articles of incorporation case

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TORTS

The case of Barredo v. Garcia (73 Phil. 607 (1942)) involves a 16-

year old oy! one of "he #assen$ers of a care"ela! %ho died as a

res&l" of a collision %i"h a rec'lessly driven "ai. n "he cri*inal

ac"ion! "he #aren"s of "he vic"i* reserved "heir ri$h" "o +le a

se#ara"e civil ac"ion. ,f"er convic"ion of "he driver %i"h "he char$e

of ho*icide "hr& rec'less i*#r&dence! "hey #roceeded "o +le a

se#ara"e civil ac"ion a$ains" "he "ai-o%ner ased on ,r"icle 210

of "he e% /ivil /ode. The "ai-driver *e" "his %i"h "he ar$&*en"

"ha" "he driver havin$ een convic"ed of cri*inal ne$li$ence!

,r"icle 100 in rela"ion "o ,r"icles 102-o3 of "he evised Penal /ode

sho&ld $overn his liaili"y! %hich! #&rs&an" "o said #rovisions is

only s&sidiary! &" since "he driver has no" een s&ed in a civil

ac"ion and his #ro#er"y no" ye" eha&s"ed! "he #lain"is have no

reco&rse a$ains" hi*.

The /o&r"! in said case! r&led in favor of "he #lain"i! holdin$ "ha"

a &asi-delic" is a se#ara"e le$al ins"i"&"ion &nder "he /ivil /ode!

%i"h a s&s"an"ivi"y all i"s o%n! and individ&ali"y "ha" is en"irely

a#ar" and inde#enden" fro* a delic" or cri*e.

5 B,/

G.R. No. L-48006 July 8, 1942

FAUSTO BARREDO,#e"i"ioner!

vs.

SEVERINO GARIA !"# TI$OTEA AL$ARIO,res#onden"s.

Celedonio P. Gloria and Antonio Barredo for petitioner.

Jose G. Advincula for respondents.

BOOBO,J.%

This case co*es fro* "he /o&r" of ,##eals %hich held "he

#e"i"ioner herein! a&s"o Barredo! liale in da*a$es for "he dea"hof a&s"ino Garcia ca&sed y "he ne$li$ence of Pedro on"anilla! a

"ai driver e*#loyed y said a&s"o Barredo.

," ao&" half #as" one in "he *ornin$ of ay 3! 1936! on "he road

e"%een alaon and avo"as! Province of i8al! "here %as a

head-on collision e"%een a "ai of "he ala"e Taica driven y

Pedro on"anilla and a carre"ela $&ided y Pedro i*a#alis. The

carre"ela %as over"&rned! and one of i"s #assen$ers! 16-year-old

oy a&s"ino Garcia! s&ered in:&ries fro* %hich he died "%o days

la"er. , cri*inal ac"ion %as +led a$ains" on"anilla in "he /o&r" of

irs" ns"ance of i8al! and he %as convic"ed and sen"enced "o an

inde"er*ina"e sen"ence of one year and one day "o "%o years

ofprision correccional. The co&r" in "he cri*inal case $ran"ed "he

#e"i"ion "ha" "he ri$h" "o rin$ a se#ara"e civil ac"ion e reserved.

The /o&r" of ,##eals a;r*ed "he sen"ence of "he lo%er co&r" in

"he cri*inal case. &ly ! 1939! "he /o&r" of irs" ns"ance of anila a%arded

da*a$es in favor of "he #lain"is for P2!000 #l&s le$al in"eres"

fro* "he da"e of "he co*#lain". This decision %as *odi+ed y "he

/o&r" of ,##eals y red&cin$ "he da*a$es "o P1!000 %i"h le$al

in"eres" fro* "he "i*e "he ac"ion %as ins"i"&"ed. " is &ndis#&"ed

"ha" on"anilla ?s ne$li$ence %as "he ca&se of "he *isha#! as he

%as drivin$ on "he %ron$ side of "he road! and a" hi$h s#eed. ,s

"o Barredo?s res#onsiili"y! "he /o&r" of ,##eals fo&nd@

... " is ad*i""ed "ha" defendan" is on"anilla?s e*#loyer.

There is #roof "ha" he eercised "he dili$ence of a $ood

fa"her of a fa*ily "o #reven" da*a$e. (


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la%! in"ervenes shall e s&:ec" "o "he #rovisions of

/ha#"er ! Ti"le HE of "his oo'.

,T 1902. ,ny #erson %ho y an ac" or o*ission ca&ses

da*a$e "o ano"her y his fa&l" or ne$li$ence shall e

liale for "he da*a$e so done.

,T. 1903. The oli$a"ion i*#osed y "he ne" #recedin$

ar"icle is enforcile! no" only for #ersonal ac"s ando*issions! &" also for "hose of #ersons for %ho*

ano"her is res#onsile.

The fa"her and in! case of his dea"h or inca#aci"y! "he

*o"her! are liale for any da*a$es ca&sed y "he *inor

children %ho live %i"h "he*.

G&ardians are liale for da*a$es done y *inors or

inca#aci"a"ed #ersons s&:ec" "o "heir a&"hori"y and

livin$ %i"h "he*.

=%ners or direc"ors of an es"alish*en" or &siness are

e&ally liale for any da*a$es ca&sed y "heir

e*#loyees %hile en$a$ed in "he ranch of "he service in

%hich e*#loyed! or on occasion of "he #erfor*ance of

"heir d&"ies.

The


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a##aren"ly een cro%ded o&". " is "his overla##in$ "ha" *a'es "he

Fconf&sion %orse confo&nded.F Jo%ever! a closer s"&dy sho%s

"ha" s&ch a conc&rrence of sco#e in re$ard "o ne$li$en" ac"s does

no" des"roy "he dis"inc"ion e"%een "he civil liaili"y arisin$ fro* a

cri*e and "he res#onsiili"y for c&asi-deli"os or c&l#a e"ra-

con"rac"&al. The sa*e ne$li$en" ac" ca&sin$ da*a$es *ay

#rod&ce civil liaili"y arisin$ fro* a cri*e &nder ar"icle 100 of "he

evised Penal /ode! or crea"e an ac"ion for cuasi-delitoor culpa

e&tra-contractual &nder ar"icles 1902-1910 of "he /ivil /ode.

The individ&ali"y of cuasi-delitoor culpa e&tra-contractualloo*s

clear and &n*is"a'ale. This le$al ins"i"&"ion is of ancien" linea$e!one of i"s early ances"ors ein$ "he 'e& Aquiliain "he o*an Aa%.

n fac"! in


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*ar8o. ,&n c&ando el veredic"o no h&iese sido de

inc&l#ailidad! *os"rose *as arria! &e "al accion

&edaa le$i"i*a*en"e reservada #ara des#&es del

#rocesoD #ero al declararse &e no eis"io deli"o! ni

res#onsailidad di*anada de deli"o! *a"eria unicasore

&e "enian :&risdiccion a&ellos :&8$adores! se redola el

*o"ivo #ara la oli$acion civil e& lege! y se #a"en"i8a

*as y *as &e la accion #ara #edir s& c&*#li*ien"o

#er*anece incol&*e! e"raKa a la cosa )u*gada.

,s "hin$s are! aproposof "he reali"y #&re and si*#le of

"he fac"s! i" see*s less "enale "ha" "here sho&ld eres)udicata%i"h re$ard "o "he civil oli$a"ion for da*a$es

on acco&n" of "he losses ca&sed y "he collision of "he

"rains. The "i"le on %hich "he ac"ion for re#ara"ion is

ased canno" e conf&sed %i"h "he civil

res#onsiili"ies born of a cri%e! eca&se "here eis"s in

"he la""er! %ha"ever each na"&re! a culpas&rro&nded

%i"h a$$rava"in$ as#ec"s %hich $ive rise "o #enal

*eas&res "ha" are *ore or less severe. The in:&ry ca&sed

y a felony or *isde*eanor on civil ri$h"s re&ires

res"i"&"ions! re#ara"ions! or inde*ni+ca"ions %hich! li'e

"he #enal"y i"self! aec" #&lic orderD for "his reason! "hey

are ordinarily en"r&s"ed "o "he o;ce of "he #rosec&"in$

a""orneyD and i" is clear "ha" if y "his *eans "he losses

and da*a$es are re#aired! "he in:&red #ar"y no lon$erdesires "o see' ano"her reliefD &" "his coincidence of

eec"s does no" eli*ina"e "he #ec&liar na"&re of civil

ac"ions "o as' for inde*ni"y.


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(*inors! inca#aci"a"ed #ersons! e*#loyees! a##ren"ices)

ca&ses any da*a$e! "he la% #res&*es "ha" "he fa"her!

$&ardian! "eacher! e"c. have co**i""ed an ac" of

ne$li$ence in no" #reven"in$ or avoidin$ "he da*a$e. "

is "his fa&l" "ha" is conde*ned y "he la%. " is! "herefore!

only a##aren" "ha" "here is a res#onsiili"y for "he ac" of

ano"herD in reali"y "he res#onsiili"y eac"ed is for one?s

o%n ac". The idea "ha" s&ch res#onsiili"y is s&sidiary is!

"herefore! co*#le"ely inad*issile.

=y&elos! in his Fi$es"o@ Princi#ios! oc"rina y >&ris#r&dencia!

eferen"es al /odi$o /ivil 5s#aKol!F says in Eol. E! #. 743@

5s decir! no res#onde de hechos a:enos! #or&e se

res#onde solo de s& #ro#ia c&l#a! doc"rina del ar"ic&lo

1902D *as #or ece#cion! se res#onde de la a:ena

res#ec"o de a&ellas #ersonas con las &e *edia al$&n

neo o vinc&lo! &e *o"iva o ra8ona la res#onsailidad.

