounders sonar, bottom-samplers, current meters and observation by divers based on the criteria of seabed topography, depth, water clarity, currents and status of marine life around the area. Further background information on the sites regarding their popularity as fishing grounds were obtained from local fishermen.

Upon evaluating the various sites proposed, a decision was made on the most suitable with due consideration given to accessibility of the site to facilitate the logistics of transportation and construction of the artificial reef.

Following the selection of the site, detailed surveys were carried out to obtain baseline information regarding the topography and substrate stability, proximity to natural coral reefs and the

biological wces within the immediate vicinity of the site. Underwater surveys were carried out by research d s .via visual observation using the transect method.

Prior developmt constructic obtained 1 vessels for

With developmi implement Fisheries I Dept. of I Subsequer Dept. of programm policy for

The assessmen artificial rl

The preparatio sites. Due the physi emplacem fishermen

How responsibl reefs are c detailed if

In vi Fisheries 1 radius of 1 vicinity of realize th intrusion I

Surv Conservat are clearl!

ANCE, OPERATION AND MONITORING

izational Aspects

1985, the Fisheries Research Institute was responsible for all aspects of artificial reef from preliminary site selection, to collection, preparation, transportation of tyres, md finally through resource assessment and monitoring. However, assistance was I the State Fisheries Offices and also the Enforcement Unit particularly in the use of .vey work.

e formulation of the comprehensive programme of artificial reef construction and lnder the Fifth Malaysia Plan, a coordination committee was set up in 1986 to ensure the .n of the artificial reef programme. The coordination committee consists of staff from the :arch Institute, the State Fisheries Offices, the Management and Conservation Section, eries Headquarters as well as the Technical Section, Dept. of Fisheries Headquarters. a coordination Secretariat was set up by the Management and Conservation Section, .eries Headquarters for the overall supervision and coordination of the artificial reef

all stages particularly in the provision of fundslfinancial allocation and formulation of ficial reef management and development.

eries Research Institute remains responsible for site proposals, site surveys and selection, ~d monitoring of the fisheries resources and also for the design and construction of in collaboration with the Technical Section Department of Fisheries Headquarters.

~ective State Fisheries Offices are responsible for the collection and storage of tyres, the aunching and expansion of the reefs as well as deployment of marker buoys at the reef the large quantity of tyres involved in the construction of the artificial reefs, the bulk of work in the collection, preparation and transportation of tyres and subsequent of the tyre pyramids at sea have been contracted out to the private sector - mainly local >peratives as well as private companies.

: the State Fisheries Offices with assistance from the Fisheries Research Institute are Ir supervising the work and ensuring that proper construction and emplacement of the ed out. A work-flow chart showing the responsibilities of the participating sections/staff is .ble 8.

gement Aspects

>f the objectives behind the development of artificial reefs in Malaysia, the Department of ~mposed prohibitions against fishing in the immediate vicinity of the artificial reefs up to a a 'nautical mile. This is to ensure that fish resources and other marine life in the immediate s artificial reef can be protected and conserved in order that the artificial reefs can fully potential and role in habitat rehabilitation and resource enhancement and limit the estructive gears into coastal waters.

.nce and enforcement is carried out by the Enforcement Unit of the Management and Section during their routine patrols within the inshbre coastal waters. All artificial reefs wked with large yellow bouys.

Table 8: Work-flow chart and responsibilities for the establishment of artificial reefs.

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3

Fisheries Research Institute (Conservation Unit)

- Proposal for suitable sites for artificial reefs

- Design of artificial. reefs (with Technical Section, DOF Head- quarters)

- Site survey and - Monitoring the selection fish resources of

artificial reefs.

- Provision of assistance to the state fisheries off ices on all aspects in the con- struction of artificial reefs.

- Planning for the expansion of artificial reefs.

State Fisheries Offices

- Provision of space for storage of tyres.

- Cost-estimate of work contract to private sector.

- Arrangements of contracts for construction of artificial reefs.

- Expansion of artificial reefs with FRI as advisor.

- Supervision in - Enforcement of the preparation, regulations to launching and prohibit fishing expansion of at artificial reef. artificial reefs.

- Deployment of marker buoys at reef sites.

