Artificial Colors, Flavors And Additives 3 1 1
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ARTIFICIAL COLORS, FLAVORS & ADDITIVESDo they matter ?
Dr. Gaurav Gupta, Pediatrician, Ex PGIMIAP, MAAP (USA),Consultant FORTIS, Charak Clinics
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HISTORY 1500.B.C.-Food & Drug
Colors.
Mid. of Ninteenth century-
Natural Sources.
20th - Synthetic Colors
(Aniline).
In 1975, Dr. Feingold
proposed link between food
additives and hyperactivity
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NEED FOR COLORS & FLAVORS
Psychological Benefits
Maintain product consistency
Identification - Manufacturing &
Distribution
Reduce contamination risk
Unattractive medication –
Acceptable.
Patient compliance – combination
of color and flavor.
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The GRAS list
Three classes of AFCA (Artificial Food Colors & Additives) – Colors, Additives, Flavors
The U.S. FDA has a list of food additives generally recognized as safe.
Regarded as safe by the scientific community. These substances are put on the GRAS list,
which contains approximately 700 items.
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Vulnerability in children
• Young children serve as first victims of any environmental contamination
• Immaturity of enzymatic detoxifying mechanism
• Incomplete excretory organs
• Partial development of physiological barriers (BBB).
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Most Important & well studied SIDE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL COLOURS
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Symptoms:Lack of concentration, distractibility, excitability, impulsiveness, temper tantrum, anxiety, antisocial behavior, difficulties with coordination, disabilities of both cognitive and learning functions.J.Human Nutr,34:167-174,1980 Report on Colour Additives. FACT, June, 1987
Pediatrics. 1978 Jun;61(6):811-7.
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School-going Hyperactive
ChildrenRestlessness, inattentive,
poor academic performance,
distractible, aggressive and
anti-social tendencies.
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What evidence have we got?
Do artificial food colors promote hyperactivity in children with hyperactive syndromes? A meta-analysis. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 2004
The effects of artificial food colourings and benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity in a general population sample of preschool children. Arch Dis Child. 2004
Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community. Lancet Nov 2007
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Interesting thing about these studies !
Preservatives used as a challenge…. sunset yellow, 5 mg; carmoisine, 2.5 mg; tartrazine, 7.5 mg; and ponceau 4R, 5 mg and 45 mg of sodium benzoate.
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What I found in my “samples”?Medicine Additive Company
Waltuz Br Tartrazine Wallace
Relent Sunset Yellow Dr. Reddy’s
Chericof Ponceau4R Ranbaxy
Zanocin Sunset Yellow Ranbaxy
Zithrox Sunset Yellow Macleods
Calcium Sandoz Sunset Yellow Novartis
Pedicloryl Sunset Yellow Dr. Reddy’s
Nizonide Ponceau4R Lupin
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The art of medicine consists of amusing the patient while nature cures the disease -- Voltaire
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OTHER SIDE EFFECTS
OF ARTIFICIAL
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1. Artificial colors cause skin rashes in Children.Clinical Pediatrics, Vol. 37, No. 10, 601-607 (1998)
2. Tartrazine, Erythrosine, Sunset yellow, Ponceu 4 R, Amaranth, Fast red E, Allura red, Brilliant Blue.
Inhibit mitochondrial respiration - Oxidative stress.The Chinese journal of physiology2001 Mar 31; 44(1):1-11.
Wei YH, Lu CY, Ma YS, Lee HC.3. Azo dyes (Amaranth & Sunset yellow) - Genotoxicity.
Environmental health perspectives 1994 October; 102(Suppl 6): 119–122.
4. Allergy to tartrazine in psychotropic drugs. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 2000 Jul;61(7):473-6
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Additive Made From Problems
Tartazine Coal Tar – Industrial Waste 1: 10,000 risk of UrticariaADHD, possible risk of cancer
Allergy
Quinoline Yellow Synthetic Coal Tar dye Asthma, ADHD, Rashes
Sunset Yellow Naphthalene-6-sulfonate Cancer risk, Nasal congestion, Asthma, decreased appetite
Amaranth Azo dye Asthma, Eczema, Hyperactivity. Birth Defects and Fetal Death!
Ponceau 4R Synthetic coal tar and azo dye
1:10,000 allergic, potential carcinogen
Erythrosine Coal Tar Sensitivity to light, learning difficulties, thyroid cancer.
Other uses: to kill maggots & flies!
Benzoic Acid Synthetic benzoin derivative
Hypersensitivity reaction, asthma, ? Neurological
http://mbm.net.au/health/guide.htm
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TARTRAZINE TERRORSCoal-tar – Industrial waste.
Hyperactivity/ADHD
Asthma, Urticaria, Angio-oedema . The Journal of asthma 1985;22(3):139-43.
Deficiency of Vitamin B6 and Zinc.
Migraine, Thyroid cancer, Eosinophilia, and Lupus.
Cross – sensitivity in Aspirin sensitive and NSAID
sensitive patients Allergy to tartrazine in psychotropic drugs J Clin Psychiatry. 2000 Jul;61(7):473-6
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Banned in USA, Austria and Norway.
Used in Febrex syrup, Ambrodil- S syrup, Shelcal kid, Tus-Q X syrup, etc.
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SUNSET YELLOW FCF Side Effects : Urticaria, rhinitis, nasal
congestion, allergy, hyperactivity, kidney tumours, abdominal cramps & Quincke’s oedema.
Usage is banned in Norway.
Present in Relent, Zanocin, Zithrox, Pedicloryl, Calcium Sandoz
Ref-Martindale,32nd Edition, pg 1001.