5s"a res#onsailidad! es direc"a o es s&sidiariaM 5n el

orden #enal! el /odi$o de es"a clase dis"in$&e en"re

*enores e inca#aci"ados y los de*as! declarando direc"a

la #ri*era (ar"ic&lo 19) y s&sidiaria la se$&nda

(ar"ic&los 20 y 21)D #ero en el orden civil! en el caso del

ar"ic&lo 1903! ha de en"enderse direc"a! #or el "enor del

ar"ic&lo &e i*#one la res#onsailidad #recisa*en"e

F#or los ac"os de a&ellas #ersonas de &ienes se dea

res#onder.F

Tha" is "o say! one is no" res#onsile for "he ac"s of

o"hers! eca&se one is liale only for his o%n fa&l"s! "his

ein$ "he doc"rine of ar"icle 1902D &"! y ece#"ion! one

is liale for "he ac"s of "hose #ersons %i"h %ho* "here is

a ond or "ie %hich $ives rise "o "he res#onsiili"y. s "his

res#onsiili"y direc" or s&sidiaryM n "he order of "he

#enal la%! "he Penal /ode dis"in$&ishes e"%een *inors

and inca#aci"a"ed #ersons on "he one hand! and o"her

#ersons on "he o"her! declarin$ "ha" "he res#onsiili"y for

"he for*er is direc" (ar"icle 19)! and for "he la""er!

s&sidiary (ar"icles 20 and 21)D &" in "he sche*e of "he

civil la%! in "he case of ar"icle 1903! "he res#onsiili"y

sho&ld e &nders"ood as direc"! accordin$ "o "he "enor of

"ha" ar"icles! for #recisely i" i*#oses res#onsiili"y Ffor

"he ac"s of "hose #ersons for %ho* one sho&ld e

res#onsile.F

/o*in$ no% "o "he sen"ences of "he


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"han "ha" of "he "ai driver! on"anilla! eca&se "he for*er %as

ac&i""ed in "he #revio&s cri*inal case %hile "he la""er %as fo&nd

$&il"y of cri*inal ne$li$ence and %as sen"enced "o an

inde"er*ina"e sen"ence of one year and one day "o "%o years

ofprision correccional.

(!ee also


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,s an ans%er "o "he ar$&*en" &r$ed in "his #ar"ic&lar

ac"ion i" *ay e s&;cien" "o #oin" o&" "ha" no%here in

o&r $eneral s"a"&"es is "he e*#loyer #enali8ed for fail&re

"o #rovide or *ain"ain safe a##liances for his %or'*en.

Jis oli$a"ion "herefore is one ?no" #&nished y "he la%s?

and falls &nder civil ra"her "han cri*inal :&ris#r&dence.

B&" "he ans%er *ay e a roader one. Ce sho&ld e

rel&c"an"! &nder any condi"ions! "o ado#" a forced

cons"r&c"ion of "hese scien"i+c codes! s&ch as is

#ro#osed y "he defendan"! "ha" %o&ld ro so*e of "hese

ar"icles of eec"! %o&ld sh&" o&" li"i$an"s a$ains" "heir

%ill fro* "he civil co&r"s! %o&ld *a'e "he asser"ion of"heir ri$h"s de#enden" on "he selec"ion for #rosec&"ion

of "he #ro#er cri*inal oender! and render recovery

do&"f&l y reason of "he s"ric" r&les of #roof #revailin$ in

cri*inal ac"ions. 5ven if "hese ar"icles had al%ays s"ood

alone! s&ch a cons"r&c"ion %o&ld e &nnecessary! &"

clear li$h" is "hro%n on "heir *eanin$ y "he #rovisions

of "he Aa% of /ri*inal Proced&re of


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con"ri&"ory ne$li$ence of "he #lain"is. B&" "his /o&r" held! on

a##eal! "ha" "here %as no con"ri&"ory ne$li$ence! and allo%ed

"he #aren"s P1!000 in da*a$es fro* >. E. Jo&se %ho a" "he "i*e of

"he "ra$ic occ&rrence %as "he holder of "he franchise for "he

elec"ric #lan". This /o&r" said in #ar"@

,l"ho&$h "he "rial :&d$e *ade "he +ndin$s of fac"

hereinefore o&"lined! he never"heless %as led "o order

"he dis*issal of "he ac"ion eca&se of "he con"ri&"ory

ne$li$ence of "he #lain"is. " is fro* "his #oin" "ha" a

*a:ori"y of "he co&r" de#ar" fro* "he s"and "a'en y "he

"rial :&d$e. The *o"her and her child had a #erfec" ri$h""o e on "he #rinci#al s"ree" of Tacloan! Aey"e! on "he

evenin$ %hen "he reli$io&s #rocession %as held. There

%as no"hin$ anor*al in allo%in$ "he child "o r&n alon$ a

fe% #aces in advance of "he *o"her. o one co&ld

foresee "he coincidence of an a&"o*oile a##earin$ and

of a fri$h"ened child r&nnin$ and fallin$ in"o a di"ch +lled

%i"h ho" %a"er. The doc"rine anno&nced in "he *&ch

dea"ed case of a'es vs. ,"lan"ic G&lf and Paci+c /o.

(O1907)! 7 Phil.! 3I9)! s"ill r&le. ,r"icle 1902 of "he /ivil

/ode *&s" a$ain e enforced. The con"ri&"ory

ne$li$ence of "he child and her *o"her! if any! does no"

o#era"e as a ar "o recovery! &" in i"s s"ric"es" sense

co&ld only res&l" in red&c"ion of "he da*a$es.

" is *os" si$ni+can" "ha" in "he case :&s" ci"ed! "his /o&r"

s#eci+cally a##lied ar"icle 1902 of "he /ivil /ode. " is "h&s "ha"

al"ho&$h >. E. Jo&se co&ld have een cri*inally #rosec&"ed for

rec'less or si*#le ne$li$ence and no" only #&nished &" also

*ade civilly liale eca&se of his cri*inal ne$li$ence!

never"heless "his /o&r" a%arded da*a$es in an inde#enden" civil

ac"ion for fa&l" or ne$li$ence &nder ar"icle 1902 of "he /ivil /ode.

n Bahia vs. 'iton)ua and 'eynes(30 Phil.! 624 Oyear 191I)! "he

ac"ion %as for da*a$es for "he dea"h of "he #lain"i?s da&$h"er

alle$ed "o have een ca&sed y "he ne$li$ence of "he servan" in

drivin$ an a&"o*oile over "he child. " a##eared "ha" "he ca&se of

"he *isha# %as a defec" in "he s"eerin$ $ear. The defendan"

Aeynes had ren"ed "he a&"o*oile fro* "he n"erna"ional Gara$e

of anila! "o e &sed y hi* in carryin$ #assen$ers d&rin$ "he

+es"a of T&y! Ba"an$as. Aeynes %as ordered y "he lo%er co&r" "o

#ay P1!000 as da*a$es "o "he #lain"i. =n a##eal "his /o&r"

reversed "he :&d$*en" as "o Aeynes on "he $ro&nd "ha" he had

sho%n "ha" "he eercised "he care of a $ood fa"her of a fa*ily!

"h&s overco*in$ "he #res&*#"ion of ne$li$ence &nder ar"icle

1903. This /o&r" said@

,s "o selec"ion! "he defendan" has clearly sho%n "ha" he

eercised "he care and dili$ence of a $ood fa"her of a

fa*ily. Je o"ained "he *achine fro* a re#&"ale $ara$e

and i" %as! so far as a##eared! in $ood condi"ion. The

%or'*en %ere li'e%ise selec"ed fro* a s"andard $ara$e!

%ere d&ly licensed y "he Govern*en" in "heir #ar"ic&lar

callin$! and a##aren"ly "horo&$hly co*#e"en". The

*achine had een &sed &" a fe% ho&rs %hen "he

acciden" occ&rred and i" is clear fro* "he evidence "ha"

"he defendan" had no no"ice! ei"her ac"&al or

cons"r&c"ive! of "he defec"ive condi"ion of "he s"eerin$

$ear.

The le$al as#ec" of "he case %as disc&ssed y "his /o&r" "h&s@

,r"icle 1903 of "he /ivil /ode no" only es"alishes liaili"y

in cases of ne$li$ence! &" also #rovides %hen "he

liaili"y shall cease. " says@

FThe liaili"y referred "o in "his ar"icle shall

cease %hen "he #ersons *en"ioned "herein

#rove "ha" "hey e*#loyed all "he dili$ence of a

$ood fa"her of a fa*ily "o avoid "he da*a$e.F

ro* "his ar"icle "%o "hin$s are a##aren"@ (1) Tha" %hen

an in:&ry is ca&sed y "he ne$li$ence of a servan" or

e*#loyee "here ins"an"ly arises a #res&*#"ion of la%

"ha" "here %as ne$li$ence on "he #ar" of "he *a""er or

e*#loyer ei"her in "he selec"ion of "he servan" or

e*#loyee! or in servision over hi* af"er "he selec"ion!

or o"hD and (2) "ha" #res&*#"ion is)uris tantu%and

no")uris et de )ure! and conse&en"ly! *ay e re&""ed.

" follo%s necessarily "ha" if "he e*#loyer sho%s "o "he

sa"isfac"ion of "he co&r" "ha" in selec"ion and servision

he has eercised "he care and dili$ence of a $ood fa"her

of a fa*ily! "he #res&*#"ion is overco*e and he is

relieve fro* liaili"y.

This "heory ases "he res#onsiili"y of "he *as"er

&l"i*a"ely on his o%n ne$li$ence and no" on "ha" of his

servan".

