ARTIFICIAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & INTELLIGENCE &

NEURAL NEURAL NETWORKSNETWORKS

Koushal KumarKoushal Kumar

M.Tech CSEM.Tech CSE

Lovely professional Lovely professional universityuniversity

Mob:+918968939621Mob:+918968939621

Are computers smart enough to replace Are computers smart enough to replace people?people?

ARTIFICIAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & INTELLIGENCE &

NEURAL NEURAL NETWORKSNETWORKS

INTRODUCTION TO AIINTRODUCTION TO AI

Artificial intelligence (AI)Artificial intelligence (AI) Computers with the ability to duplicate Computers with the ability to duplicate

the functions of the human brainthe functions of the human brain Artificially intelligent systemsArtificially intelligent systems

The people, procedures, hardware, The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate the machines that demonstrate the characteristics of intelligencecharacteristics of intelligence

HISTORY OF HISTORY OF COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS

The history of computer development is often The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices.of computing devices.

Does anyone know the different Does anyone know the different generations?generations?

Each generation of computer is characterized by a Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate. changed the way computers operate.

First Generation: 1940 First Generation: 1940 to 1956to 1956

During this generation, computers During this generation, computers were built with vacuum tubes.were built with vacuum tubes.

These electronic tubes were about These electronic tubes were about the size of a light bulb.the size of a light bulb.

The first computers were often The first computers were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.enormous, taking up entire rooms.

Second Generation: Second Generation: 1956 to 19631956 to 1963

This generation begins This generation begins with with TransistorsTransistors replacing vacuum tubesreplacing vacuum tubes

Allowed computers to Allowed computers to become smaller, faster, become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-cheaper, more energy-efficient and more efficient and more reliable reliable

First computers that First computers that stored their instructions stored their instructions in their memoryin their memory

Third Generation: 1964 Third Generation: 1964 to 1971to 1971

The development of the The development of the integrated circuitintegrated circuit was the was the hallmark of the third hallmark of the third generation of computersgeneration of computers

Transistors were minimized Transistors were minimized and placed on and placed on siliconsilicon chipschips, , which drastically increased which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of the speed and efficiency of computers computers

users interacted with third users interacted with third generation computers generation computers through through keyboardskeyboards and and monitorsmonitors and and interfacedinterfaced with an with an operating systemoperating system

Fourth Generation: 1971 to Fourth Generation: 1971 to PresentPresent

The The microprocessormicroprocessor brought brought the fourth generationthe fourth generation thousands of integrated thousands of integrated

circuits were built onto a circuits were built onto a single silicon chip single silicon chip

Equivalent of the first Equivalent of the first generation (entire room) generation (entire room) could now fit in the palm of could now fit in the palm of the hand the hand

Fifth Generation: Present & Fifth Generation: Present & beyondbeyond

Fifth generation computing Fifth generation computing devices, based on devices, based on artificial intelligenceartificial intelligence, are , are still in development, still in development, though there are some though there are some applications, such as applications, such as voice recognitionvoice recognition, that are , that are being used today being used today

The goal of fifth-generation The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop computing is to develop devices that respond to devices that respond to natural language input and natural language input and are capable of learning and are capable of learning and self-organizationself-organization

Brain and MachineBrain and MachineThe Brain

– Pattern Recognition– Association– Complexity– Noise Tolerance

The Machine– Calculation– Precision– Logic

Assessment of Current AIAssessment of Current AI

1.1. Current AI Current AI Advanced Computing Advanced Computing

(rather than “Intelligence“) (rather than “Intelligence“)

2. If an AI technique sounds too good to be 2. If an AI technique sounds too good to be

true, you are right most of the time. true, you are right most of the time.

3. If an AI technique requires "common 3. If an AI technique requires "common

sense," it is unlikely to be fully practical in sense," it is unlikely to be fully practical in

the foreseeable future. the foreseeable future.

What is artificial What is artificial intelligence?intelligence?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to of computer science which aims to create it.create it.

Intelligence exhibited by an artificial Intelligence exhibited by an artificial (non-natural, man-made) entity; the (non-natural, man-made) entity; the study and design of intelligent agents, study and design of intelligent agents, where an intelligent agent is a system where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of actions which maximize its chances of success.success.