Coordinating Secretariat, DOF HQ (Management and Conservation Section)

- Provision of funds

- Collection and distri- bution of tyres to all states.

- Supervision and coordination of the artificial reef programme at all stages.

- Distribution of tyres of expansion

- Policy making for management of artificial reefs.

- Preparation of an annual artificial reef report.

Although fishing is prohibited at present for all artificial reefs, there are plans to allow limited fishing activity in the future for selected reef sites. Those artificial reefs that had attained a maximum optimum size and whose fishery resource is sufficiently developed and abundant to sustain limited fishing pressure, will be permitted to be fished on, subject to monitoring and evaluation of the fish catches.

4.3 Monitoring Studies

A limited number of artificial reefs were selected as representative of the major reef sites and detailed monitoring surveys carried out regularly to record changes in the fishery resource as well as physical stability of the reef structure.

Survey methodologies used by research divers included intersected transect method for sessile organisms, visual observation via transect, fixed stationary points and search pattern. Permanent quadrants were also used to record changes in the community structure and population level of encrusting organisms. Physico-chemical parameters monitored included salinity, suspended solids, temperature etc. While sediment traps were used to determine the level of sedimentation at the artificial reef sites.

Preliminary baseline studies on fish resources were carried out at certain reef sites, where underwater conditions so permitted, prior to the establishment of the artificial reef. Such baseline studies, carried out in conjunction with the site surveys, were visual census and assessment in the immediate vicinity of the selected site.

Due to the inherent criteria for the selection of sites for the establishment of artificial reefs, almost all the sites possessed a flat sandy seabed and were relatively barren. The latter cannot be taken as indicative of the entire general area and refers to the immediate vicinity of the selected site. Resource surveys using trawl nets were not carried out due in most cases to the proximity of the reef site to the shore and subsequent operational problems. The use of bamboo traps and hooks and lines had provided some preliminary indication of the fishery resources of the selected sites.

Certain sites located near existing natural coral reefs had scattered pieces of loose coral rock and limited numbers of coral reef fish. The majority of the sites had very limited marine life within the immediate vicinity. Shallow sites with good water clarity and good light penetration had some algal species viz. Padina sp., Halimeda sp. etc. on the seabed as well as patches of diatomacetous algae. Deeper sites were observed to harbour pennatulids and holothurians within the sandy substrate with occassional sightings of pelagic fish schools of Caranx sp. and Carangoides sp. Rayfishes Amphotistuis sp. and Dascytis sp. were sometimes observed lying motionless on the sandy seabed and small shoals of pomac'entrid fry and juveniles milling around in midwater.

A summary of the flora and fauna observed at selected reef sites is shown in Table 9.

4.4 Results on Fishery Production

Preliminary observations in some of the reef sites showed that the artificial reef harbours a high density of marine life with the development of a complex marine ecosystem similar to coral reefs. Encrustations on the surface of the artificial substrate, be it tyres or concrete, have been prolific with a wide variety of marine organisms such as algae, sponges, tunicates, anemones, soft corals, hard corals, sea fans, feather stars and bivalve molluscs.

The first noticeable development was the presence of a slippery film composed of diatoms and algae. Heavy settlement of barnacles, oysters and mussels occur subsequently in certain artificial reefs while others became colonized by thalloid forms of brown algae-Phaeophyceae. The artificial reef of

Table 9. Resource Survey - Flora and Fauna Prior to Construction of Artificial Reefs.

Species Type Artificial Reef Site T2 T6 T29 T9 T25 T8

Algae - Padina sp. Halimeda sp. Caulerpa sp. A vrainvillae sp.

Invertebrates Holothurids Pennatulids Scleractinian

Fishes Amphotistuis kuhlii Amphiprion ocellaris Dascyllus trimaculatus Pomacentrus sp. Lutianus sp. Scarus sp. Caranx sp. Carangoides sp. Epinephelus sp. Sphyraena sp. Stegostoma sp. Alectis indica

Key: - absent T2 : P. Payar T6 : P. Ekur Tebu + present < 29 T29 : P. Harimau T9 : Tumpat

++ common > 30 T25 : P. Ular T8 : P. Cepu

tyres at Pulau Payar had, within 3 years, achieved a maximum density of 36 oysters per sq. meter comprising of Crassostrea rivularis, Crassostrea cucullata, Pinctada fucata, and Ostrea mogodon with C.cucullata at 85% of the total. Monitoring studies on the percent coverage of encrusting organisms on concrete reef structures indicated a gradual replacement of the algal film by barnacles and oysters (Table 10).

