artificial intellegent

8/7/2019 artificial intellegent

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PRES

ENTED BY

G.SHIVAKUMAR,07K41A1222

SR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

WARANGAL, AP.

Abstract:



This paper aims at presenting the concept of "Artificial Intelligence." It is the

branch of Computer Science concerned with making computers behave like humans. It is

the Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent

computer programs. It is the hot topic on many boards and software houses. The term

was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

This paper briefly describes how Artificial Intelligence works and the various

techniques used in AI. It further describes the greatest advances that have occurred in the

field of Medicine, Military, Expert Systems, Robotics and Natural Language

Processing. This paper deals with latest advances that have occurred in the field of games

playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May

1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary

Kasparov in a chess match.

Today, the hottest area of Artificial Intelligence is neural networks, which are

proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and natural

language processing. Robotics incorporating artificial intelligence interaction with laser,

ultrasound, MRI scanning, is performing delicate brain surgery more accurately than by

traditional surgical approaches. A.I. was used in the investigation of Mars in July

1997. This paper reflects the potential impact of AI on our lives. Artificial Intelligence is

likely to continue to creep into our lives without us really noticing.

AI is generally associated with Computer Science, but it has many important

links with other fields such as Math’s, Psychology, Cognition, Biology and Philosophy,

among many others. Our ability to combine knowledge from all these fields will

ultimately benefit our progress in the quest of creating an intelligent artificial being.

Introduction:



Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines

find solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally

involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as

algorithm in human friendly way. It is basically the ability of a machine to think for itself.

It aims at getting computers to do tasks which require human intelligence. In short it can

be described as:

Simple things turn out to be the hardest to automate:

*Recognizing a face.

*Navigating a busy street.

*Understanding what someone says.

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Motivation...

Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations,

using fixed programmed rules. This allows artificial machines to perform monotonous

tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are ill - suited to. For more complex

problems, things get more difficult. Unlike humans, computers have trouble

understanding specific situations, and adapting to new situations. Artificial Intelligenceaims to improve machine behaviour in tackling such complex tasks.

How does Artificial Intelligence work?

Technology...



Over the past five decades, AI research has mostly been focusing on solving

specific problems. Numerous solutions have been devised and improved to do so

efficiently and reliably. This explains why the field of Artificial Intelligence is split into

many branches. Some of the branches have been explained below:

Planning:

Planning programs start with general facts about the world (especially facts about

the effects of actions), facts about the particular situation and a statement of a goal. From

these, they generate a strategy for achieving the goal. In the most common cases, the

strategy is just the sequence of actions.

Pattern recognition:

The main focus in AI today is getting a computer to recognize, make senses and

recreate in what it sees and hears.

The two major divisions of pattern recognition are machine vision and sound.

Pattern-Recognition-Vision:

It's goal is to get a computer to recognize pictures so that it can recognize objects in its

surroundings that would be helpful in robotics.Pattern-Recognition-Sound:

It wants to achieve a similar goal but is a primary concern with companies that want to

produce a new means in which a person interacts with a computer by talking.

Ontology:Ontology is the study of what objects are and what are they made of. It is

the study of kinds of things that exist. In AI, the programs and sentences deal with

various kinds of objects, and we study what these kinds are and what their basic

properties are.

Robotics:



Robotics is the study of how to

design, build, use, and work with

robots. Robots are mechanical devices

that can move and react to sensory input

giving them some degree of

autonomous control.Robots are widely used in the industrial

sector performing high-precision jobs

such as painting and wielding. They

are used in laboratories for repetitive tasks in chemistry and biology, and in situations,

which would be dangerous for humans such as cleaning toxic waste or defusing bombs.

Three laws of robotics :

1. A robot may not injure or harm a human being or allow a human being to come to

harm.

2. A robot must follow the instructions given to it by a human being without

violating Rule 1

3. A robot must protect itself as long as such protection does not violate Rules 1 and

2.

Artificial life:

Artificial life is a field of scientific study that attempts to model living biological

systems through complex algorithms. Scientists use these models to test and experiment

with a multitude of factors on the behaviour of the systems.



Artificial life: From robot dreams to reality

It is a diverse field of research, but a common theme is testing out the fundamental

principles of life by building detailed working models. One of the most ambitious goals

of artificial-life research is the construction of living systems out of non-living parts.

Artificial life is a blanket term used to refer to human attempts at setting up systems with

lifelike properties all biological organisms possess, such as self-reproduction,

homeostasis, adaptability, mutational variation, optimization of external states, and so on.

Epistemology:

Epistemology is a study of knowledge that are required for solving problems in

the world.

Who uses Artificial Intelligence?

Applications...

To be useful, a system has to be able to do more than just correctly perform some task.

-- Johan McDermott

Artificial Intelligence is helping people in every field to make better use of information to

work harder not smarter. The potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are

abundant. However, some of the applications of AI have been listed below:

Medicine: NEW BLOOD TEST SPOTS CANCER:

In one of the biggest advances in cancer research in years, scientists have developed a

blood test that can detect cancer with a greater than 90% accuracy. This artificial

intelligence --already tested for cancers of the breast, ovary, and lung--could one day be



used to detect many types cancer. 'All that's needed is a single drop of blood’… 'The

computer does the rest.'...In tests on several hundred blood samples, some taken from

women with ovarian cancer and others from healthy women, the test proved 'an

astonishing' 100% accurate in detecting cancer, even at the earliest stages.

Artificial nose:

Scientists have endowed computers with eyes to see, thanks to digital cameras, and ears

to hear, via microphones and sophisticated recognition software. Now they're taking

computers further into the realm of the senses with the development of an artificial nose.

