Artcle12 vs Right to Privcy

8/16/2019 Artcle12 vs Right to Privcy

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Analysis of Article 21 vis a vis Right to

privacy

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC

ACKNOWLEDMENT


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF CASES

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introductory

1.2 Reserc! Met!odo"o#y

1.$ O%&ect'(e o) t!e *ro&ect

1.+ ,y-ot!es's

1. Mode o) c'tt'on

1./ L'terture Sur(ey

1.0 Sco-e nd L''tt'on

1. C!-ter'3t'on *"nn'n#

CHAPTER-2

ARTICLE 21 OF T,E INDIAN CONSTITUTION4 C,ARTER OF

UNARTICULATED RI5,TS

2.1 R'#!t to L')e nd *erson" L'%erty

2.2 R'#!t to -r'(cy4 Unrt'cu"ted r'#!t under Art'c"e 21

CHAPTER-3

CONCE*TUAL ANAL6SIS OF RI5,T TO *RI7AC6

$.1 De)'n't'on o) *r'(cy

$.2 C!rcter'st'cs o) *r'(cy

$.$ 5rounds o) t!e r'#!t to -r'(cy

CHAPTER-4


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TRACIN5 T,E ORI5IN OF RI5,T TO *RI7AC6 IN INDIA T,ROU5,

CASE ANAL6SIS

+.1 R'#!t to -r'(cy 'n t!e "'#!t 8ud'c'" ct'('s

+.1.1 T!e Mne9 T!es's

+.1.2 De(e"o-ent o) r'#!t to -r'(cy )ter Mne9 Cse

+.2 T--'n# o) Te"e-!one nd t!e r'#!t to -r'(cy

+.$ Mr't" nd se:u" -r'(cy

CHAPTER-5

Conc"us'on

B'%"'o#r-!y

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION


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T!e Const'tut'on o) Ind' -ro('des t!e "'st o) #urnteed )undent" r'#!ts under *rt III;

nd t!e M#n Crt on# t!ese r'#!ts 's Art'c"e 21;

-erson" "'%erty. Art'c"e 21; ') red "'ter""y; 's co"our"ess rt'c"e nd

'nd'('du" to est%"'s! 'nd'('du" %oundr'es

St'"" "ot ore !s to %e done )or t!e reco#n't'on nd -rotect'on o) -r'(cy %y "< 'n Ind'.

As tter o) )ct; t!'s conce-t 's ?u'et 'n -r''t'(e st#e o) 'ts de(e"o-ent. ,o

R'#!t 'n(o"(es t!e e:tent to

cred't


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"'en to Ind'n Cu"ture1. In t!e ce"e%rted cse o) ADM Jabalpur V. Shivkant Shukla2 , t!e

Su-ree Court sou#!t to deter'ne ') t!e r'#!t to -erson" "'%erty 's "''ted %y; ny

"''tt'ons ot!er t!n t!ose e:-ress"y cont'ned 'n t!e Const'tut'on nd t!e sttute "


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ARTICLE 21 OF T,E INDIAN CONSTITUTION4

C,ARTER OF UNARTICULATED RI5,TS

2.1 Right to Life an Pe!"ona# Li$e!t%&

Right to life and personal Liberty: No -erson s!"" %e de-r'(ed o) !'s "')e or -erson"

"'%erty e:ce-t ccord'n# to -rocedure est%"'s!ed %y "

"ed'n# cse under t!e ndte o) Art'c"e 21.

*ost 5o-"n cse t!e scenr'o 'n res-ect o) sco-e o) Art'c"e 21 !s %een e:-nded or

od')'ed #rdu""y t!rou#! d'))erent dec's'ons o) t!e A-e: Court nd 't

e:'ned

A!R 15 ' 20" A!R 10 ' 50"1 A!R 11 ' 04"


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As resu"t o) e:-ns'on o) t!e sco-e o) Art'c"e 21; t!e *u%"'c Interest L't'#t'ons 'n res-ect

r'#!t to -r'(cy; o) c!'"dren 'n &'" %e'n# ent't"ed to s-ec'" -rotect'on; !e"t! !3rds due to

-o""ut'on nd !r)u" dru#s; !ous'n# )or %e##rs; 'ed'te ed'c" 'd to 'n&ured -ersons;

str(t'on det!s; t!e r'#!t to 9no

reson%"e; )'r nd suc! "

o) t!e Const'tut'on.1

2.2 Right to '!i(a)%& an *na!ti)*#ate !ight *ne! the +anate of

A!ti)#e 21&

In t!'s %c9#round o) t!e e:-nded sco-e o) Art'c"e 21 coes t!e d'ens'on o) r'#!t to

-r'(cy.

As W'""' Dou#"s o%ser(es; =t!e r'#!t to %e "et "one 's 'ndeed t!e %e#'nn'n# o) ""

)reedos.>1/ A"t!ou#! 't 's concerned


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3.1 ,efinition of '!i(a)%&

T!e

nd 'nd'('du"s; %ut s!re %s'c coon t!ees.