The success of coral settlement on artificial reefs was observed on several reef sites. In the Pulau Payar artificial reef (T2), 46 coral colonies had established themselves within a period of 6 years although species diversity was low being confined to only 6 species. The settlement of corals was more rapid at the Pulau Ekur Tebu artificial reef (T6) where a total of 77 coral colonies comprising of only 5 species had established themselves within a period of 4 years. The major species present was Pocillopora damicornis with over 80% of the total present. The number of coral colonies per sq. metre was found to increase from 0.13 colonies/m2 after the first 12 months to 0.28 colonies/m2 after 40

Table 10: Percent Coverage by Encrusting Organisms.

Algae Barnacles Oysters

months. Growth rates of 5- 15 cm were obserbed especially for the branching forms. Mortality among the corals was low and physical damage could be attributed to careless divers.

The artificial reef habitat was observed to be colonized by fishes within four months of emplacement with the ensuing fish population increasing until a fairly stable composition and density level was achieved after about one year. The major species identified in the artificial reef sites are snappers, groupers, fusiliers, sweetlips, parrotfishes, rabbitfishes, damselfishes as well as squid and cuttlefish. Large shoals of snappers, Lutianus sp. numbering about 10,000-25,000 and fusiliers, Caesio sp. numbering about 10,000 are not uncommon over the artificial reef area. Groupers are also attracted to the reef as' a result of the hiding places provided within the tyre matrix and census at some reef sites indicate a population level of 1 grouper per 10 m2. Certain small reef sit,es had as much as 30-40 groupers within the artificial reef.

Studies on the ecological development and fishery resources of artificial reefs indicated a dominance by the lutianids and the serranids. These two main groups of fishes appear to be permanent residents on many reefs and although their numbers may vary from time to time, they were invariably always present. Preliminary biomass estimates of the marketable food fishes e.g. Lutianw sp., Epinephelus sp., Caesio sp. etc. indicated a value of 49.95 gm/m2. The result of surveys on a selected reef site is tabled in Table 11.

Studies by Stone et a1 (1979) indicated a biomass estimate of 68 tonnes/km2 for a tyre reef in Florida while Russell (1974) concluded a biomass of 68.5 tonnes/km2 on a tyre reef in New Zealand. An assessment of artificial reefs carried out in Japan indicated that the average incremental production per unit volume of the reef was between 16-20 kg/m3 per annum.

Most studies comparing natural and artificial reefs showed a general similarity in community structure but fish abundance and biomass on artificial reefs greatly exceeded that found on similar sized natural reefs. Fast (1974) and Fast & Pagan (1974) found twice the individuals and 7-8 times the biomass; Russell (1975) found 10-14 times the biomass; Smith et a1 (1979) found 6 times the individuals and Walton (1979) found 16 times the density when comparing artificial reefs to natural reefs.

It is worthwhile to note that with generalization on the fisheries potential of coral reefs at around 5 tonnes/km2/yr (FAO, 1971; Stevenson & Marshall, 1974), about 10% of marine fish landings in Peninsular Malaysia are reef-associated species while during certain months in the east coast as much as 30% of the marine fish landings are reef-associated species. (De Silva et a1 1978). The total marine fish landings for Peninsular Malaysia in 1987 was over 720,000 tonnes with a retail value of over M$1.3 billion. (Department of Fisheries, Malaysia. 1988).

Based upon a conservative estimate of the annual incremental production at 10 kg/m3, and with the total volume of artificial reefs at the end of 1990 expected to he around 115,000 m3, the incremental production will be around 1150 tonnes per annum.

Table 11. Fishery Resource of Artificial Reef - Pulau Ekur Tebu (T6).