The doc"rine of "he case :&s" ci"ed %as follo%ed y "his /o&r"

in Cerf vs. ,edel(33 Phil.! 37 Oyear 191I). n "he la""er case! "he

co*#lain" alle$ed "ha" "he defendan"?s servan" had so ne$li$en"ly

driven an a&"o*oile! %hich %as o#era"ed y defendan" as a

#&lic vehicle! "ha" said a&"o*oile s"r&c' and da*a$ed "he

#lain"i?s *o"orcycle. This /o&r"! a##lyin$ ar"icle 1903 and

follo%in$ "he r&le in Bahia vs. 'iton)ua and 'eynes! said in #ar" (#.

41) "ha"@

The *as"er is liale for "he ne$li$en" ac"s of his servan"

%here he is "he o%ner or direc"or of a &siness or

en"er#rise and "he ne$li$en" ac"s are co**i""ed %hile

"he servan" is en$a$ed in his *as"er?s e*#loy*en" as

s&ch o%ner.

,no"her case %hich follo%ed "he decision in Bahia vs. 'iton)ua and

'eynes%as /&ison vs. or"on R Jarrison /o.! II Phil.! 1 (year

1930). The la""er case %as an ac"ion for da*a$es ro&$h" y

/&ison for "he dea"h of his seven-year-old son oises. The li""le

oy %as on his %ay "o school %i"h his sis"er arciana.


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s&sidiary i*#rison*en" in case of insolvency. nale "o collec"

"he inde*ni"y fro* 5&s"a&io! "he /i"y of anila +led an ac"ion

a$ains" "he anila 5lec"ric /o*#any "o o"ain #ay*en"! clai*in$

"ha" "he defendan" %as s&sidiarily liale. The *ain defense %as

"ha" "he defendan" had eercised "he dili$ence of a $ood fa"her of

a fa*ily "o #reven" "he da*a$e. The lo%er co&r" rendered

:&d$*en" in favor of "he #lain"i. This /o&r" held! in #ar"! "ha" "his

case %as $overned y "he Penal /ode! sayin$@

Ci"h "his #reli*inary #oin" o&" of "he %ay! "here is no

esca#in$ "he concl&sion "ha" "he #rovisions of "he Penal

/ode $overn. The Penal /ode in easily &nders"andalelan$&a$e a&"hori8es "he de"er*ina"ion of s&sidiary

liaili"y. The /ivil /ode ne$a"ives i"s a##lica"ion y

#rovidin$ "ha" civil oli$a"ions arisin$ fro* cri*es or

*isde*eanors shall e $overned y "he #rovisions of "he

Penal /ode. The convic"ion of "he *o"or*an %as a

*isde*eanor fallin$ &nder ar"icle 604 of "he Penal /ode.

The ac" of "he *o"or*an %as no" a %ron$f&l or ne$li$en"

ac" or o*ission no" #&nishale y la%. ,ccordin$ly! "he

civil oli$a"ion connec"ed %i"h "he Penal /ode and no"

%i"h ar"icle 1903 of "he /ivil /ode. n o"her %ords! "he

Penal /ode a;r*s i"s :&risdic"ion %hile "he /ivil /ode

ne$a"ives i"s :&risdic"ion. This is a case of cri*inal

ne$li$ence o&" of %hich civil liaili"y arises and no" a

case of civil ne$li$ence.

=&r ded&c"ion! "herefore! is "ha" "he case rela"es "o "he

Penal /ode and no" "o "he /ivil /ode. ndeed! as #oin"ed

o&" y "he "rial :&d$e! any dieren" r&lin$ %o&ld #er*i"

"he *as"er "o esca#e sco"-free y si*#ly alle$in$ and

#rovin$ "ha" "he *as"er had eercised all dili$ence in "he

selec"ion and "rainin$ of i"s servan"s "o #reven" "he

da*a$e. Tha" %o&ld e a $ood defense "o a s"ric"ly civil

ac"ion! &" *i$h" or *i$h" no" e "o a civil ac"ion ei"her

as a #ar" of or #redica"ed on convic"ion for a cri*e or

*isde*eanor. (By %ay of #aren"hesis! i" *ay e said

f&r"her "ha" "he s"a"e*en"s here *ade are oered "o

*ee" "he ar$&*en" advanced d&rin$ o&r deliera"ions "o

"he eec" "ha" ar"icle 0902 of "he /ivil /ode sho&ld e

disre$arded and codal ar"icles 1093 and 1903 a##lied.)

" is no" clear ho% "he aove case co&ld s#or" "he defendan"?s

#ro#osi"ion! eca&se "he /o&r" of ,##eals ased i"s decision in "he

#resen" case on "he defendan"?s #ri*ary res#onsiili"y &nder

ar"icle 1903 of "he /ivil /ode and no" on his s&sidiary liaili"y

arisin$ fro* on"anilla?s cri*inal ne$li$ence. n o"her %ords! "he

case of /i"y of anila vs. anila 5lec"ric /o.! sra! is #redica"ed

on an en"irely dieren" "heory! %hich is "he s&sidiary liaili"y of

an e*#loyer arisin$ fro* a cri*inal ac" of his e*#loyee! %hereas

"he fo&nda"ion of "he decision of "he /o&r" of ,##eals in "he

#resen" case is "he e*#loyer?s #ri*ary liaili"y &nder ar"icle 1903

of "he /ivil /ode. Ce have already seen "ha" "his is a #ro#er and

inde#enden" re*edy.

Ara%bulo vs. ,anila 1lectric Co.(II Phil.! 7I)! is ano"her case

invo'ed y "he defendan". , *o"or*an in "he e*#loy of "he

anila 5lec"ric /o*#any had een convic"ed o ho*icide y

si*#le ne$li$ence and sen"enced! a*on$ o"her "hin$s! "o #ay "he

heirs of "he deceased "he s&* of P1!000. ,n ac"ion %as "hen

ro&$h" "o enforce "he s&sidiary liaili"y of "he defendan" as

e*#loyer &nder "he Penal /ode. The defendan" a""e*#"ed "o

sho% "ha" i" had eercised "he dili$ence of a $ood fa"her of a

fa*ily in selec"in$ "he *o"or*an! and "herefore clai*ed

ee*#"ion fro* civil liaili"y. B&" "his /o&r" held@

n vie% of "he fore$oin$ considera"ions! %e are of o#inion

and so hold! (1) "ha" "he ee*#"ion fro* civil liaili"y

es"alished in ar"icle 1903 of "he /ivil /ode for all %ho

have ac"ed %i"h "he dili$ence of a $ood fa"her of a

fa*ily! is no" a##licale "o "he s&sidiary civil liaili"y

#rovided in ar"icle 20 of "he Penal /ode.

The aove case is also e"raneo&s "o "he "heory of "he defendan"

in "he ins"an" case! eca&se "he ac"ion "here had for i"s #&r#ose

"he enforce*en" of "he defendan"?s s&sidiary liaili"y &nder "he

Penal /ode! %hile in "he case a" ar! "he #lain"i?s ca&se of ac"ion

is ased on "he defendan"?s #ri*ary and direc" res#onsiili"y

&nder ar"icle 1903 of "he /ivil /ode. n fac"! "he aove case

des"roys "he defendan"?s con"en"ion eca&se "ha" decision

ill&s"ra"es "he #rinci#le "ha" "he e*#loyer?s #ri*ary res#onsiili"y

&nder ar"icle 1903 of "he /ivil /ode is dieren" in charac"er fro*

his s&sidiary liaili"y &nder "he Penal /ode.

n "ryin$ "o a##ly "he "%o cases :&s" referred "o! co&nsel for "he

defendan" has failed "o reco$ni8e "he dis"inc"ion e"%een civil

liaili"y arisin$ fro* a cri*e! %hich is $overned y "he Penal /ode!

and "he res#onsiili"y for cuasi-delitoor culpa aquiliana&nder "he

/ivil /ode! and has li'e%ise failed "o $ive "he i*#or"ance "o "hela""er "y#e of civil ac"ion.

The defendan"-#e"i"ioner also ci"es rancisco vs. 5nrubia(46 Phil.!

327). Tha" case need no" e se" for"h.


10/31

*a""er of co**on 'no%led$e "ha" #rofessional drivers of "ais

and si*ilar #&lic conveyance &s&ally do no" have s&;cien"

*eans %i"h %hich "o #ay da*a$es. Chy! "hen! sho&ld "he #lain"i

e re&ired in all cases "o $o "hro&$h "his ro&ndao&"!

&nnecessary! and #roaly &seless #roced&reM n cons"r&in$ "he

la%s! co&r"s have endeavored "o shor"en and facili"a"e "he

#a"h%ays of ri$h" and :&s"ice.

," "his :&nc"&re! i" sho&ld e said "ha" "he #ri*ary and direc"

res#onsiili"y of e*#loyers and "heir #res&*ed ne$li$ence are

#rinci#les calc&la"ed "o #ro"ec" socie"y. Cor'*en and e*#loyees

sho&ld e caref&lly chosen and servised in order "o avoid in:&ry"o "he #&lic. " is "he *as"ers or e*#loyers %ho #rinci#ally rea#

"he #ro+"s res&l"in$ fro* "he services of "hese servan"s and

e*#loyees. " is &" ri$h" "ha" "hey sho&ld $&aran"ee "he la""er?s

caref&l cond&c" for "he #ersonnel and #a"ri*onial safe"y of o"hers.

