ARTID111 Ancient Near East Art - Part 2
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Transcript of ARTID111 Ancient Near East Art - Part 2
The Rise of Civilization: The Art of the Ancient Near East 2ART ID 111 | Study of Ancient Arts
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD NYIT Center for Teaching and Learning with Technology
With modifications by Arch. Edeliza V. Macalandag, UAP
ANE Empires (continued…)
1. SUMER2. AKKADIA3. NEO-SUMER4. BABYLONIA5. ELAM
6. ASSYRIA7. NEO-BABYLONIA8. ACHAEMENID
PERSIA9. SASANID
Elamite ArtImage Source
About Elam• In the 13th century BC, became a
dominant power that included most of Mesopotamia east of the Tigris and reached almost to Persepolis
• Capital city is Susa• Divided into 4 periods:
– Proto-Elamite– Old Elamite– Middle Elamite period– Neo-Elamite period
Kneeling bull holding a spouted
vessel
from Susa, Iranca. 3,000-2,900 B.C.E.
silver
Statue of Queen Napir-Asu
from Susa, Iranca. 1,350-1,300
B.C.E.bronze and copper
50 3/4 in. high
Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat
Susa, Iranca. 1340–1300 B.C | mud bricks, baked bricks
- had five levels and is the best preserved of all ancient ziggurats
- there were small channels for water
- the temple of Inšušinak was on the top of the tower.
- facade is covered with glazed blue and green terracotta
- interior is decorated with glass and ivory mosaics.
Image Source
Image SourceSite of Chogha Zanbil ziggurat
Assyrian Art
About Assyria• Named for its original capital, the ancient
city of Assur• Characteristic art form is the polychrome
carved stone relief that decorated imperial monuments
• The Assyrians more than any society used art to establish the emergence of a super-culture.
Reconstruction drawing
of the citadel of Sargon II, Dar Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad) Iraq
ca. 720-705 B.C.E.
during excavation
Lamassu (winged human headed
bull)
from the citadel of Sargon II, Dar
Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad) Iraqca. 720-705 B.C.E.
Limestone 13 ft. 10 in. high Image Source
Lamassu (winged human headed bull)
from the citadel of Sargon II, Dar Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad) Iraqca. 720-705 B.C.E. | limestone | 13 ft. 10 in. high
This 40 ton statue was one of a two flanking
the entrance to the throne room of King
Sargon II. A protective spirit known as a
lamassu, it is shown as a composite being with
he head of a human, the body and ears of a
bull, and the wings of a bird. When viewed from
the side, the creature appears to be walking; when viewed from the
front, to be standing still. Thus it is actually represented with five, rather than four legs. Image Source
Gilgamesh Wrestling Lion
from the citadel of Sargon II, Dar
Sharrukin
ca. 720-705 B.C.E.limestone
13 ft. 10 in. high
Assyrian archers pursuing enemies
from the Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II, Kalhu (modern Nimrud)
ca. 875-860 B.C.E.gypsum | 2 ft. 10 3/8 in. high
Ashurbanipal hunting lions
from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal, Ninevah (modern Kuyunjik) Iraq
ca. 645-640 B.C.E. | Gypsum | approximately 5 ft. high
For their palace walls the Assyrian kings commissioned extensive series of narrative reliefs exalting royal power and piety. The degree of documentary detail in the Assyrian reliefs is without parallel in the ancient Near East.
Ashurbanipal hunting lions
from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal, Ninevah (modern Kuyunjik) Iraq
ca. 645-640 B.C.E. | gypsumapproximately 5 ft. high
Ashurbanipal hunting lions
from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal, Ninevah (modern Kuyunjik) Iraq
ca. 645-640 B.C.E. | Gypsum | approximately 5 ft. high
Neo-Babylonian Art
– With the collapse of the Assyrian Empire, Babylonian kings reestablished their power in the south.
– King Nebuchadnezzar II, restored Babylon to its rank as one of the great cities of antiquity. The city’s “hanging gardens” were counted as among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and its enormous ziggurat was immortalized in the Bible as the Tower of Babel.
– The city of Babylon became one of the greatest cities of antiquity, famous for its "hanging gardens" and its enormous ziggurat.
– The city gate was faced with blue-glazed bricks and glazed bricks molded into reliefs of animals.
About Neo-Babylonia
A 16th-century hand-coloured engraving of the "Hanging Gardens of Babylon" by Dutch artist Martin Heemskerck, with the Tower of Babel in the background.