Species 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

Invertebrates Holothurians Tunicates Crinoids Scleractinian Squid/Cuttlefish

Fishes Lutianus vitta Lutianus kasmira Lutianus lineolatus Caesio chrysozonus Cheilodipterus macrodon Holocentron ruber Amphotistuis kuhlii Epinephelus boelang Epinephelus moara Epinephelus fasciatus Cephalopholis cyanostigma Plotosus anguillaris Gymnothorax javanicus Caranx speciosus Pomacentrid sp.

Key: Logarithmic abundance category using log base 4.

4.5 Assessment of Impact

A comprehensive economic analysis of the artificial reef programme in Malaysia has yet to be conducted but socio-economic studies carried out in the United States of America showed that the artificial reefs had a positive effect on the economy of the nearby communities (Buchanan 1973). In general, preliminary interviews with local fishing communities indicated their awareness of the project and their enthusiatic support and appreciation of the efforts by the Department of Fisheries.

4.5.2 Fisheries

Prior to the imposition of fishing prohibition within the artificial reef areas, local fishermen had reported encouraging catches of high market value species such as groupers and snappers using bamboo traps or handlines. While handlining with a single hook could yield about 1.09 kg per hour in 1982 and 3.98 kg per hour in 1983 at Pulau Ekur Tebu, Terengganu (comprising of groupers and snappers), bamboo traps placed at Pulau Payar, Kedah in 1982-1983 could yield about 4.65 kg per trap per week with the catch exclusively comprising of groupers Epinephelus tauvian and Epinephelus megachir. Artificial reefs, which were easily accessible to fishermen possessing only small boats with outboard engines, could become primary areas for artisanal fishing effort.

5. PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS - MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH ASPECTS

The accelerated programme of reef development under the Fifth Malaysia Plan requires an additional 1.5 miHion tyres to be collected and emplaced at all the reef sites by 1990. This large number of tyres poses severe problems in regard to the logistics of supply, storage, transportation and preparation. In the period of 15 months from March '87 to May '88, a total of over 830,000 tyres was collected through a campaign mounted by the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture. Simultaneously a total of over 300,000 of these tyres had been emplaced at artificial reef sites within the year 1987.

Numerous studies of artificial reefs have been carried out world-wide and general agreement exists that artificial reefs effectively aggregate fish and can be an important fisheries management tool. However the majority of these studies have qualitatively described species succession and ecological developments and high priority should now be given to experimental and quantitative studies designed to test predictive models to determine causes of phenomena associated with artificial reefs (Bohnsack & Sutherland, 1985). f

A comprehensive ecological assessment and analysis of the fish resources in the artificial reef environment needs to be established to quantify benefits more precisely - taking into account the complexity of the ecosystem, the highly mobile state of fish in and out of the ecosystem coupled with the problem of multi-species fisheries. A monitoring programme is needed to quantify sustainable yields relative to location, design, material as'well as socio-economic changes directly or indirectly attributable to the establishment of artificial reefs.

Many researchers have recently expressed concern over the increased fisheries exploitation from a finite area as a result of the aggregating properties of artificial reefs which could then lead to a severe depletion of fish stocks.

6. RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE PROGRAMME

Following the implementation of the artificial reef development programme in Malaysia, it has become important to establish monitoring programmes to quantify the benefits in terms of enhanced fisheries resources, conservation and rehabilitation of marine coastal ecosystems as well as socio-economic changes of local fishing communities. Such research programmes should improve monitoring techniques and methods for quantifying data, identify factors influencing artificial reef success, distinguish and determine production versus productivity and attraction versus production and examine interactions of reef fauna and surrounding habitat.

Depending upon the results of such research programmes, -the artificial reef development project can be reviewed to either expand the size of the existing individual artificial reefs or to increase the number of such artificial reefs within the coastal environment. In this respect, the Department of

Fisheries will assess and explore new engineering advances and improvements, transfer and adapt technical knowledge on large-scale artificial reefs from Japan while exploring with the use of natural materials-transplanting and restocking-for enhancing artificial reefs and progress towards the construction of artificial reefs with specific objectives to improve recruitment, growth and spawning of fisheries resources.