*r'(cy 'n #ener" ens t!e r'#!t to %e "et "one. 8ust'ce Coo"ey )'rst co'ned 't 'n 1.

Su" Wrren nd Loues Brnde's )o""o

stte.22 Den *rosser 2$ !s o-'ned t!t -r'(cy 's not n 'nde-endent ("ue t "" %ut

co-os'te 'nterest 'n re-utt'on; eot'on" trn?u'""'ty nd 'ntn#'%"e -ro-erty. Accord'n# to

!'; )o""o


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tort o) 'n(s'on o) -r'(cy %ut on"y ne< ax&ell$ London $ 1$

pp(323(333"20 0l*stead v. US, 200 U' 43 E127"2 Rayond ?ac:s$ 9he "rote!tion of "riva!+4, '&eet and >ax&ell$ London$ 1$ p(13"

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1. 4rivacy as consisting in being let alone.

T!ere re ny (ers'ons o) t!'s ccount; t!t o) Wrren nd Brnde's; "t!ou#! "'n9ed

en'n#)u" outs'de o) soc'et'es.

). "riva!+ as the la!k of dis!losure, and the ri/ht to 3riva!+ as the ri/ht

to sele!tive dis!losureT!e de)'n't'on o) -r'(cy de)ended 'n !ere 's t!t -r'(cy 's contro" o(er

t!e (r'ous -rts o) us cn %e sensed %y ot!ers.$

In ters o) t!'s #ener" ('e< t!t t!e r'#!t to -r'(cy 's t!e r'#!t o) t!e 'nd'('du" to

deter'ne

re o%('ous -ro%"es !ere; -ro%"es re"t'n# to r9'n# o)) t!e se") nd 'ts re" e:tens'ons

)ro t!e nonse"); nd to s!o

'-"'es t!t se")d'sc"osure cn 'n(o"(e ne't!er 'n(s'ons nor "oss o) -r'(cy; nd )urt!er; t!t

!%'tut'on to 'n(s'ons nd "oss o) -r'(cy t!t "eds to c?u'escence nd e(en consent to

suc! 'n(s'ons; cuses t!e to %ecoe ne't!er 'n(s'ons nor "osses o) -r'(cy. 6et -rt o) t!t

2 Fp" cit 2"3 R" B" ,ar:er$ *A )e


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%out

un'(ers't'es; e-"oyers; %n9s; cred'tors; nd ny ot!ers;

nd t!ey see9 to )oster 'n t!ose

to suc! 'n(s'ons o) t!e'r -r'(cy. C"er"y; t!ere re cons'der%"e d'))'cu"t'es t!en 'n t!e

:. "riva!+ as the a;sen!e of 3u;li!it+2

T!'s 9'nd o) t!'n9'n# %out -r'(cy 'n ters o) se"ect'(e d'sc"osure !s "so "ed to t!e

su##est'on t!t -r'(cy cons'sts 'n t!e %sence o) -u%"'c'ty %out oneHs -erson; oneHs ))'rs;

nd t!e "'9e. Cert'n"y; t!ose concerned not t!ey -u%"'c'3e

t!e coun'c%"e 9no

r'#!t to -r'(cy ent't"es one to e:c"ude ot!ers )ro


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c""ed -r'(cy r'#!ts re re""y c"uster o) der'(t'(e r'#!ts; r'#!ts 'n ny cses der'(t'(e

)ro or n"o#ous

*r'(cy nd secrecy re o%('ous"y d'st'nct; so t!t to res-ect secrecy 's not necessr'"y to

res-ect -r'(cy; to )orce t!e d'(u"#'n# o)

do

("ues o) res-ect; "o(e nd )r'ends!'- 'n -rt'cu"r. ,e see9s to %se t!e r'#!t to -r'(cy on

t!e r'#!t to res-ect; nd on t!e ("ue nd -oss'%'"'ty o) "o(e nd )r'ends!'-; t!ese %e'n# %sed

on t!e or"'ty o) res-ect )or -ersons; t!e r'#!t to -r'(cy %e'n# seen s n s-ect o) t!e r'#!t

to res-ect s -erson. T!us; !e

33 6" 6" +hoson$ *+he Right to ,rivacy.$ "hiloso3h+ and "u;li! @airs 4$ 9o" 4 E'uer!057$ pp(25(314"

34 " Gried$ *,rivacy.$ Aale Law Journal$ 00$ 9o" 3 E6anuary 10(7$ pp(405(43"35 " Gried$. An Anatoy of /alues8 ,robles of ,ersonal and 'ocial hoice *$Ca*;rid/e2 Harvard$ !0"


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-r'(cy re &ust')'%"e;