,s Theilhard has said! F"hey sho&ld re#roach "he*selves! a" leas"!

so*e for "heir %ea'ness! o"hers for "heir #oor selec"ion and all for

"heir ne$li$ence.F ,nd accordin$ "o anresa! F" is *&ch *ore

e&i"ale and :&s" "ha" s&ch res#onsiili"y sho&ld fall on "he

#rinci#al or direc"or %ho co&ld have chosen a caref&l and #r&den"

e*#loyee! and no" on "he in:&red #erson %ho co&ld no" eercise

s&ch selec"ion and %ho &sed s&ch e*#loyee eca&se of his

con+dence in "he #rinci#al or direc"or.F (Eol. 12! #. 622! 2nd 5d.)

any :&ris"s also ase "his #ri*ary res#onsiili"y of "he e*#loyer

on "he #rinci#le of re#resen"a"ion of "he #rinci#al y "he a$en".Th&s! =y&elos says in "he %or' already ci"ed (Eol. 7! #. 747) "ha"

efore "hird #ersons "he e*#loyer and e*#loyee Fvienen a ser

co*o &na sola #ersonalidad! #or ref&ndicion de la del

de#endien"e en la de &ien le e*#lea y &"ili8a.F (Feco*e as one

#ersonali"y y "he *er$in$ of "he #erson of "he e*#loyee in "ha"

of hi* %ho e*#loys and &"ili8es hi*.F) ,ll "hese oserva"ions

ac&ire a #ec&liar force and si$ni+cance %hen i" co*es "o *o"or

acciden"s! and "here is need of s"ressin$ and accen"&a"in$ "he

res#onsiili"y of o%ners of *o"or vehicles.

o&r"hly! eca&se of "he road s%ee# of "he #rovisions of o"h "he

Penal /ode and "he /ivil /ode on "his s&:ec"! %hich has $iven

rise "o "he overla##in$ or conc&rrence of s#heres already

disc&ssed! and for lac' of &nders"andin$ of "he charac"er ande;cacy of "he ac"ion for culpa aquiliana! "here has $ro%n a

co**on #rac"ice "o see' da*a$es only y vir"&e of "he civil

res#onsiili"y arisin$ fro* a cri*e! for$e""in$ "ha" "here is ano"her

re*edy! %hich is y invo'in$ ar"icles 1902-1910 of "he /ivil /ode.

,l"ho&$h "his hai"&al *e"hod is allo%ed y o&r la%s! i" has

never"heless rendered #rac"ically &seless and n&$a"ory "he *ore

e#edi"io&s and eec"ive re*edy ased on culpa

aquilianaor culpa e&tra-contractual. n "he #resen" case! %e are

as'ed "o hel# #er#e"&a"e "his &s&al co&rse. B&" %e elieve i" is

hi$h "i*e %e #oin"ed o&" "o "he har* done y s&ch #rac"ice and

"o res"ore "he #rinci#le of res#onsiili"y for fa&l" or ne$li$ence

&nder ar"icles 1902 et seq. of "he /ivil /ode "o i"s f&ll ri$or. " is

hi$h "i*e %e ca&sed "he s"rea* of &asi-delic" or culpa

aquiliana"o So% on i"s o%n na"&ral channel! so "ha" i"s %a"ers*ay no lon$er e diver"ed in"o "ha" of a cri*e &nder "he Penal

/ode. This %ill! i" is elieved! *a'e for "he e""er safe$&ardin$ of

#riva"e ri$h"s eca&se i" re-es"alishes an ancien" and addi"ional

re*edy! and for "he f&r"her reason "ha" an inde#enden" civil

ac"ion! no" de#endin$ on "he iss&es! li*i"a"ions and res&l"s of a

cri*inal #rosec&"ion! and en"irely direc"ed y "he #ar"y %ron$ed

or his co&nsel! is *ore li'ely "o sec&re ade&a"e and e;cacio&s

redress.

n vie% of "he fore$oin$! "he :&d$*en" of "he /o&r" of ,##eals

sho&ld e and is herey a;r*ed! %i"h cos"s a$ains" "he

defendan"-#e"i"ioner.

G.R. No. L-461&9 J!"u!'y (1, 19&8

ANDIDA VIRATA, TO$AS VIRATA, $ANOLITO VIRATA,

EDERLINDA VIRATA, NA)OLEON VIRATA, ARAEL* VIRATA,

+ENAIDA VIRATA, LU+$INDA VIRATA, )AITA VIRATA, !"#

EVANGELINA VIRATA,#e"i"ioners!

vs.

VITORIO OOA, $AI$O BORILLA !"# TE OURT OF

FIRST INSTANE OF AVITE, &/ JUDIIAL DISTRIT,

BRAN V, !o"# ! BAOOR, AVITE, res#onden"s.

FERNANDE+,J.:

This is an a##eal y cer"iorari! fro* "he order of "he /o&r" of irs"

ns"ance of /avi"e! Branch E! in /ivil /ase o. B-134 $ran"in$ "he

*o"ion of "he defendan"s "o dis*iss "he co*#lain" on "he $ro&nd

"ha" "here is ano"her ac"ion #endin$ e"%een "he sa*e #ar"ies for

"he sa*e ca&se. 1

The record sho%s "ha" on &s"ice Bocoo ao&" cons"r&c"ion "ha" holds ?"he s#iri"

"ha" $iven life? ra"her "han "ha" %hich is li"eral "ha" 'ille"h

"he in"en" of "he la%*a'er sho&ld e oserved in

a##lyin$ "he sa*e. ,nd considerin$ "ha" "he #reli*inary

cha#"er on h&*an rela"ions of "he ne% /ivil /ode

de+ni"ely es"alishes "he se#araili"y and inde#endence


11/31

of liaili"y in a civil ac"ion for ac"s cri*inal in charac"er

(&nder ,r"icles 29 "o 32) fro* "he civil res#onsiili"y

arisin$ fro* cri*e +ed y ,r"icle 100 of "he Penal /ode!

and! in a sense! "he &les of /o&r"! &nder


12/31

The "rial co&r" did no"! "herefore! co**i" "he +rs" error assi$ned

y "he a##ellan".

n "he second assi$n*en" of error! "he a##ellan" con"ends "ha" "he

defendan" o&$h" no" "o e held liale for "he ne$li$ence of his

a$en"s and e*#loyees.

" is #roven "ha" "he a$en"s and e*#loyees! "hro&$h %hose

ne$li$ence "he e#losion and +re in &es"ion occ&rred! %ere

a$en"s! e*#loyees! and *anda"ories of "he defendan". Chere "he

vessel is one of frei$h"! a #&lic concern or #&lic &"ili"y! i"s o%ner

or a$en" is liale for "he "or"io&s ac"s of his a$en"s (ar"s. I7! 613!

and 61! /ode of /o**erceD and ar"s. 1902! 1903! 190! /ivil

/ode). This #rinci#le has een re#ea"edly held in vario&s

decisions of "his co&r".

The doc"rines ci"ed y "he a##ellan" in s#or" of his "heory have

reference "o "he rela"ions e"%een #rinci#al and a$en" and his

a$en"s and e*#loyeesD for "his reason "hey canno" e a##lied in

"he #resen" case.

n ,*erican la%! #rinci#les si*ilar "o "hose in force in "he

Phili##ines and con"ained in "he /ode of /o**erce aove ci"ed!

are #revailin$@

8essel owner9s liability in general. The $eneral liaili"y

of a vessel o%ner e"ends "o losses y +re arisin$ fro*

o"her "han a na"&ral or o"her ece#"ed ca&se! %he"her

occ&rrin$ on "he shi# acciden"ally! or co**&nica"ed fro*

ano"her vessel! or fro* "he shoreD and "he fac" "ha" +re

#rod&ces "he *o"ive #o%er of a oa" does no" aec" "he

case. ose! %i"h Telesforo Binoya as "he washingand rancisco Ba&"is"a

as "he hel#er! "he "%o la""er ein$ yo&"hs less "han1 years of

a$e. >ose Binoya! and Ba&"is"a %ere e*#loyees of =ra. The "r&c'

%as ren"ed y =ra "o or"on R Jarrison /o. =n "he "r&c' %ere "he

le""ers F-J!F %hich %ere "he +rs" le""ers of "he +r* na*e. =ra

%as in "he e*#loy of or"on R Jarrison /o. as a capata*. " %as

his d&"y as s&ch e*#loyee "o direc" "he loadin$ and "rans#or"a"ion

of "he l&*er. Chen "he acciden" occ&rred "he l&*er had

eco*e loosened! and i" %as "o rearran$e i" "ha" "he "r&c' hal"ed!

%i"ho&"! ho%ever! "here arran$e*en" havin$ een *ade efore

"he #ieces of l&*er had fallen and 'illed "he oy.

*#or"an" de"ails %ere no" ro&$h" o&" in "he "es"i*ony! al"ho&$h

i" %o&ld have een easy "o s#ly "hose de"ails. The *os"

i*#or"an" &es"ion of fac" "o de"er*ine %as "he rela"ionshi# of

=ra "o or"on R Jarrison /o.! %he"her he %as a servan" of "he

co*#any or an inde#enden" con"rac"or. n vie% of "he dea"ael

fac"s fo&nd in "he record! and in vie% of "he #ro#rie"y of o"ainin$

as *&ch enli$h"en*en" as #ossile on "he *ain iss&e! i" is

dee*ed advisale "o se" for"h a considerale #or"ion of =ra?s

"es"i*ony. Je "es"i+ed@

L. o yo& 'no% "he "r&c' T-101M ,. Qes! sir.


13/31

L. Chose is "ha" "r&c' M ,. ine.

L.


14/31

L.