Accordingly, the Department of Fisheries has initated the construction of artificial reefs using pre-fabricated concrete .units and such reefs will be expandedtincreased depending on a review of their enhancement eGfect on fisheries resources and a cost-benefit analysis. The Department of Fisheries has also decided to embark upon a supplementary restocking programme whereby selected high-value species will be released within the artificial reef area as well as in the coastal waters near artificial reef sites. The restocking programme is expected to increase the fish population of the selected high-value species such as groupers, seabass and snappers.

It is thus important to develop comprehensive plans for artificial reef development and deployment and crucial to devise appropriate management strategies to maximise the potential of artificial reefs for habitat and resource enhancement. As such; artificial reefs should be considered within an integrated management strategy for improving coastal fisheries resources as a whole rather than increasing fisheries harvest from finite areas per se.

REFERENCES

BOHNSACK, J.A. AND D.L., SUTHERLAND. 1985. Artificial reef research: a review with recommendations for future priorities. Bull Mar. Sci., 37(1): 11 -39.

BUCHANAN, C.C. 1973. Effects of an artificial habitat on the marine sport fishery and economy or Murrells Inlet. South Carolina. Mar. Fish. Rev. 36 (9): 15-22.

DE SILVA, M. W, R.N., C. Betterton and R.A. Smith. 1980. Coral reef resources of east coast Peninsular,Malaysia. in Chua, T.E. and J.K. Charles, eds. Coastal Resources of East Coast Peninsular Malaysia. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES. 1988. Annual Fisheries Statistics 1987. Dept. of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia. 201 pp.

FAO. 1979. Report of the FAOJIOP Workshop on the fishery resources on the Western Indian Ocean south of the Equator. Indian Ocean Programme Development Report (45): 102 pp.

FAST, D.E. 1974. Comparative studies of fish species and their populations on artificial and natural reefs off southeastern Puerto Rieo. MSc. Thesis, Uniyersity of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez. 90 pp.

FAST, D.E. AND F.A. PANGAN. 1974. Comparative observations of an artificial tyre reef and natural patch reefs off southwestern Puerto Rico. Pages 49-50 in L. Colunga and R;D. Stone. eds. Proceedings: Artificial Reef Conference. Taxas A & M University, TAMU-SG-74-103.

INO, T. 1974. Historical review of artificial reef activities in J a p q . Pg. 21-23 in L. Colunga and R. Stone, eds. Proceedings: Artificial Reef Conference. Texas A & M University, TAMU-SG-74-103.

RUSSELL, B.C. 1975. The development and dynamics of a small artificial reef community. Helgo. Wiss. Meeresunters 27 (3): 298- 312.

SMITH, G.B., D.A. HENSLEY AND H.H. MATHEWS. 1979. Comparative efficacy of artificial and natural Gulf of Mexico reefs as fish attractants. Fla. Mar. Res. Publ. 35. 7 pp.

STEVENSON, D.K. AND N. MARSHALL. 1974. Generalizations on the fisheries potentials of coral reefs and adjacent shallow-water environments. Proc. Second Intl. coral Reef Symp. I., Australia. 147- 156.

STONE, R.B., H.L. PRATT, R.O. PARKER JR. AND G.E. DAVIS 1979. A comparison of fish populations on an artificial reef in the Florida Keys. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41 (9): 1-11.

WALTON, J.M. 1979. Puget Sound artificial reef study. State of Washington, Dept. of Fish., Tech ~ e p . 50, 130 pp.

APPENDIX 1. List of Artificial Reefs (tyres) in Malaysia.

