ARTICULATIONS. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS FUNCTIONAL VS STRUCTURAL.
Transcript of ARTICULATIONS. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS FUNCTIONAL VS STRUCTURAL.
ARTICULATIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
FUNCTIONAL VS STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS
• SYNARTHROSES
• AMPHIARTHROSES
• DIARTHROSES
SYNARTHROSES
• IMMOVABLE JOINTS
AMPHIARTHROSES
• ALLOW SLIGHT MOVEMENT
DIARTHROSES
• FREELY MOVEABLE
• SYNOVIAL JOINTS
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
• FIBROUS
• CARTILAGINOUS
• SYNOVIAL
FIBROUS
• HELD TIGHTLY TOGETHER BY FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• SUTURAL LIGAMENT
• LITTLE MATERIAL BETWEEN BONES
• LITTLE MOVEMENT
• MOST ARE SYNARTHROSES
TYPE OF FIBROUS JOINTS
• SUTURES
• SYNDESMOSES
• GOMPHOSES
SUTURES
• EDGES OF BONES HAVE INTERDIGITATIONS
• CLOSE AND FIRMLY FIT TOGETHER
• SYNARTHROSIS
SYNOSTOSIS/SYNOSTOSES
• FIBERS COMPLETELY REPLACED BY BONE
• SUTURE BECOME FIRMLY FUSED TOGETHER
• ANY TYPE OF JOINT CAN BECOME A SYNOSTOSIS
SYNDESMOSES
• HELD TOGETHER BY FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• MORE SPACE BETWEEN BONES
• LIGAMENTS OR INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANES
• OFFER LITTLE MOVEMENT BUT SOME GIVE
• SYNARTHROSES
GOMPHOSES
• SPECIALIZED JOINT
• CONE INTO SOCKET
• ROOTS OF TEETH WITH ALVEOLAR SOCKETS
• PERIDONTAL LIGAMENT
• SYNARTHROSES
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
• JOINED BY CARTILAGE
TYPES OF CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
• SYNCHONDROSES
• SYMPHYSES
SYNCHONDROSES
• HYALINE CARTILAGE
• MOST ARE SYNARTHROSES
• SOME ARE AMPHIARTHOSES
• MANY ARE TEMPORARY JOINTS
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
SYMPHYSES
• FIBROCARTILAGE
• COMPRESSIBLE
• SERVE AS SHOCK ABSORBERS
• AMPHIARTHROSES
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• MOST OF JOINTS
• FLUID FILLED JOINT CAVITY
• FREELY MOVEABLE
• LIGAMENTS, TENDONS, MUSCLES OR ADJOINING BONES ONLY LIMITING FACTORS
• DIARTHROSES
CHARACTERISTIC OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
• SYNOVIAL CAVITY
• ARTICULAR CAPSULE
• SYNOVIAL FLUID
• SUPPORTING LIGAMENTS
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
• THIN LAYER OF HYALINE CARTILAGE
• COVERS SMOOTH ARTICULAR SURFACE
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
SYNOVIAL CAVITY
• JOINT CAVITY• SMALL SPACE• SEPARATES BONES• FILLED WITH
SYNOVIAL FLUID
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
ARTICULAR CAPSULE
• DOUBLE LAYERED• FIBROUS CAPSULE• SYNOVIAL
MEMBRANE
SYNOVIAL FLUID
• PROVIDES NOURISHMENT TO ARTICULAR CARTILAGES
• WEIGHT BEARING ELEMENT
• LUBRICANT
SUPPORTING LIGAMENTS
• CAPSULAR OR INTRINSIC LIGAMENTS
• EXTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS
• INTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS
OPTIONAL FEATURES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• ARTICULAR DISCS
MENISCUS OF KNEE
BURSA AND TENDON SHEATHS
• NOT ACTUALLY PART OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
• FOUND WITH THEM OFTEN
• HAVE SYNOVIAL FLUID
• REDUCE FRICTION BETWEEN STRUCTURES
BURSAE
• SMALL SACS• LINED WITH
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES
• FOUND THROUGHOUT BODY
• MOST LOCATED BETWEEN TENDONS AND BONE
TENDON SHEATHS
• WHERE TENDONS CROSS JOINTS
• PROTECTS AGAINST FRICTION
• CYLINDRICAL SACS
• TENDONS SLIDE THROUGH THEM