15/31

1. ,


16/31

and one so dan$ero&s "o life! "ha" no one *ay e #er*i""ed "oec&se hi*self %ho does i"! #rovided in:&ry res&l"s. =ne %ho#erfor*s an ac" so inheren"ly dan$ero&s canno"! %hen anacciden" occ&rs! "a'e ref&$e ehind "he #lea "ha" o"hers have#erfor*ed "he sa*e ac" safely.

nder "he second error assi$ned! "he a##ellan" con"ends %i"h*&ch vi$or "ha" "he #lain"is canno" recover for "he reason "ha""he ne$li$ence of "he driver of "he a&"o*oile! if any! %asi*#&"ale "o "he*! "hey havin$ #er*i""ed "he driver "o a##roachand #ass over "he railroad crossin$ %i"ho&" "he &se of ordinarycare and dili$ence "o de"er*ine "he #roi*i"y of a "rain orloco*o"ive! and havin$ *ade no eor" "o ca&"ion or ins"r&c" hi*

or co*#el hi* "o "a'e reasonale care in *a'in$ "he crossin$.Ci"h "his con"en"ion %e canno" a$ree. Ce "hin' "he e""er r&le!and one *ore consonan" %i"h "he %ei$h" of a&"hori"y! is "ha" a#erson %ho hires a #&lic a&"o*oile and $ives "he driverdirec"ions as "o "he #lace "o %hich he %ishes "o e conveyed! &"eercises no o"her con"rol over "he cond&c" of "he driver! is no"res#onsile for ac"s of ne$li$ence of "he la""er or #reven"ed fro*recoverin$ for in:&ries s&ered fro* a collision e"%een "hea&"o*oile and a "rain! ca&sed y "he ne$li$ence ei"her of "heloco*o"ive en$ineer or "he a&"o*oile driver. (Ai""le v. Jac'e""!116 . . A. O1 Eroo*! 161! 171.)F

Ce are of "he o#inion! "herefore! "ha" "he r&le is as %e have s"a"edi". =rdinarily %here one rides in a #&lic vehicle %i"h "he driver"hereof and is in:&red y "he ne$li$ence of a "hird #erson! "o %hichne$li$ence "ha" of "he driver con"ri&"es! his con"ri&"oryne$li$ence is no" i*#&"ale "o "he #assen$er &nless said#assen$er has or is in "he #osi"ion "o have and eercise so*econ"rol over "he driver %i"h reference "o "he *a""er %herein he%as ne$li$en". Che"her "he #erson in:&red eercises any con"rolover "he cond&c" of "he driver f&r"her "han "o indica"e "he #lace "o%hich he %ishes "o drive is a &es"ion of fac" "o e de"er*ined y"he "rial co&r" on all of "he evidence in "he case. (&val v. ailroad/o.! 134 . /.! 331D Ja*#el v. e"roi" e"c. .. /o.! 110 ,*.


17/31

crossin$s *&s" eercise care co**ens&ra"e %i"h "he &se ofcrossin$s in any $ive locali"y.

The *ain con"en"ion of "he a##ellan" is ased on "he clai* "ha"!even ad*i""in$ as #roved all of "he fac"s alle$ed y "he #lain"is!"he a##ellan" is no" liale. " is *ain"ained "ha" "o "he "i*e "heacciden" occ&rred "he defendan" "aica co*#any had f&lly#erfor*ed i"s d&"y "o "he #&lic! i" ein$ &ndis#&"ed in "he record"ha" "he driver %as co*#e"en" and had a lon$ and sa"isfac"oryrecord! havin$ driven cars for "he defendan" for I or 6 years%i"ho&" acciden" or *isadven"&re! and "ha" his ne$li$ence! if any!in a""e*#"in$ "o #ass over "he crossin$ on "he occasion efore &s!canno" le$ally e i*#&"ed "o "he "aica co*#any so as "o *a'e

i" liale for "he da*a$es res&l"in$ "herefro*. n s#or" of "hisar$&*en" "he case of >ohnson v. avid (I Phil. e#.! 663)! is ci"edas de"er*ina"ive of "he &es"ion &nder considera"ion. Thea##ellan"! ho%ever! havin$ denied "he fac" if ne$li$ence %e*i$h"! efore en"erin$ on a disc&ssion of "he a##licaili"y of "he#rinci#les en&ncia"ed in >ohnson v. avid "o "he fac"s efore &s!re#ea" %ha" %e have already said! "ha" i" a##ears fro* "he record!and %as fo&nd y "he "rial co&r"! "ha" "he driver of "he a&"o*oiledrove his *achine on "he railroad "rac's %i"ho&" oservin$ "he#reca&"ions %hich ordinary care and #r&dence %o&ld havere&ired. Je *ade s&s"an"ially no eor" "o%ard ascer"ainin$%he"her "here %as dan$er fro* a "rain or loco*o"ive. The "rialco&r" fo&nd! as %as &i"e necessary &nder "he fac"s! "ha" "hedriver %as $&il"y of $ross ne$li$ence and "ha" s&ch ne$li$ence%as "he #roi*a"e ca&se of "he acciden". " also fo&nd "ha" "he"aica co*#any had #er*i""ed i"s drivers "o a##roach and #ass

over railroad "rac's in "he *anner and for* follo%ed andoserved on "he occasion in &es"ion &n"il i" had eco*e ac&s"o* a*on$ i"s drivers! 'no%n and sanc"ioned y "he co*#anyDand "ha"! for "ha" reason! "he "aica co*#any %as liale for "heda*a$es ca&sed. Ce are of "he o#inion "ha" "he "rial co&r" is f&llys#or"ed in "he +ndin$ "ha" "he cond&c" of "he o;cials of "he"aica co*#any! and no"aly "he #residen" "hereof! a*o&n"ed! inla%! "o a sanc"ion of "he c&s"o* es"alished a*on$ i"s a&"o*oiledrivers in #assin$ over railroad crossin$s. /o&nsel is *e"!"herefore! a" "he o#enin$ of his disc&ssion on "his ranch of "hecase! %i"h "he &es"ion@ id "he defendan" "aica co*#any f&llydischar$e i"s d&"y %hen i" f&rnished a s&i"ale and #ro#er car andselec"ed a driver %ho had een %i"h "he co*#any for I or 6 yearsand %ho had no" had an acciden" or *isadven"&re eforeM Ce"hin' no". " %as "he d&"y of "he co*#any no" only "o f&rnish as&i"ale and #ro#er car and selec" a co*#e"en" o#era"or! &" also

"o servise and! %here necessary! ins"r&c" hi* #ro#erly.

e"&rnin$ no% "o "he a##licaili"y of "he case of >ohnson v. avid"o "he fac"s efore &s@chanro1es vir"&al 1a% lirary

The /ivil /ode! in dealin$ %i"h "he liaili"y of a *as"er for "hene$li$en" ac"s of his servan"! *a'es a dis"inc"ion e"%een #riva"eindivid&als and #&lic en"er#rises. (,r". 1903! /ivil /ode.) Tha"ar"icle! "o$e"her %i"h "he #recedin$ ar"icle! is as follo%s@

F,T. 1903. , #erson %ho y an ac" or o*ission ca&ses da*a$e "oano"her %hen "here is fa&l" or ne$li$ence shall e oli$ed "ore#air "he da*a$e so done.

F,T. 1903. The oli$a"ion i*#osed y "he #roceedin$ ar"icle isde*andale! no" only for #ersonal ac"s and o*issions! &" also for"hose of "he #ersons for %ho* "hey sho&ld e res#onsile.

FThe fa"her! and on his dea"h or inca#aci"y "he *o"her! is lialefor "he da*a$es ca&sed y "he *irrors %ho live %i"h "he*.

FG&ardians are liale for "he da*a$es ca&sed y *inors orinca#aci"a"ed #ersons %ho are &nder "heir a&"hori"y and live %i"h"he*.

F=%ners or direc"ors of an es"alish*en" or en"er#rise are e&allyliale for "he da*a$es ca&sed y "heir e*#loyees in "he service of"he ranches in %hich "he la""er *ay e e*#loyed or on acco&n"of "heir d&"ies.

FThe ohnson v. avid (I Phil. e#.! 663)! "hedriver does no" fall %i"hin "he lis" of #ersons in ar"icle 1903 of "he/ivil /ode for %hose ac"s "he defendan" %o&ld e res#onsile.

F,l"ho&$h in "he avid case "he o%ner of "he vehicle %as no"#resen" a" "he "i*e "he alle$ed ne$li$en" ac"s %ere co**i""ed y"he driver! "he sa*e r&le a##lies %here "he o%ner is #resen"!&nless "he ne$li$en" ac"s of "he driver are con"in&ed for s&ch alen$"h of "i*e as "o $ive "he o%ner a reasonale o##or"&ni"y "ooserve "he* and "o direc" his driver "o desis" "herefro*. ,no%ner %ho si"s in his a&"o*oile! or o"her vehicle! and #er*i"s hisdriver "o con"in&e in a viola"ion of "he la% y "he #erfor*ance of


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ne$li$en" ac"s! af"er he has had a reasonale o##or"&ni"y "ooserve "he* and "o direc" "ha" "he driver desis"! eco*eshi*self res#onsile for s&ch ac"s. The o%ner of an a&"o*oile%ho #er*i"s his cha&e&r "o drive "he 5scol"a! for ea*#le! a"a s#eed of 60 *iles an ho&r! %i"ho&" any eor" "o s"o# hi*!al"ho&$h he has had a reasonale o##or"&ni"y "o do so! eco*eshi*self res#onsile! o"h cri*inally and civilly! for "he res&l"s#rod&ced y "he ac"s of his cha&e&r. =n "he o"her hand! if "hedriver! y a s&dden ac" of ne$li$ence! and %i"ho&" "he o%nerhavin$ a reasonale o##or"&ni"y "o #reven" "he ac" or i"scon"in&ance! in:&ries a #erson or viola"es "he cri*inal la%! "heo%ner of "he a&"o*oile! al"ho&$h #resen" "herein a" "he "i*e "heac" %as co**i""ed! is no" res#onsile! ei"her civilly or cri*inally!

"herefor. The ac" co*#lained of *&s" e con"in&ed in "he #resenceof "he o%ner for s&ch a len$"h of "i*e "ha" "he o%ner! y hisac&iescence! *a'es his drivers ac" his o%n.