NO. OF DATE REEF NAME CODE LOCATION TYRES LAUNCHED

1. Kedah

(a) Pulau Telur

(b) Pulau Payar

(c) Pulau Lembu

(d) Pulau Kaca

(e) Pulau Segantang

(g) Tongkang Karam, P. Langkawi

2. Penang

(a) Pulau Aman

(b) Pulau Kendi I

(c) Muka Head

(d) Pulau Kendi

3. Perak

(a) Pulau Katak

(b) Pulau Agas

(c) Pulau Rhumbia

4. Selangor

(a) Pulau Angsa

5. Melaka

(a) Pulau Besar

T1 Long 100" 17' 10"E Lat. 05" 46'N

T2 Long. 100" 2' 30"E Lat. OF 3' 40"N

TI5 Long. 100" 3' 20"E Lat. 06" 4' 40N

TI6 Long. 100" 3' 10"E Lat. 06" 4' 12"N

T20 Long.99"55'10"E Lat. 06" 2' 26N

T54 Long. 99" 59'E Lat. 06" 23' 36"N

T3 Long. 100" 23'E Lat. 05" 16' 30"N

'IT Long. 100" 11'E Lat. 04" 13' 40N

TI4 Long. 100" 5' 48"E Lat. 05" 31' 12%

T37 Long. 100" 10' 33"N Lat. 05" 13' 50"N

T4 Long. 100" 37' 51"E Lat. 04" 9'N

T17. Long. 100" 34' 22"E Lat. 04" 4' 42"N

TI8 Long. 100" 33'E Lat. 04" 1' 56"N

T22 Long. 101" 13' 20"E Lat. 03" 11' 19"N

T19 Long. 102" 18' 57"E Lat. 02" 6' 56"N

NO. OF DATE REEF NAME CODE LOCATION TYRES LAUNCHED

6. Johor

(a) Pulau Pisang

(b) Pulau Lima Besar

(c) Pulau Simbong

(d) Pulau Rawa I

(e) Pulau Rawa [I

(f) Pulau Harimau I

(g) Pulau Harimau I1

(h) Tg. Resang

(i) Sedili Kecil

(j) Tg. Penawar

(k) Tokong Blalang

7. Pahang

(a) Kuala Rompin

(b) Tg. Cherating

(c) Pulau Ular

(d) Kuala Pahang I

(e) Kuala Pahang I1

(f) Pulau Berhala I

(g) Pualu Berhala I1

Long. 103" 15' 24"E Lat. 01" 27' 24"N

Long. 104" 9' 12"E Lat. 02" 13'N

Long. 104" 9' 30E Lat. 02" 15' 48"N

Long. 104" 1'E Lat. 02" 31' 30"N

Long. 103" 59'E Lat. 02" 31' 30N

Long. 103" 56' 30"E Lat. 02" 33' 15"N

Long. 103" 55' 36"E Lat. 02" 34' 48"N

Long. 103" 53' 48"E Lat. 02" 37' 30N

Long. 104" 12"E Lat. 01" 54.5'N

Long. 104" 20.8'E Lat. 01" 31'N

Long. 104" 10' 48"E Lat. 02" 10' 121'N

Long. 103" 47'E Lat. 02" 50' 30"N

Long. 103" 28' 12"E Lat. 02" 50' 30"N

Long. 103" 30' 12"E Lat. 04" 3' 54"N

Long. 103" 26' 12"E Lat. 03" 42' 42"N

Long. 103" 36' 47"E Lat. 03" 25' 42"N

Long. 103" 35' 12"E Lat. 03" 18' 33"N

Long. 103" 36' 44" Lat. 03" 15' 57"N

NO. OF DATE REEF NAME CODE LOCATION TYHES LAUNCHED

(h) Merchang

(i) Nenasi

(1) Pulau Sembilang

(k) Pulau Gut

8. Terengganu

(a) Pualu Ekor Tebu

(b) Pulau Cepu

(c) Kerteh

(d) Pulau Kapas

(e) Merchang

(f) Bukit Rakit

(h) Pulau Bidong

(i) Pulau Perhentian

(j) Besut

(k) Kemaman I

(1) Kemaman I1

9 . Kelantan

(a) Tumpat

(b) Kuala Semerak

(c) Kuala Besar

Long. 103" 36' 24"E Lat. 03" 2' 23"N

Long. 103" 36' 24"E Lat. 03" 9' 54"N

Long. 103" 51 ' 45"E Lat. 02" 45' 43"N

Long. 104" 9' 54"E Lat. 02" 39' 53"N

Long. 103" 1' 42"E Lat. 05" 44' 22"N

Long. 102" 49' 30E 'Lat. 05" 40' 40"N

