Artificial Intelligence Techniques
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Transcript of Artificial Intelligence Techniques
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Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Internet Applications 2
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Aims of the session What are Microdata Are they useful? Introduce the concept of Semantic
Web semantic web with ‘small s’ Internal research.
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Microdata A way putting meaning
(semantics) within existing web content.
HTML5’s Best-Kept Secret http://www.webmonkey.com/2010/09/microdata-html5s-best-k
ept-secret/
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<section itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Person"> <dd itemprop="name">Scott Turner</dd> <dd><span itemprop="title">Senior Lecturer</span> <span itemprop="affiliation">University of Northampton</span></dd> <dd itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Address"> <span itemprop="street-address">Avenue Campus</span><br> <span itemprop="locality">Northampton</span>, <span itemprop="region">Northamptonshire</span> <span itemprop="postal-code">NN2 6JB</span> <span itemprop="country-name">UK</span> </dd>
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<section itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Person">
This says the section describes a Person.
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<dd itemprop="name">Scott Turner</dd> Each property of Person is
itemprop – In this case the name of the person.
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<dd itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Address"> <span itemprop="street-address">Avenue Campus</span><br> <span itemprop="locality">Northampton</span>,
<span itemprop="region">Northamptonshire</span> <span itemprop="postal-code">NN2 6JB</span> <span itemprop="country-name">UK</span> </dd>
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Further reading http://support.google.com/webmasters/bin/ans
wer.py?hl=en&answer=99170&topic=21997&ctx=topic
http://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/richsnippets
http://www.barryko.com/seo/html5-microdata-schema-generator/
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Other approaches
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Microformats <div id="hcard-Scott-J-Turner" class="vcard"> <span class="fn n"> <span class="given-name">Scott</span> <span class="additional-name">J</span> <span class="family-name">Turner</span> </span> <div class="org">University of Northampton</div> <div class="adr"> <div class="street-address">St Georges Avenue</div> <span class="locality">Northampton</span>, <span class="region">Northamptonshire</span>, <span class="postal-code">NN2 6JD</span> <span class="country-name">U.K</span> </div> <div class="tel">+44 1604 893028</div>
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Examples hCard: for marking up contact
information. hCalendar: Marking up event
information. XFN: Marking up relationships
between people. Hreview: Marking up reviews.
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Illustrative Example <rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.computing.northampton.ac.uk"> <dc:title>Scott Turner</dc:title>
<dc:publisher>University of Northampton</dc:publisher>
</rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>
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RDFa RDFa, provides a set of XHTML
attributes to augment visual data with machine-readable hints
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<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"<foaf:PersonalProfileDocument rdf:about=""> <foaf:maker rdf:resource="#me"/> <foaf:primaryTopic rdf:resource="#me"/></foaf:PersonalProfileDocument><foaf:Person rdf:ID="me"><foaf:name>Scott Turner</foaf:name><foaf:title>Dr</foaf:title><foaf:givenname>Scott</foaf:givenname><foaf:family_name>Turner</foaf:family_name><foaf:mbox_sha1sum>a8428e44d03b8fe2bd3f7860d7d64d229ad71169</
foaf:mbox_sha1sum><foaf:homepage rdf:resource="www.computing.northampton.ac.uk/~scott"/><foaf:workplaceHomepage
rdf:resource="www.computing.northampton.ac.uk/~scott"/></foaf:Person></rdf:RDF>
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Agents This is has been argued is the real
power of the power of semantic web to produce machine-readable Web-content.
Programs collating information form diverse sources.
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Definition “The Semantic Web is a project to create
a universal medium for information exchange by putting documents with computer-processable meaning (semantics) on the World Wide Web. Currently under the direction of the Web's creator, Tim Berners-Lee of the World Wide Web Consortium, the Semantic Web extends the Web through the use of standards, markup languages and related processing tools. “ Wikipedia (2006a)
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Image taken from Wikipedia (2006a)
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Resource Description Framework (RDF) W3C specification orignally for metadata
modelling in XML Metadata model based on statements
about resources, three parts (triples): Subject:The resource (often in form of URI) Predicate: aspects of the resource and the
relationship between the subject and the object.
Object:property To read more Wikipedia (2006c)
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Ontologies 1 Typical kind of ontology for Web
applications has a taxonomy and a set of interference rules.
Taxonomy defines classes of objects and the relations among them.
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Ontologies 2 Typical kind of ontology for Web
applications has a taxonomy and a set of interference rules.
Taxonomy defines classes of objects and the relations among them.
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OWL (Web Ontology Language) A Markup Language for sharing
ontologies on the web. Designed for applications that
need machine-readable content not just for humans.
Written in XML For more information see
Wikipedia (2006b)
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AI and the semantic web AI aspects (or weak AI (see
Wikipedia (2006a)) comes from the machine-readable aspects.
Machines ability to perform well defined tasks and well-defined data, for a well-defined problem (Wikipedia 2006a)
Is this AI?
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AI and the semantic web AI aspects (or weak AI (see
Wikipedia (2006a)) comes from the machine-readable aspects.
Machines ability to perform well defined tasks and well-defined data, for a well-defined problem (Wikipedia 2006a)
Is this AI?
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Internal research An ex-MSc student has recently
submitted a paper on something similar.
presented at a conference May 2011.
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Using the link below: http://inspector.sindice.com/ Investigate several sites including
the one below: http://
www.computing.northampton.ac.uk/~scott/
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References and Bibliography Berners-Lee T, Hendler J, Lassila O (2001) The
Semantic Web Scientific American pg 35-43 Wikipedia (2006a) Semantic Web [online]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web Accessed on: 11/1/2007
Wikipedia (2006b) Web Ontology Language http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language Accessed on 11/1/2007
Wikipedia (2006c) Resource Description Framework http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework Accessed on 11/1/2007
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Jones MT (2005) AI Application Programming 2nd Edition, ISBN 1-58450-421-8 pp 387-438.
Segaran (2007) Programming Collective intelligence ISBN 0-596-52932-5
Wikipedia (NA) Software Agents http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_agent [online] Accessed on 16/03/2007.