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CARMOISINE
Side Effects : Carcinogenic, Hyperactivity,Cross sensitivity with aspirin.
Contraindicated : AsthmaticsBanned in USA, Austria, Norway &
Sweden.Used- Calpol, Cobadex, Febrex plus
syrup & drops,etc.
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Inhibitor: Dopamine uptake - Hyperactivity
Side Effects: Childhood hyperactivity, Photosensitivity,
Erythroderma.
Banned in USA and Norway
Used in Shelcal suspension, Macalvit, Dexorange, etc.
ERYTHROSINE
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PONCEAU 4 R Animal study : Hepatoma, Reticulum cell sarcoma,
pulmonary lymphosarcoma, adenocarcinoma, mammary fibroadenoma.
Side Effect : Oxidative stress.
Banned in USA & Norway.
Used in Wikoryl syrup & drops, Sinarest drops, Febrex syrup, etc.
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QUINOLINE
Side Effect – Hyperactivity in children
Banned in USA, Austria and Norway.
Used in Cavit Syrup, Digene, Mahacef etc.
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DRUG ADDITIVES
Benzyl Alcohol
Lactose
Propylene Glycol
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Benzyl AlcoholPreservative
Adverse effects- Gasping baby syndrome- Gasping
respirations,metabolic acidosis and haematological abnormalities.
Kernicterus, Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Hypersensitivity, Dermatitis. US FDA, AAP- Avoid benzyl Alcohol.
Important reason why we avoid giving Diazepam injection in Neonatal Seizures
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Lactose
Filler in tablets & capsules.
Lactose intolerant individual
Diarrhoea, Dehydration, Cramps, etc.
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Propylene Glycol A commonly used solvent in Paracetamol syrup Adverse effects - Respiratory problems, lactic
acidosis, low blood pressure, haemolysis, hyperosmolality, skin rashes & CNS toxicity in Children.
1000 mg of PG is needed for dissolving 100 mg of Paracetamol
Concentration of PG exceeds far above that recommended by FDA/WHO expert committees.
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Other flavors:Calcium dihydrogen,L-glutamate, Disodium guanylate,
Disodium inosinate: Avoid : Hyperactivity, Asthma,Aspirin sensitivity & Gout.
ARTIFICIAL FLAVORS
Synthetic Raspberry Flavoring :Vanillin, Ethyl vanillin, Alphainone, Maltole, Dimethyl sulphide & dimethyl N-pyrrole, etc.
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Here is the list of ingredients for artificial strawberry flavour
amyl acetate, amyl butyrate, amyl valerate, anethol, anisyl formate, benzyl acetate, benzyl isobutyrate, butyric acid, cinnamyl isobutyrate, cinnamyl valerate, cognac essential oil, diacetyl, dipropyl ketone, ethyl
acetate, ethyl amyl ketone, ethyl butyrate, ethyl cinnamate, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl heptylate, ethyl lactate, ethyl methylphenylglycidate, ethyl nitrate, ethyl propionate, ethyl valerate, heliotropin, a-ionone,
hydroxyphenyl-2-butanone (10 percent solution in alcohol),
isobutyl anthranilate, isobutyl butyrate, lemon essential oil, maltol, 4-
methylacetophenone, methyl anthranilate, methyl benzoate, methyl cinnamate, methyl heptine carbonate, methyl naphthyl ketone, methyl salicylate, mint essential oil, neroli essential oil, nerolin, neryl isobutyrate, orris butter, phenethyl alcohol, rose, rum ether, g-undecalactone, vanillin, and solvent.
Yummmmy!
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WHY DO PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES USE THESE
AGENTS? Low cost substitute,
FDA/WHO.
Food Manufacturers.
Children – Guinea pigs.
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IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE
TO ARTIFICIAL COLORS &
FLAVORS?
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Natural ColorsAnd
Flavors
Better & Safer Alternatives
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Natural Colors Annatto Anthrocyanin Carotenoids Carotene Chlorophyll Curcumin Iron oxides Riboflavin Titanium dioxides
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Carotenoids
Yellow & Red colors.
Sources- Sweet potatoes, spinach and tomatoes. Antioxidant - Cancer research.
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Carotene
Yellow to Orange colors.
Sources: Carrots, yellow or orange fruits.
Rich in Vitamin A.
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Chlorophyll
Green coloring agent.
Occurs naturally in all plants
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Curcumin•Extracted from turmeric.•Coloring and medicinal uses•Wound healing•Antiulcer•Anti inflammatory•Antimicrobial & antiviral •Hepatoprotective•Antioxidant•No toxicity.
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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Yellow to Orange colors.
Sources- Leafy vegetables, Eggs, Milk & Wheat.
Safe & Beneficial for health.
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Sweet Orange Oil
• Sweet orange fruit peel
Stress reducing agent
Aroma therapy: Peace of mind
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Chocolate Flavor
Cocoa seeds
Psychological Benefits.
Patient Compliance.
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ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL COLORS & FLAVORS
1) Sensitivity rare.
2) Allergic side effects rare.
3)Additional Medicinal Properties(Role of natural color additives in food allergy, Lucas CD,
Hallagan JB, Taylor SL. Adverse Food Nutrition Res. 2001;43: 195-216
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• Natural Colors & Flavors Are Costly But Definitely Not Costlier Than Health!• Then Why To Compromise?
CONCLUSION
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REMEMBER
ARTIFICIAL COLORS ,
FLAVORS AND
ADDITIVES MAY BE A
LITTLE CHEAPER.
BUT THEY EXTRACT A
BIG PRICE IN TERMS OF
OUR & CHILDREN’S
HEALTH.
GO NATURAL."If you think you're too small to be effective, you've never been in bed with a mosquito."
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