ArticulationsBone-bone; Bone-cartilage; Bone-teeth

• Fibrous

• Cartilaginous

• Synovial

• Structural Classification of Articulations

• Functional Classification of Articulations

• Synarthrosis

• Amphiarthrosis

• Diarthrosis

Generalized Synovial Joint

Articular (joint) Capsule

- Inner ‘cellular’ layer (synovial membrane)

- Outer ‘fibrous’ layer (dense irregular c.t.)

• 6 Types of Synovial Joints

• Gliding

• Hinge

• Pivot

• Ellipsoidal/Condyloid

• Saddle

• Ball and Socket

Sternoclavicular joint

Intercarpal andIntertarsal joints

Elbow joint

Knee joint

Ankle joint

Interphalangealjoints

Atlantoaxial joint

ProximalRadioulnar Joint (pronate/supinate)

RadiocarpalJoint

MetacarpophalangealJoints (2-5)

TrapeziometacarpalJoint (1st carpometacarpal)

Shoulderjoint

Hip joint

Movements (actions) at Articulations

Structures that Stabilize Synovial Joints

Ligaments

Menisci

Bursa

Fat pads

Tendons

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

Hip Joint

Shoulder Joint

• Osteoarthritis: “Wear and tear” age-related arthritis, due to use of the joint.

• Arthritis: Inflammation of a synovial joint, that is often painful and restricts movement at that joint.

• Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune disease, in which the body’s defense cells attack synovial joints.

Disorders of Articulations

• Ankylosis: Abnormal fusion of a joint, restricting normal movement.

• Gout (Gouty Arthritis): Uric acid deposits in synovial joints and crystalizes there, causing pain and restricting movement.

• Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, causing pain when ever the associated ligament or tendon moves.

Disorders of Articulations

• Sprain: When a ligament is stretched beyond normal, to where some collagen fibers are torn.

• Luxation: Dislocation, when articulating surfaces are forced out of anatomical position.