Fn "he case efore &s i" does no" a##ear fro* "he record "ha"!fro* "he "i*e "he a&"o*oile "oo' "he %ron$ side of "he road "o"he co**ission of "he in:&ry! s&;cien" "i*e in"ervened "o aord"he defendan" an o##or"&ni"y "o correc" "he ac" of his driver.ns"ead! i" a##ears %i"h fair clearness "ha" "he in"erval e"%een"he "&rnin$ o&" "o *ee" and #ass "he s"ree" car and "he ha##enin$of "he acciden" %as so shor" as no" e s&;cien" "o char$edefendan" %i"h "he ne$li$ence of "he driver.F

The case of Bahia v. Ai"on:&a and Aeynes (30 Phil. e#.! 624)! %asa case of a dieren" charac"er. There an a&"o*oile %as ein$o#era"ed y "he defendan" as a #&lic vehicle carryin$ #assen$ers

fro* Balayan "o T&y (Province of Ba"an$as) and re"&rn for hire. =none of "he "ri#s! "he *achine! y reason of a defec" in "he s"eerin$$ear! ref&sed "o res#ond "o "he $&idance of "he driver and! as ares&l"! a child %as r&n over and 'illed. Tha" case! as is seen a" a$lance! is &i"e dieren" fro* "he case of >ohnson v. avid and"ha" of /ha#*an v. nder%ood! in "ha" "he a&"o*oile %aso#era"ed as a &siness or en"er#rise on %hich "he defendan" haden"ered for $ainD and "his is "he #ar"ic&lar dis"inc"ion %hich is*ade in ar"icle 1903 of "he /ivil /ode %hich holds "he *as"erres#onsile for "he ne$li$en" ac"s of "he servan" %hen "he *as"eris "he o%ner Fof an es"alish*en" or en"er#rise!F and "he ac"sco*#lained of are co**i""ed %i"hin "he sco#e of "he servan"se*#loy*en" in s&ch &siness. n "he case &nder disc&ssion %eheld "ha"! in addi"ion "o "he re&ire*en" "o f&rnish and &se #ro#erand safe *achines! i" %as "he d&"y of a #erson or cor#ora"iono#era"in$ a&"o*oiles for hire "o eercise ordinary care and

dili$ence in "he selec"ion of "he drivers of his or i"s a&"o*oilesand in servision over "he* %hile in his or i"s e*#loy! incl&din$"he #ro*&l$a"ion of #ro#er r&les and re$&la"ions and "hefor*&la"ion and d&e #&lica"ion of #ro#er ins"r&c"ions for "heir$&idance in cases %here s&ch r&les! re$&la"ions and ins"r&c"ionsas necessary. isc&ssin$ ar"icle 1903 of "he /ivil /ode! %hich! as%e have seen! no" only es"alishes liaili"y in cases of ne$li$ence&" also #rovides %hen "ha" liaili"y ceases! "he co&r" in "ha" casesaid@

Fro* "his ar"icle "%o "hin$s are a##aren"@ (1) Tha" %hen an in:&ryis ca&sed y "he ne$li$ence of a servan" or e*#loyee "hereins"an"ly arises a #res&*#"ion of la% "ha" "here %as ne$li$ence on"he #ar" of "he *as"er or e*#loyer ei"her in "he selec"ion of "heservan" or e*#loyee or in servision over hi* af"er "he selec"ion!or o"hD and (2) "ha" #res&*#"ion is :&ris "an"&* and no" :&ris e"de :&re! and conse&en"ly *ay e re&""ed. " follo%s necessarily

"ha" if "he e*#loyer sho%s "o "he sa"isfac"ion of "he co&r" "ha" inselec"ion and servision "he has eercised "he care and dili$enceof a $ood fa"her of a fa*ily! "he #res&*#"ion is overco*e and heis relieved fro* liaili"y.

FThis "heory ases "he res#onsiili"y of "he *as"er &l"i*a"ely onhis o%n ne$li$ence and no" on "ha" of his servan". This is "heno"ale #ec&liari"y of "he a#an! %e *ay say "ha" "hein:&ry occ&rred "o #lain"i on "he 2nd of >an&ary and he re*ainedin anila for nearly 6 *on"hs efore $oin$ "o >a#an. Jis "es"i*onyis "o "he eec" "ha" "he #lain"i %as in $ood #hysical condi"ionlon$ efore $oin$ "o >a#an. ,ccordin$ "o "he "es"i*ony of r.


19/31

favor *&s" also e *odi+ed. /oncernin$ his condi"ion %e haves&s"an"ially "he sa*e "es"i*ony y "he sa*e doc"or "ha" %e hadin "he case of Qa*ada. There %ere no #er*anen" in:&ries. The#lain"i s&ered *erely fro* shoc' and r&ises. Je %as &i"erecovered in 3 *on"hs. " a##ears "ha" he %as earnin$ P200 a*on"h a" "he "i*e of his in:&ry and "ha" his hos#i"al e#ense!incl&din$ a""endance of a #hysician! %as P3I0. Ce are sa"is+edfro* "he record "ha" he is en"i"led "o P600 for 3 *on"hs loss of%a$es and "o P3I0 for hos#i"al e#enses and *edical a""endance.,s "o "he clai* for P1I0 #aid "o a >a#anese doc"or! %e have ins&s"ance "he sa*e circ&*s"ances fo&nd in connec"ion %i"h "heclai* of "he #lain"i hi*self ased on da"a #re#ared fro**e*ory. " is %or"hy of no"e also "ha" o"h "his #lain"i and

#lain"i Qa*ada clai* "o have #aid eac"ly "he sa*e a*o&n" "o>a#anese doc"ors in anila.

>&d$*en" is herey rendered in favor of "he #lain"i Ta'&"ar&yehara for "he s&* of P9I0! and cos"s.

Ci"h res#ec" "o "he :&d$*en" in favor of "he #lain"i Uen:iroUaraayashi! %e are clear "ha" i" *&s" e red&ced in a*o&n". This#lain"i %as ale! i**edia"ely af"er acciden" occ&rred! "o *oveao&" readily and "o assis" his in:&red co*#anions. Je did no" $o"o a hos#i"al! or! so far as a##ears! cons&l" a #hysician &n"il so*e"i*e af"er "he acciden". Je alle$es "ha" he #aid "o >a#anesedoc"ors P310 and "o *essa$e doc"ors P130! and "ha" he #aid P36Ifor *edicines. The in:&ry %as received on "he 2nd of >an&ary!1913! and "his ac"ion %as co**enced in =c"oer of "he sa*eyear. " see*s "o &s incredile "ha" "he #lain"i! %ho s&ered and

s&ers fro* no #hysical in:&ry "es"i+ed "o y any #hysician!sho&ld have #aid o&" d&rin$ "ha" "i*e *ore "han P00 for*edicines and doc"ors. Tha" s&* eceeds "he s&*s clai*ed "ohave een #aid o&" y "he o"her #lain"is! %ho %ere so adlyin:&red "ha" "hey %ere carried in a se*iconscio&s condi"ion "o "hehos#i"al and %ere &nale "o *ove %i"ho&" assis"ance for so*edays.

This #lain"i co*#lains of loss of *e*ory as "he only res&l" of hisin:&ries and clai*s "ha" he is &nale "o o"ain a salary e&ivalen""o "ha" %hich he has receivin$ efore "he acciden". Je #resen"s noevidence of s&ch loss of *e*ory ece#" his o%n s"a"e*en"! his#hysical condi"ion a" "he "i*e of "he "rial ein$ a##aren"ly #erfec"and "here ein$ a" "ha" "i*e no evidence as he hi*self ad*i""ed!of loss of *e*ory. Je #resen"ed no doc"or "o "es"ify as "o servicesrendered! indeed! he does no" even f&rnish "he na*e of "he

#erson "o %ho* "he *oney %as #aid! and he sho%s no recei#"sand #rod&ces no evidence ece#" his o%n s"a"e*en" %i"h res#ec""o "he a*o&n" #aid o&" for *edicines. Ce elieve "ha"! &nder "his"es"i*ony! no da*a$es sho&ld e allo%ed "o "his #lain"i ece#"#ossily salary for "he shor" #eriod d&rin$ %hich! y reason ofshoc'! he *ay have een &nale "o render ac"ive service. Je"es"i+ed "ha" he los" "%o and one-half *on"hs "i*e! d&rin$ %hichhe did no" %or' a" all! and "ha" his services %ere %or"h P160 a*on"h.

The :&d$*en" of "he /o&r" of irs" ns"ance %i"h res#ec" "o "his#lain"i! Uen:iro Uaraayashi! is *odi+ed and :&d$*en" in hisfavor and a$ains" "he Bachrach Gara$e R Taica /o. for P400 isherey decreed! %i"h cos"s.

" *ay e &r$ed "ha" "he red&c"ions in "he a*o&n"s allo%ed "heseveral #lain"is y "he "rial co&r" are ari"rary! "he evidence as "o

"he da*a$es s&s"ained ein$ &ncon"radic"ed and "he "rial co&r"havin$ acce#"ed i" as "r&e and havin$ ased i"s :&d$*en" "hereon." is clear! ho%ever! "ha" %e are in no %ay in"erferin$ %i"h "he r&leso *any "i*es laid do%n y "his co&r" "ha" %e %ill no" in"erfere%i"h "he :&d$*en" of "he "rial co&r" as "o "he crediili"y of%i"nesses ece#" %here i" a##ears "ha" "he co&r" overloo'ed or*isa##lied fac"s and circ&*s"ances "o %hich %e have adver"edand %hich %e have *ade "he asis of "he *odi+ca"ion. " no%herea##ears in "he decision of "he "rial co&r" or else%here in "herecord "ha" i" "oo' any of "hose fac"s and circ&*s"ances in"oconsidera"ion.