MOVEMENT OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• GLIDING• FLEXION• DORSIFLEXION• EXTENSION• PLANTAR FLEXION• ABDUCTION• ADDUCTION• CIRCUMDUCTION• ROTATION
• SUPINATION• PRONATION• ELEVATION• DEPRESSION• INVERSION• EVERSION• PROTRACTION• RETRACTION
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• UNIAXIAL JOINTS
• BIAXIAL JOINTS
• TRIAXIAL JOINTS
• NONAXIAL
NONAXIAL JOINTS
• GLIDING, PLANE OR ARTHRODIAL JOINTS
• APPOSITION OF FLAT OR SLIGHTLY CURVED SURFACES
• MOVEMENT CAN OCCUR IN ANY DIRECTION
• LIGAMENTS AND/OR BONY PROCESSES LIMIT MOVEMENT
GLIDING JOINTS/PLANE
UNIAXIAL JOINTS
• HINGE OR GINGLYMUS JOINTS
• PIVOT OR TRICHOID JOINTS
HINGE OR GINGLYMUS JOINTS
• ELBOW
• KNEE
• PHALANGES OF FINGERS AND TOES
PIVOT OR TRICHOID BONE
• ATLAS AND AXIS
• PROXIMAL ARTICULATION BETWEEN RADIUS AND ULNA
BIAXIAL JOINTS
• CONDYLOID OR ELLIPSOID JOINTS
• SADDLE JOINTS
CONDYLOD OR ELLIPSOID JOINTS
• ARTCULATIONS BETWEEN RADIUS AND CARPALS
• OCCIPITAL CONDYLES ON ATLAS
• METACAPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS
• METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS
SADDLE JOINTS
• CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT OF THUMB
TRIAXIAL JOINT
• BALL AND SOCKET OR SPHEROID JOINTS
• SHOULDER AND HIP JOINTS
A SURVEY OF SELECTED JOINTS
SHOULDER JOINT
• CORACOHUMERAL LIGAMENT
• GLENOHUMERAL LIGAMENTS
• GLENOID LABRUM
• ROTATOR CUFF
ELBOW JOINT
• ULNAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
• RADIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
• ANNULAR LIGAMENT
HIP JOINT
• ILIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT
• PUBOFEMORAL LIGAMENT
• ISCHIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT
• ACETABULAR LABRUM
• LIGAMENTUM TERES (CAPITATE LIGAMENT)
KNEE
• PATELLAR LIGAMENT
• OBLIQUE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT
• ARCUATE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT
• MEDIAL AND LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
• MEDIAL AND LATERAL MENISCI
• ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS
ANKLE JOINT
CLINICAL CONDITIONS
SPRAINS
• TWISTING OR OVERSTRETCHING OF A JOINT
• TEAR OR SEPARATION
• SLOW TO HEAL DUE TO LACK OF BLOOD SUPPLY
DISLOCATION
• LUXATION
• BONES ARE DISPLACED
• SHOULDER, FINGERS AND THUMBS MOST COMMON
DISLOCATION
BURSITIS
• INFLAMATION OF BURSA
• ECESSIVE SYNOVIAL FLUID
• REDNESS, SWELLING AND PAIN
TENDINITIS
• INFLAMMATION OF TENDON SHEATHS
• LOCALIZED TENDERNESS AND EXTREME PAIN WHEN JOINT IS MOVED
• WRISTS, ELBOW AND SHOULDER MOST OFTEN AFFECTED
HERNIATED DISC
• RUPTURED DISC• PRESSURE CAN
CAUSE SERVERE PAIN
• CAN CAUSE NERVE DAMAGE
TORN MENSICI
ARTHRITIS
• VARIETY OF TYPES
• PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES TO JOINT MEMBRANES, BONES OR CARTILAGE
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
• SEVERE FORM
• WOMEN MORE THAN MEN
• PANNUS
• DESTROYS JOINT
GOUTY ARTHRITIS
• SUDDEN SEVERE PAIN AND SWELLLING
• TOES, INSTEPS, HEELS, KNEES AND WRISTS
• MORE COMMON IN MALES
• INHERITED DEFECT
• INCREASED URIC ACID LEVELS FORM CRYSTALS
DEGENERATIVE OSTEOARTHRITIS
• PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF CARTILAGE
• MAY HAVE APPEARANCE OF BONE SPURS
SUPPURATIVE ARTHRITIS
ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF THE SPINE
• SCOLIOSIS
• KYPHOSIS
• LORDOSIS
SCOLIOSIS
SCOLIOSIS
KYPHOSIS
LORDOSIS
OSTEOPOROSIS
OSTEOMALACIA
RICKETS
PAGET’S DISEASE
FRACTURE
STRESS FRACTURES
OSTEOMYELITIS
BONE CANCER
PITUITARY DWARFISM
ACHONDROPLASTIC DWARFISM
ACHONDROPLASTIC DWARFISM
SCURVY
METASTIC CALCIFICATION