Image Source
restored
Ishtar Gate
from Babylon, Iraq
ca. 575 B.C.E.glazed brick
restored
Ishtar Gatedetails of dragon (Marduk)
and bull (Adad)
from Babylon, Iraq
ca. 575 B.C.E.glazed brick
Ishtar Gate restoreddetails of lion (Ishtar)
from Babylon, Iraq
ca. 575 B.C.E. | glazed brick
Achaemenid Persian Art
About Achaemenid Persia– Although Nebuchadnezzar boasted of
building a wall to surround Babylon to prevent the invasions, Cyrus of Persia captured the city in the 6th century.
– Named after its first official monarch, Achaemenes
– Developed the prestige during the time of Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia)
– Ceremonial capital: Persepolis
Palace of Darius I and Xerxes I
Persepolis, Iran
ca. 521-465 B.C.E.
UNESCO declared the citadel of Persepolis a World Heritage Site in 1979.
Palace of Darius I and Xerxes I
Gate of All Nations
Persepolis, Iran | ca. 521-465 B.C.E.
The most important source of knowledge about Persian art and architecture is the ceremonial and administrative complex on the citadel at Persepolis.It was built between 521 and 465 BCE by Darius I (r. 522-486 BCE) and Xerxes (r. 486-465 BCE), successors of Cyrus.
Palace of Darius I and Xerxes I
Persepolis, Iranca. 521-465 B.C.E.
Sasanian Art
– Around 224 A.D., succeeded the Achaemenid Persians.
– During its existence, the Sassanid Empire encompassed all of today's Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Dagestan), southwestern Central Asia, part of Turkey, certain coastal parts of the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Gulf area, and areas of southwestern Pakistan, even stretching into India.
– The Sassanid era, during Late Antiquity, is considered to have been one of Persia's/Iran's most important and influential historical periods, and constituted the last great Iranian empire before the Muslim conquest and the adoption of Islam.
About Sasanid
Palace of Shapur I
from Ctesiphon, Iraq
ca. 250 C.E.
Palace of Shapur I
from Ctesiphon, Iraq
ca. 250 C.E.
Triumph of Shapur I over Valerian
from Bishapur, Iraq
ca. 260 C.E.rock-cut relief
Triumph of Shapur I over Valerian
from Bishapur, Iraq
ca. 260 C.E. | rock-cut relief
Shapur I drachim
ca. 260 C.E.cast silver coins
Head of Sasanian King (Shapur II?)
from Ctesiphon, Iraq
ca. 350 C.E.silver with mercury gilding15 3/4 in. high
Head of Sasanian King (Shapur II?)
from Ctesiphon, Iraq
ca. 350 C.E.silver with mercury gilding15 3/4 in. high
Glossary .Apadana – The great audience hall in
ancient Persian palaces.Arch – A curved structural member that
spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs) that transmit the downward pressure laterally.
City-state – An independent, self-governing city.
Glossary .Cuneiform – Latin, “wedgeshaped.” A
system of writing used in ancient Mesopotamia, in which wedge-shaped characters were produced by pressing a stylus into a soft clay tablet, which was then baked or otherwise allowed to harden.
Glossary .Cylinder seal – A cylindrical piece of stone
usually about an inch or so in height, decorated with an incised design, so that a raised pattern was left when the seal was rolled over soft clay. In the ancient Near East, documents, storage jars, and other important possessions were signed, sealed, and identified in this way.
Facade – Usually, the front of a building; also, the other sides when they are emphasized architecturally.
Glossary .Lamassu – Assyrian guardian in the form of a
man-headed winged bull.Lapis lazuli – A rich ultramarine semiprecious
stone used for carving and as a source for pigment.
Pictograph – A picture, usually stylized, that represents an idea; also, writing using such means; also painting on rock.
Stele – A carved stone slab used to mark graves or to commemorate historical events.
Glossary .Standard – a structure built for or serving as
a base or supportVotive offering – A gift of gratitude to a
deity.Ziggurat – In ancient Mesopotamian
architecture, a monumental platform for a temple.
Sources:Introduction to Prehistoric Art, 20,000–8000 B.C. | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn
Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Art Through the Ages, 12th/11th ed., Gardnerhttp://websites.swlearning.com/cgi-wadsworth/course_products_wp.pl?
fid=M20b&product_isbn_issn=0155050907&discipline_number=436http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_Easthttp://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/edys/hd_edys.htmhttp://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/ancient/mesopotamia.htmhttp://www.iranchamber.com/art/articles/art_of_elamites.php