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"he %ay. Ci"h his a""en"ion "h&s occied! he did no" see "hecrossin$ &" he heard "%o shor" %his"les. **edia"ely af"er%ards!he sa% a h&$e lac' *ass Sin$ i"self on hi*! %hich "&rned o&""o e loco*o"ive o. 713 of "he defendan" co*#anys "rainco*in$ eas"%ard fro* Bay "o aya# s"a"ion. The loco*o"ives"r&c' "he #lain"is car ri$h" in "he cen"er. ,f"er dra$$in$ "he saidcar a dis"ance of ao&" "en *e"ers! "he loco*o"ive "hre% i" on asidin$. The force of "he i*#ac" %as so $rea" "ha" "he #lain"is%ife and da&$h"er %ere "hro%n fro* "he car and %ere #ic'ed fro* "he $ro&nd &nconscio&s and serio&sly h&r". n s#i"e of "heeor"s of en$ineer ,ndres Basilio! he %as &nale "o s"o# "heloco*o"ive &n"il af"er i" had $one ao&" seven"y *e"ers fro* "hecrossin$.

=n "he af"ernoon of "he sa*e day! "he #lain"is en"ered


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,s "o "he a*o&n" of P10!000 clai*ed y "he #lain"i ,le'o 5. Aili&sas da*a$es for "he loss of his %ifes services in his &siness as

:o&rnalis" and a&"hor! %hich services consis"ed in $oin$ over his%ri"in$s! "ransla"in$ "he* in"o 5n$lish! Ger*an and


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necessi"a"ed his hos#i"ali8a"ion and *edical a""en"ion! and %asno" s&erin$ nor had he ever s&ered fro* any illnessD

F11. Tha" de*ands have een *ade on "he defendan" "o #ay "he#lain"i "he s&* of P2!446.II for ac"&al! conse&en"ial and *oralda*a$es! &" "he defendan" ref&sed and s"ill ref&ses "o #ay "hesa*e! and "ha" y reason of "he ref&sal of "he defendan"! "he#lain"i %as forced "o sec&re "he services of an a""orney #ayin$"he la""er "he s&* of PI00.

FCJ55=5! i" is res#ec"f&lly #rayed "ha" a decision erenderedD

F1. UE+ ET AL., Plaintifs-Appellees, ;.BERNARDO ASTILLO, Deendant-Appellant.

S*LLABUS

,,G5< TJ=GJ TJ5 ,AT = 5GAG5/5 = ,/J,5D


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s&sidiarily "o ans%er for "he civil liaili"y of said servan"!s&ordina"e! e*#loyee or cha&e&r! for "he reason "ha" %hen "hela""er ca&sed "he dea"h of "he deceased ar&e8! he %as in "hee*#loy of "he defendan".

&rin$ "he "rial! "he #ar"ies +led a s"i#&la"ion of fac"s %hicha##ears inser"ed in "he a##ealed decision! as follo%s@

FTha" ariano /a#&lon$ is "he sa*e acc&sed convic"ed andsen"enced in cri*inal case o. 7103 of "his co&r"! as evidenced y"he :&d$*en" da"ed ay 6! 1937.

& & &FTha" said ariano /a#&lon$ is insolven"! accordin$ "o "heinves"i$a"ions cond&c"ed y &s "o "his da"e.

F1. Tha" "he defendan" Bernardo /as"illo has eercised i d&edili$ence as a $ood fa"her of a fa*ily in selec"in$ "he cha&e&rariano /a#&lon$! and "he #lain"is ad*i" "ha" said cha&e&rariano /a#&lon$ #ossesses an a&"o*oile drivers license %hich!for #&r#oses of iden"i+ca"ion! %e re&es" "o e *ar'ed as 5hii",! as a concl&sive evidence of his havin$ eercised d&e dili$ence.

F2. Tha" "he defendan" Bernardo /as"illo is no" en$a$ed in any'ind of &siness or ind&s"ry on or ao&" ,#ril 30! 1937! "he da"e of"he acciden".

F3. Tha" "he defendan" Bernardo /as"illo %as no" ridin$ in "he cara" "he "i*e of "he acciden"! and he did no" 'no% "ha" his car %as

"a'en y "he cha&e&r ariano /a#&lon$.

F4. Tha"! y reason of "his co*#lain"! "he defendan" has s&eredda*a$es in "he s&* of P300 in order "o #re#are his defense.

FTha" ernanda ar&e8! "ha" is! "he oended #ar"y in cri*inalcase o. 7103! %as earnin$ a" "he ra"e of P1 a day on "he da"e ofher dea"hD and "ha" said ernanda ar&e8 %as only I0 years old%hen she died.

FTha" "he co#lain"i aria /ho*acera %as earnin$ a" "he ra"e ofP1.20 a day a" "he "i*e she received "he in:&ries *en"ioned in "heaove-s"a"ed a;davi" of ariano /a#&lon$! and "ha" she inc&rredfor her "rea"*en" e#enses a*o&n"in$ "o P100! as alle$ed in "heco*#lain"! %hile ernanda ar&e8 s#en" for her &rial andf&neral "he s&* of P300! as alle$ed in "he co*#lain".F

" sho&ld e no"ed "ha" in said s"i#&la"ion! "here is a #rovisiona##earin$ in #ara$ra#h 3 "hereof! %hich reads as follo%s@

FTha" "he defendan" Bernardo /as"illo %as no" ridin$ in "he car a""he "i*e of "he acciden"! and he did no" 'no% "ha" his car %as"a'en y "he cha&e&r ariano /a#&lon$.F

This fac" decides "he &es"ion eca&se i" clearly sho%s "ha" "heacciden" did no" occ&r in "he co&rse of "he #erfor*ance of "hed&"ies or service for %hich said cha&e&r ariano /a#&lon$ hadeen hired. The defendan" did no" hire hi* "o do as he #leased!&sin$ "he defendan"s car as if i" %ere his o%n. Jis d&"ies andservice %ere con+ned "o drivin$ his *as"ers car as "he la""erordered hi*! and "he acciden" did no" "a'e #lace &nder saidcirc&*s"ances. The s&sidiary civil liaili"y of "he *as"er!accordin$ "o "he #rovisions of ar"icle 103 of said evised Penal/ode! arises and "a'es #lace only %hen "he servan"! s&ordina"eor e*#loyee co**i"s a #&nishale cri*inal ac" %hile in "he ac"&al#erfor*ance of his ordinary d&"ies and service! and he is insolven""herey renderin$ hi* inca#ale of sa"isfyin$ y hi*self his o%ncivil liaili"y.

The $eneral r&le re$ardin$ "he oli$a"ion "o re#air "he da*a$edone! esides "he one es"alished in ar"icle 103 of "he evisedPenal /ode! is "ha" he! %ho y an ac" or o*ission ca&ses "heda*a$e "hro&$h his fa&l" or ne$li$ence! is "he one called on "ore#air "he sa*e (ar". 1902! /ivil /ode). This r&le! %hich e"endsonly "o cases *en"ioned in ar"icles 1903 "o 1910 of said /ode! isin no %ay a##licale "o "he a##ellan"! all "he *ore so eca&se! as"he lo%er co&r" *a'es clear in i"s decision! nei"her %as he in hiscar a" "he "i*e of "he acciden" for %hich ariano /a#&lon$ %assen"enced "o #ay an inde*ni"y of PI00 "o "he heirs of "he

deceased ar&e8! nor %as he ne$li$en" in "he selec"ion of hischa&e&r! since he hired in his service #recisely one %ho is d&lylicensed "o drive a car.

or "he fore$oin$ reasons! "he a##ealed :&d$*en" is reversed!%i"h "he cos"s de o+cio.


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acciden".

Ce are of "he o#inion "ha" "he :&d$*en" a$ains" Aeynes *&s" ereversed and "he co*#lain" dis*issed as "o hi*. Chile i" *ay esaid "ha"! a" "he "i*e of "he acciden"! "he cha&e&r %ho %asdrivin$ "he *achine %as a servan" of Aeynes! in as *&ch as "he#ro+"s derived fro* "he "ri#s of "he a&"o*oile elon$ed "o hi*and "he a&"o*oile %as o#era"ed &nder his direc"ion!never"heless! "his fac" is no" concl&sive in *a'in$ hi* res#onsilefor "he ne$li$ence of "he cha&e&r or for defec"s in "hea&"o*oile i"self. ,r"icle 1903 of "he /ivil /ode no" onlyes"alishes liaili"y in cases of ne$li$ence! &" also #rovides %hen"ha" liaili"y shall cease. " says@

FThe liaili"y referred "o in "his ar"icle shall cease %hen "he#ersons *en"ioned "herein #rove "ha" "hey e*#loyed all "hedili$ence of a $ood fa"her of a fa*ily "o avoid "he da*a$e.F

ro* "his ar"icle "%o "hin$s are a##aren"@ (1) Tha" %hen an in:&ryis ca&sed y "he ne$li$ence of a servan" or e*#loyee "hereins"an"ly arises a #res&*#"ion of la% "ha" "here %as ne$li$ence on"he #ar" of "he *as"er or e*#loyer ei"her in "he selec"ion of "heservan" or e*#loyee! or in servision over hi* af"er "heselec"ion! or o"hD and (2) "ha" "ha" #res&*#"ion is :&ris "an"&*and no" :&ris e" de :&re! and conse&en"ly! *ay e re&""ed. "follo%s necessarily "ha" if "he e*#loyer sho%s "o "he sa"isfac"ionof "he co&r" "ha" in selec"ion and servision he has eercised "hecare and dili$ence of a $ood fa"her of a fa*ily! "he #res&*#"ion isoverco*e and he is relieved fro* liaili"y.

