ARTIFICIAL INTELL IGENCE

By Niyati

WHAT’S A.I? (to me)• Computers making decisions in real-world

problems•

apply

formulatesolve

WHAT IS A.I. ?(Dictionary)Artificial Intelligence isbranch of Science, which deals with helping machines find solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion.

• Math – solving problems, logic.

• Psychology – the study of mental processes and behavior.

• Cognition – processing information, applying knowledge.

• Biology – the study of living organisms and how the work.

• Philosophy – wisdom and understanding.

DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGY’S

Human Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

Intuition, Common sense, Judgement, Creativity, Beliefs etc

Ability to simulate human behaviour and cognitive processes

The ability to demonstrate their intelligence by communicating effectively

Capture and preserve human expertise

Plausible Reasoning and Critical thinking

Fast Response. The ability to comprehend large amounts of data quickly.

DIST INGUISH BETWEEN HI vs . AI

1941: FIRST ELECTRONIC COMPUTER

1956: TERM ART IFICIAL INTELL IGENCE INTRODUCE

• DARTHMOUTH CONFERENCE FOR IINTRODUCTION OF A.I

• The  DARTHMOUTH CONFERENCE  of 1956was organized by  John McCarthy and two senior scientists:

• In1956 Dartmouth conference was the moment that AI gained its name,

mission, first success and major players, and is the birth of AI.

1956:DARTHMOUTH CONFERENCE

1960s: CHECKER-PLAYING PROGRAM THAT WAS ABLE TO PLAY GAMES WITH

OPPONENTS

1997:DEEP BLUE PLAYS THE WORLD’S BEST

CHESS PLAYER AND WINS.

2000: FIRST SOPHIST ICATED WALKING ROBOT

TIMELINE OF AI

WHY A.I• Two main reasons of AI:

– To understand human intelligence better. We test theories of human intelligence by writing programs which emulate it.

– To create useful “smart” programs able to do tasks that would normally require a human expert.

APPLICATIONS OF A.I.

Expert systems.

Speech recognition.

Computer vision.

Robotics.

Game playing

GAME PLAYING : -• You can buy machines that can play master level

chess for a few hundred dollars. There is some AI in them, but they play well against people mainly through brute force computation--looking at hundreds of thousands of positions

SPEECH RECOGNITION :-•The primary interactive method of

communication used by humans is not reading and writing, it is speech.

• The goal of speech recognition research is to allow computers to understand human speech. So that they can hear our voices and recognize the words we are speaking.

• It simplifies the process of interactive communication between people and computers.

COMPUTER VIS ION:-People generally use vision as their primary means

of sensing their environment, we generally see more than we hear, feel or smell or taste.

The goal of computer vision research is to give computers this same powerful facility for understanding their surrounding. Here A.I helps computer to understand what they see through attached cameras.

EXPERT SYSTEMS:- An Expert System is a computer program designed to act as an expert in a particular domain (area of expertise).

ROBOTICS• A Robot is a electro-mechanical device thatcan by programmed to perform manual tasks or a

reprogrammable multi functional manipulator designed to move materials,

parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for performance of variety of tasks.An ‘ inte llig e nt’ robot includes some kind of sensory apparatus that allows it to respond to change in it’ s environment.

APPLICATIONS IN A.I

Some other applications which are used everydayAutomation. Cybernetics. Hybrid intelligent system. Intelligent agent. Digital cameraOnline / web. Post officeBanks.Customer serviceMusic

American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)Founded in 1979, the American Association for Artificial

Intelligence (AAAI) is a nonprofit scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behaviour and their embodiment in machines. AAAI also aims to increase public understanding of artificial intelligence, improve the teaching and training of AI practitioners, and provide guidance for research planners and funders concerning the importance and potential of current AI developments and future directions.

GOALS OF A. I Deduction, reasoning, problem solving. Knowledge representation. Planning. Learning. Natural language processing. Motion and manipulation. Perception. Social intelligence. Creativity. General intelligence.

• To supplement natural intelligence for e.g. we are building intelligence in an object so that it can do what we want it to do, as for example-- robots, thus reducing human labour and reducing human mistakes

NEED OF AI

PROS. OF AI• Ability to simulate human behavior and

cognitive processes Capture and preserve human expertise

• The ability to comprehend large amounts of data quickly.

• Fast Response.

CONS. OF AI• No “common sense”.• Cannot readily deal with “mixed”

knowledge.• May have high development costs.• Raise legal and ethical concerns.• May lead to destruction

FUTURE (+)The day is not far when you will just sit back in your cozy little beds and just command your personal Robot's to entirely do your ruts . He will be a perfect companion for you. Just enjoy the Technology.

FUTURE (-)But wait, don’ t be happy. . !

It may end in other way too. Some day there will be a knock to your door. As you open it, you see a large number of Robots marching into your house destroying everything you own and looting you. This is because ever since there is an advantage in the Technology, it attracts anti-social elements. This is true for Robots too.Because now they will havefull power to think as human, even as of anti-social elements. So think trice before giving them power of Cognition.

SOME SUCCESS STORIES• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed

an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people

• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft

• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans

• Robot driving: DARPA grand challenge 2003-2007

• 2006: face recognition software available in consumer cameras

EXAMPLE OF AI

CONCLUSION:-In it’s short existence, AI has increased undoing of the nature of intelligence and provided an impressive array of application in a wide range of areas. It has sharpened understanding of human reasoning, and of the nature of intelligence in general. At the same time, it has revealed the complexity of modeling human reasoning providing new areas and rich challenges for the future.

SO WHAT IS NEXT?

The development of every new technology raises questions that

we, as individuals and as a society, need to address.