Artificialintelligence

Major Branches of AI(1)Major Branches of AI(1)

Perceptive system or Artificially intelligent Perceptive system or Artificially intelligent systemsystem A system that approximates the way a A system that approximates the way a

human sees, hears, and feels objectshuman sees, hears, and feels objects Vision systemVision system

Capture, store, and manipulate visual Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and picturesimages and pictures

RoboticsRobotics Mechanical and computer devices that Mechanical and computer devices that

perform tedious tasks with high precisionperform tedious tasks with high precision Expert systemExpert system

Stores knowledge and makes inferencesStores knowledge and makes inferences

Major Branches of AI(2)Major Branches of AI(2)

Learning systemLearning system Computer changes how it functions or Computer changes how it functions or

reacts to situations based on feedbackreacts to situations based on feedback Natural language processingNatural language processing

Computers understand and react to Computers understand and react to statements and commands made in a statements and commands made in a “natural” language, such as English“natural” language, such as English

Neural networkNeural network Computer system that can act like or Computer system that can act like or

simulate the functioning of the human simulate the functioning of the human brainbrain

Benefits of Artificial Benefits of Artificial IntelligenceIntelligence

Artificial intelligence has Artificial intelligence has been used in a wide range been used in a wide range of fields including medical of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, scientific robot control, scientific discovery and toys.discovery and toys.

Artificial intelligence is Artificial intelligence is widely used in the field of widely used in the field of gaming e.g. the game of gaming e.g. the game of chess.chess.

What is Neural Network?What is Neural Network? computer architecture in which processors are computer architecture in which processors are

connected in a manner suggestive of connected in a manner suggestive of connections between neurons; connections between neurons;

can learn by trial and error any network of can learn by trial and error any network of neurons or nuclei that function together to neurons or nuclei that function together to perform some function in the body perform some function in the body

NEURAL NETWORK ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Layers of Neural Layers of Neural NetworksNetworks

Each ANN is composed of a collection of perceptions grouped in layers.

the three layers: input, intermediate (called the hidden layer) and output.

Several hidden layers can be placed between the input and output layers.

Types of LayersTypes of Layers• The input layerThe input layer

– Introduces input values into the networkIntroduces input values into the network– No activation function or other processingNo activation function or other processing

• The hidden layer(s)The hidden layer(s)– Perform classification of featuresPerform classification of features– Two hidden layers are sufficient to solve any problemTwo hidden layers are sufficient to solve any problem– Features imply more layers may be betterFeatures imply more layers may be better

• The output layer.The output layer.– Functionally just like the hidden layersFunctionally just like the hidden layers– Outputs are passed on to the world outside the neural Outputs are passed on to the world outside the neural

network.network.

Benefits of Neural Benefits of Neural NetworksNetworks

Pattern recognition, learning, classification, Pattern recognition, learning, classification, generalization and abstraction, and generalization and abstraction, and interpretation of incomplete and noisy inputsinterpretation of incomplete and noisy inputs

Provide some human problem-solving Provide some human problem-solving characteristicscharacteristics

RobustRobust

Fast, flexible and easy to maintainFast, flexible and easy to maintain

Powerful hybrid systemsPowerful hybrid systems

ADVANTAGES…ADVANTAGES… A neural network can perform tasks that A neural network can perform tasks that

a linear program can not. a linear program can not. When an element of the neural network When an element of the neural network

fails, it can continue without any fails, it can continue without any problem by their parallel nature.problem by their parallel nature.

A neural network learns and does not A neural network learns and does not need to be reprogrammed.need to be reprogrammed.

It can be implemented in any application.It can be implemented in any application. It can be implemented without any It can be implemented without any

problem.problem.

DISADVANTAGES…DISADVANTAGES…

THIS CAUSES THE LOSS OF HUMAN THIS CAUSES THE LOSS OF HUMAN CONTROL OVER THOSE "DEEMED CONTROL OVER THOSE "DEEMED MACHINES". MACHINES".

THEY MAY DOMINATE US IN THE NEAR THEY MAY DOMINATE US IN THE NEAR FUTURE. FUTURE.

SOMETIMES IT MAY CAUSE THE SOMETIMES IT MAY CAUSE THE DESTRUCTION OF THE "ENTIRE DESTRUCTION OF THE "ENTIRE BEAUTIFUL HUMAN RACE" BEAUTIFUL HUMAN RACE"

APPLICATIONS OF AI & APPLICATIONS OF AI & NNNN

Artificial Intelligence in the form of expert Artificial Intelligence in the form of expert systems and neural networks have systems and neural networks have applications in every field of human applications in every field of human endeavor.endeavor.

Artificial intelligence has been used in a Artificial intelligence has been used in a wide range of fields including medical wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, diagnosis, stock trading, robot controlrobot control, , scientific discovery and toys.scientific discovery and toys.

Neural Networks are used in the recognition Neural Networks are used in the recognition systems such as voice recognition. systems such as voice recognition.

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