Long. 104" 30' 14"E Lat. 04" 32' 12"N

Long. 103" 16' 20E Lat. 05" 12' 24%

Long. 103" 18' 55"E Lat. 05" 2' 48'-

Long. 103" 8'E Lat. 05" 31' 3U'N

Long. lO3O 27' 1"E Lat. 04" 46' lVN Long. 103" 2' 50"E Lat. 05" 39' 30"N

Long. 102" 40' 36"E Lat. 05" 57' 30"N

Long. 102" 40'E Lat. 05" 50' 22"N

Long. 103" 31.9'E Lat. 04" 13.45'N

Long. 103" 36.6'E Lat. 04" 9.6'N

Long. 102" 12' 42"E Lat. 06" 15' 24"N

Long. 102" 34' 24"E

Long. 102" 14' 30"E Lat. 06" 15' 48N

NO. OF DATE REEF NAME CODE LOCATION TYRES LAUNCHED

(d) Kemasin

(e) Sabak

10. Sarawak

(a) Tg. Sipang

(b) P. Satang I

(c) P. Satang I1

(d) sewatan

(e) Miri

(f) Mukah

(g) Pulau Lakei

11. Sabah

(a) Pulau Gaya

(b) Pulau Dinawan

(c) Pulau Rusukan

(d) Pulau Kimanis

(e) KuaIg Tuaran

(f) Pulau Papan

Long. 102" 26' 8"E Lat. 06" 9' 6%

Long. 102" 23' 42"E Lat. 06" 13'N

Long. 110" 10' 08"E Lat. 01" 54' 02"N

Long. 110" 09' 34"E Lat. 01" 45' 5 0 N

Lang. 110" 09' 30"E Lat. 01" 45' OO1'N

Long. 109" 54' 24"E Lat. 01" 54' 12"N

Long. 113" 50' 50"E Lat. 04" 13' 30"N

Long. 112" 14' 0O"E Lat. 03" 06' 30"N

Long. 110" 29' 20"E Lat. 01" 45' 25"N

Long. 115" 59' 06"E Lat. 115" 59' 06"N

Long. 115" 58' 10"E Lat. 05" 52' 02"N

Long. 115" 10' 12"E Lat. 05" 11' 38"N

Long. 115" 47' 40"E Lat. 05" 33' 18"N

Long. 116" 09' 30"E Lat. 06" 12' 50"N

APPENDIX 11: LIST OF ARTIFICIAL REEFS (BOAT) IN MALAYSIA

REEF NAME CODE LOCATION NO. OF DATE BOATS LAUNCHED

1. Kedah

a) P. Payar

2. Perak

a) Manjung

3. Selangor

a) Pulau Angsa

4. Kelantan

a) Kuala Besar

5 . Terengganu

a) Pulau Kapas I

(b) Pulau Kapas II

c) Pulau Bidong

6. Sarawak

a) Miri

b) Santubong

Long. 100" 03' 1O"E Lat. 06" 02' OO"N

Long. 100" 35' 33"E Lat. 04" 07' 58"N

Long. 101" 13' 24"E Lat. 03" 10' 32"N

Long. 102" 13' 12"E Lat. 06" 29' 24"N

Long. 103" 15' 48"E Lat. 05" 14' 36"N

Long. 103" 20' 12"E Lat. 05" 15' 24"N

Long. 103" 09' 18"E Lat. 05" 31 ' 05"N

Long. 113" 49' 18"E Lat. 04" 16' 52"N

Long. 110" 14'E Lat. 01" 57' 30"N

APPENDIX 111: LIST OF ARTIFICIAL REEFS (CONCRETE) IN MALAYSIA

REEF NAME CODE LOCATION NO. OF DATE UNITS LAUNCHED

1. Kedah

a) Pulau Payar K1 100" 06' 14"E 40 Pyramids 18.12.86 06" 03' 48"N

2. Penang

a) Muka Head K4 100" 06' 14"E 20 pyramids 28.12.87 05" 32' 38"N

3. Terengganu

a) Kuala Ibai K2 103" 14' 03"E 70 pyramids 10.11.87 05" 18' 24"N 252 pipe units

b) Kuala Setiu K3 102" 47' 34"E 74 pyramids 21.11.87 05" 43' 56"N 288 pipe units

Figure 13. Fish production from hook fishing in Jakarta Bay during pre-rumpon era and rumpon era

Thousand mt 4 ,

Year

Fish produced 1977-1985 : pre-rumpon era 1986-1987 : rumpon era Anonymous, 1988