This "heory ases "he res#onsiili"y of "he *as"er &l"i*a"ely onhis o%n ne$li$ence and no" on "ha" of his servan". This is "heno"ale #ec&liari"y of "he


25/31

o%ner of "he s"ea*er Jelen /! %i"h %ho* i" had no con"rac"&alrela"ions asin$ i"s ac"ion on "he ac"s of /a#"ain Aasa %ho %as inco**and of "he vessel %hen doc'in$ a" "he #lain"is %harf in=l&"an$a! Va*oan$a. n s#or" of i"s con"en"ion! "he #lain"ici"es "he doc"rine laid do%n in "he case of =h"a evelo#*en" /o.v.


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Por"o ico e#or"s! 21I.)

This dis"inc"ion %as clearly s"a"ed y "his co&r" in Bahia v. Ai"on:&aand Aeynes (30 Phil.! 624)! %herein "he ac"ion %as ased on "hedefendan"s e"ra-con"rac"&al liaili"y for da*a$es occasioned y"he carelessness of an e*#loyee of his! in "he #erfor*ance of hisd&"y as s&ch. This co&r"! af"er ci"in$ "he las" #ara$ra#h of ar"icle1903 of "he /ivil /ode! held@

Fro* "his ar"icle "%o "hin$s are a##aren"@ (1) Tha" %hen an in:&ryis ca&sed y "he ne$li$ence of a servan" or e*#loyee "hereins"an"ly arises a #res&*#"ion of la% "ha" "here %as ne$li$ence on"he #ar" of "he *as"er or e*#loyer ei"her in "he selec"ion of "he

servan" or e*#loyee! or in servision over hi* af"er "heselec"ion! or o"hD and (2) "ha" #res&*#"ion is :&ris "an"&* andno" :&ris e" de :&re! and conse&en"ly! *ay e re&""ed. " follo%snecessarily "ha" if "he e*#loyer sho%s "o "he sa"isfac"ion of "heco&r" "ha" in selec"ion and servision he has eercised "he careand dili$ence of a $ood fa"her of a fa*ily! "he #res&*#"ion isoverco*e and he is relieved fro* liaili"y.

FThis "heory ases "he res#onsiili"y of "he *as"er &l"i*a"ely onhis o%n ne$li$ence and no" on "ha" of his servan". This is "heno"ale #ec&liari"y of "he


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n "he evenin$ of "he sa*e day! >&ly I! 19I2! "he inciden" %asinves"i$a"ed y "he Police e#ar"*en" of L&e8on /i"y and in "heinves"i$a"ion oys &en =n$ and ,ndres Ja$ad! >r. $ave %ri""ens"a"e*en"s. =n "he follo%in$ day! >&ly 6! 19I2! an a&"o#sy %as#erfor*ed y r. 5nri&e E. de los &r. ##. 900-902)

F" $oes %i"ho&" sayin$ "ha" "he #lain"i hi*self %as no" free fro*fa&l"! for he %as $&il"y of an"eceden" ne$li$ence in #lan"in$hi*self in "he %ron$ side of "he road. B&" as %e have alreadys"a"ed! "he defendan" %as also ne$li$en"D and in s&ch case "he#role* al%ays is "o discover %hich a$en" is i**edia"ely anddirec"ly res#onsile. " %ill e no"ed "ha" "he ne$li$en" ac"s of "he

"%o #ar"ies %ere no" con"e*#oraneo&s! since "he ne$li$ence of"he defendan" s&cceeded "he ne$li$ence of "he #lain"i y ana##reciale in"erval. nder "hese circ&*s"ances! "he la% is "ha" a#erson %ho has "he las" clear chance "o avoid "he i*#endin$har* and fails "o do so is char$eale %i"h "he conse&ences!%i"ho&" reference "o "he #rior ne$li$ence of "he o"her #ar"y.F(Picar" v.


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hi* ac' "o life! i" is clear "ha" "here is no roo* for "he a##lica"ionof "he doc"rine no% invo'ed y a##ellan"s "o i*#&"e liaili"y "oa##ellee.

FThe las" clear chance doc"rine can never a##ly %here "he #ar"ychar$ed is re&ired "o ac" ins"an"aneo&sly! and if "he in:&ry canno"e avoided y "he a##lica"ion of all *eans a" hand af"er "he #erilis or sho&ld have een discoveredD a" leas" in cases in %hich any#revio&s ne$li$ence of "he #ar"y char$ed canno" e said "o havecon"ri&"ed "o "he in:&ry. =ally v. 5a$an! 77 ,A I2! 43 Cyo.233! 3I0! 2! P2d 1063.F (,.A.. i$es"! Eol. ! ##. 9II-9I6)

Before closin$! %e %ish "o &o"e "he follo%in$ oserva"ion of "he

"rial co&r"! %hich %e +nd s#or"ed y "he evidence@ FThere is(also) a s"ron$ s&$$es"ion co*in$ fro* "he e#er" evidence#resen"ed y o"h #ar"ies "ha" o*inador =n$ *i$h" have dived%here "he %a"er %as only I.I fee" dee#! and in so doin$ he *i$h"have hi" or &*#ed his forehead a$ains" "he o""o* of "he #ool!as a conse&ence of %hich he %as s"&nned! and %hich even"&allyled "o his dro%nin$. ,s a oy sco&" he *&s" have receivedins"r&c"ions in s%i**in$. Je 'ne%! or *&s" have 'no%n! "ha" i"%as dan$ero&s for hi* "o dive in "ha" #ar" of "he #ool.F

Cherefore! "he decision a##ealed fro* ein$ in accordance %i"hla% and "he evidence! %e herey a;r* "he sa*e! %i"ho&"#rono&nce*en" as "o cos"s.

FIRST DIVISION

7G.R. No. 489(0. F5'u!'y 2(, 1944. :ANTONIO VA+>UE+, Petitioner, ;. FRANISO DEBORJA, Respondent.7G.R. No. 489(1. F5'u!'y 2(, 1944. :FRANISO DE BORJA, Petitioner, ;. ANTONIOVA+>UE+, Respondent.

S*LLABUS

1. /=P=,T=&8$ado de Pri*erans"ancia de anila fallo el as&n"o condenando a ,n"onio Ea8&e8a #a$ar al de*andan"e la can"idad de P3!17I.20! *as la can"idadde P377.I0! con s&s in"ereses le$ales! asolviendo al de*andadoernando B&s&e$o de la de*anda y al de*andan"e de lareconvencion de los de*andados! sin es#ecial #ron&ncia*ien"o


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en c&an"o a las cos"as. e dicha decision a#elo el de*andado,n"onio Ea8&e8! a#&n"ando co*o #rinci#al error el de &e elhaia sido condenado #ersonal*en"e! y no la cor#oracion #or elre#resen"ada.

F


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since %e have "o decide defendan"s co&n"erclai* on "he fac"sfo&nd y "he /o&r" of ,##eals! %e +nd no s&;cien" asis on%hich "o s&s"ain said co&n"erclai*. ndeed! %e feel "ha" as a*a""er of *oral :&s"ice %e o&$h" "o s"a"e here "ha" "he indi$nan"a""i"&de ado#"ed y "he defendan" "o%ards "he #lain"i for havin$ro&$h" "his ac"ion a$ains" hi* is in o&r es"i*a"ion no" %hollyri$h". ,l"ho fro* "he le$al #oin" of vie% he %as no" #ersonallyliale for "he f&l+ll*en" of "he con"rac" en"ered in"o y hi* onehalf of "he cor#ora"ion of %hich he %as "he ac"in$ #residen" and*ana$er! %e "hin' i" %as his *oral d&"y "o%ards "he #ar"y %i"h%ho* he con"rac"ed in said ca#aci"y "o see "o i" "ha" "hecor#ora"ion re#resen"ed y hi* f&l+lled "he con"rac" y deliverin$"he #alay i" had sold! "he #rice of %hich i" had already received.

ecrean" "o s&ch d&"y as a *oral #erson! he has no le$i"i*a"eca&se for indi$na"ion. Ce feel "ha" &nder "he circ&*s"ances heno" only has no ca&se of ac"ion a$ains" "he #lain"i for da*a$es&" is no" even en"i"led "o cos"s.

The :&d$*en" of "he /o&r" of ,##eals is reversed! and "heco*#lain" is herey dis*issed! %i"ho&" any +ndin$ as "o cos"s.

Q&lo! C.J.! oran! Jorrilleno! and Bocoo!JJ.! conc&r.

S!'! O"o"

P,,

#on "he fac"s of "his case as e#ressly or i*#liedly ad*i""ed in

"he *a:ori"y o#inion! "he #lain"i is en"i"led "o a :&d$*en" a$ains""he defendan". The la""er! as ac"in$ #residen" and *ana$er ofa"ividad-Ea8&e8 &ne 13! 1962.

essrs. B&rro&$hs R Green! of /on%ay! for ,##ellan".

Y34>a*es P. &ne 13! 1962.

T,QA=! /hief >&s"ice.

es#onden" in "his ac"ion see's "o recover da*a$es for #ersonal

in:&ries s&ered %hen a o""le of /oca-/ola is alle$ed "o have

e#loded c&""in$ es#onden" in "he face.

The /o*#lain" char$es ,##ellan" %i"h (1)


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"es"i+ed "o. ,ll of %hich %as s&*i""ed "o "he :&ry for i"s

considera"ion.

Ce are of "he o#inion "ha" &nder "he circ&*s"ances here"ofore

rela"ed! "here %as s&;cien" evidence "o re&ire s&*ission of "he

case "o "he :&ry on "he &es"ion of %he"her ,##ellan" had

ne$li$en"ly sold o""les li'ely "o e#lode on acco&n" of ecess

#ress&re of $as! had failed "o #rovide a o""le of s&;cien"

s"ren$"h! or failed "o &se d&e care in "he +llin$ of "he o""leD "ha"

all ece#"ions sho&ld e dis*issed and "he verdic" and :&d$*en"

a##ealed fro* a;r*edD and i" is so ordered. ,;r*ed.

=.! conc&r.

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