E-NOSE TO SNIFF OUT HOSPITAL SUPERBUGS:

"E-nose analyses gas samples by passing the gas over an array of electrodes coated withdifferent conducting polymers. Each electrode reacts to particular substance by changing

its electrical resistance in a characteristic way. Combining the signals from all the

electrodes gives a 'smell-print' of the chemicals in the mixture that neural network

software built into the e-nose can learn to recognize. As a result, it can be detected from

the smell alone that what the bacterial infections are.

Military:

A NEW MODEL OF ARMY SOLDIER ROLLS CLOSER TO THE BATTLEFIELD:

The American military is working on a new generation of soldier, far different from the

army it has. 'They don't feel hungry,' said Gordon Johnson of the Joint Forces Command

at the Pentagon. 'They are not afraid. They don't forget their orders. They don't care if the

guy next to them has just been shot. Will they do a better job than humans? Yes.' The

robot soldier is coming. The Pentagon predicts that robots will be a major fighting force

in American military in less than a decade, hunting and killing enemies in combat.

Robots are a crucial part of the Army's effort to rebuild itself as a 21st-century fighting

force, and a $127 billion project called Future Combat Systems is the biggest military

contract in American history.

Game AI:

ONLY A PAWN IN IT'S GAME:



Hydra is the latest chess supercomputer to lay down the gauntlet to the world's top

players. Its architects say it is the greatest ever built, but don't expect it to rejoice in

victory or get the post-match drinks in.

It is a behemoth of a machine that pits 32-linked processor against its flesh-and-blood

opponents. Hydra's backers claim it can analyze 200 million chess moves in a second and

project the game up to 40 moves ahead.

Natural Language processing:

The goal of the Natural Language Processing (NLP) group is to design and build software

that will analyze, understand, and generate languages that humans use naturally, so that

eventually you will be able to address your computer as though you were addressing

another person.

This goal is not easy to reach. "Understanding" language means, among other things,

knowing what concepts a word or phrase stands for and knowing how to link those

concepts together in a meaningful way. It's ironic that natural language, the symbol

system that is easiest for humans to learn and use, is hardest for a computer to master.

Long after machines have proven capable of inverting large matrices with speed and

grace, they still fail to master the basics of our spoken and written languages.



Expert Systems:

The primary goal of expert systems research is to make expertise available to

decision makers and technicians who need answers quickly. There is never enough

expertise to go around--certainly it is not always available at the right place and the right

time. Portable with computers loaded with in-depth knowledge of specific subjects can

bring decades worth of knowledge to a problem.

EXPERT SYSTEMS - MAKE A DIAGNOSIS:

Intution may seem like a human trick, but machines can be pretty good at it too.

Underlying a hunch are dozens of tiny, subconscious rules-truths we that have learned

from experience. Add them up and you get instinct: a doctor's sense that a patient's

stomach-ache might really be appendicitis, for example. Program those rules into a

computer and you get an expert system- one of many that can screen lab tests, diagnose

blood infections, and identify tumors on a mammogram.

Future of AI Technology:

Artificial Intelligence and robotics are likely to creep into our lives without us

really noticing. However, AI has spawned some useful applications like expert systems

and game AI, but the truly pervasive use of AI is still to come as more research and

improved technology surfaces in the future. Here are a few applied innovations that AI

promises in the future and the technologies behind them.



Telephone Translators:

One of the common cliches when one talks about the future is how the world is

shrinking every day. Distance used to be a barrier in travel and the invention of the

airplane changed all that. Time used to be a factor in communication since the mail

system took months to deliver a letter across the United States, but the telephone

dissolved such a hurdle. The combinations of travel and communications have brought

whole nations together except now the last barrier in international relationship is

language. This is where telephone translators will change all that.

Essentially, a person from the United States says some things in English into his

telephone. Almost instantaneously, a computer intercepts the voice, translates what was

said, and synthetically generate the appropriate Japanese words to the person on the

other line. Of Course, the translator would need advanced voice recognition, natural

language processing and inferencing to extract what was meant by the English-speaker,

and then synthesize a human-sounding Japanese person's voice in conversational

Japanese.

A Greater Use of Expert Systems:

With such success as a diagnostic in medic and mechanics presently, expert

systems will be more prevalent in other applications that require an expert with whom

people can consult with. Need to identify the perfect pet for a friend? A pet expert system

could ask some questions related to the person's personality so that it can conclude the

types of animals that would be suited for them. What kinds of dishes can one make

tonight with the food in the refrigerator? Input the foods into a cook expert system and

find out. The possibilities for expert systems are almost endless. If expert systems are

designed and built correctly, users should be able to easily program their own expert and

should make better decisions in their lives. Passing the Turing Test:

The idea behind the test is that if a machine could make a person think he/she was

interacting with an intelligent person, why not consider the machine intelligent in its own

right? The controversy over the Turing Test will probably continue into the future, but



once a computer convincingly passes the test and becomes more and more integrated

with society, this test would be at least the best approximation of intelligence possible.

Research Assistants:

The world is moving from the Industrial Age to the Information Age where the

phrase "knowledge is power" is becoming a reality. With so much information out there,

it has become harder and harder to find what is really relevant. This is where a research

assistant powered by AI can help. Not only can the assistant understand what one is

looking for, which requires natural language processing, it is smart enough to know

where to look and compare what it finds to what it is looking for to see how relevant the

information is, so the person doesn't have to do the 'dirty work.' Research assistants will

be an important tool in the future by keeping the world of information from exploding

into an infinite chaos of unorganized facts and figures.

REFERENCES:

www.google.com

www.howstuffworks.com

www.asks.com

http://www.google.com/

http://www.howstuffworks.com/

http://www.asks.com/

http://www.howstuffworks.com/

http://www.asks.com/

http://www.google.com/

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