'n(s'on o) -r'(cy; t!t co-enst'on %y

se:u" conduct; et'n#; dr'n9'n#; ncestry; nd #r'e) nd so on; y or y not %e tters o)

-r'(cy. In our soc'ety; uc! t!t )orty yers #o

-r'nc'-"e o) res-ect )or -r'(cy 's t!t o) H'n('o"te -erson"'tyH. T!e -r'(te 's seen to re"te

not to e(eryt!'n# nd nyt!'n# %out t!e 'nd'('du" %ut to !' s -erson nd s un'?ue

-erson. Suc! n ccount o) -r'(cy 'n ters o) ccess to;


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9'ns!'-; "o(e; )r'ends!'-; !ed o) -r'(cy. T!ey y; s 'n "o(e; rr'#e; t!e )'"y; see9 to

crete "r#er se");

CHAPTER-4

TRACIN5 T,E ORI5IN OF RI5,T TO *RI7AC6 IN

INDIA T,ROU5, CASE ANAL6SIS

30 @"6" >c los:ey$ *,rivacy and the right to ,rivacy.$ Ca*;rid/e Universit+ "ress, /ol"55$ 9o" 211$ 6an 1$ pp10(3"


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T!e Ind'n const'tut'on does not #urntee t!e r'#!t to -r'(cy s )undent" r'#!t. In our

country; t!e so"e cred't #oes to &ud'c'ry )or reco#n'3'n# t!e conce-t o) -r'(cy %ecuse

ne't!er t!e Const'tut'on nor ny ot!er sttute 'n our country de)'ned t!'s conce-t. St'"" "ot

ore !s to %e done )or t!e reco#n't'on nd -rotect'on o) -r'(cy %y "< 'n Ind'. As tter

o) )ct t!'s conce-t 's ?u'et 'n -r''t'(e st#e o) 'ts de(e"o-ent. But 'ts de(e"o-ent 's %ound !(e treendous e))ect on t!e 'nd'('du"@s "'('n#.$ T!e stru##"e to s-ec')'c""y

'ncor-orte -r'(cy s s-ec')'c )undent" r'#!t under t!e Const'tut'on 's su%stnt'""y

ttr'%ut%"e; 'n t!e "r#e esure; to t!e or-!ous c!rcter o) t!'s r'#!t $.

4.1 Right to '!i(a)% *ne! /*i)ia# a)ti(i"+&

A""!%d ,'#! Court 'n 8ihal -hand v. 3haan Dei,59 too9 )'rst ste-

'nde-endent e:'stence o) t!e r'#!t to -r'(cy s eer#'n# )ro t!e custo nd trd't'ons o)

t!e -eo-"e %es'des %e'n# sttutory r'#!t. It o%ser(ed4

&he right to privacy based on social custo!...is different fro! right to privacy based

on natural !odesty and hu!an !orality, the later is not confined to any class, creed,

colour or race and it is a birth right of any hu!an being and is sacred and should be

observed. he right should not be e0ercised in an oppressive ay.$

T!en 'n; M.4. Shar!a v. Satish -handra ,51

-ro('s'ons

11d; 11e nd 21. T!e &or'ty o) t!e &ud#es -rt'c'-t'n# 'n t!e dec's'on s'd o) t!er'#!t to -r'(cy t!t =Our Const'tut'on does not 'n ters con)er ny "'9e const'tut'on"

#urntee.>+$ On t!e ot!er !nd; t!e 'nor'ty o-'n'on Su%% Ro; 8. ishra$ *Right to ,rivacy8 An Analysis of )evelopental,rocess in !ndia$ Aerica and #urope.$ Central India Law 5uarterl+, ta:en fro &&&"cili"inon th 6anuary 21"3 9ait Fberoi$ *+he Right to ,rivacy8 +racing the 6udicial Approach Gollo&ing thehara: 'ingh ase.$ ta:en fro &&&"indla&"co on 16anuary 21"4 A!R 135 All" 2"

41 14 'R 100"42 A!R 13 ' 125"43 !bid"$ at 13"

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'n)err'n# t!e r'#!t to -r'(cy )ro t!e e:-ress'on =-erson" "'%erty> 'n Art'c"e 21. In t!e

t!e re#u"t'on 'n ?uest'on +

44 !bid"$ at 13"45 A!R 105 ' 130"4 !bid$ at 135"40 !bid"$ at 13"4 Air 15 ' 24"4 !n an Aerican case$ Jane Roe v. Henr+ 6ade, 41 U' 113$ the U' 'upree ourt has

observed regarding the right to privacy8*Although the onstitution of the U'A does not explicitly ention any right of privacy$ the U' 'upree ourt recognies that a right of personal privacy$ or a


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T!e r'#!t to -r'(cy !(e se(er" s-ects. One suc! s-ect 's t!e r'#!t to -rocrete. T!'s 's

"so 9no. T!e r'#!t to use condos; t!e r'#!t o)

guarantee of certain areas or ones of privacy$ does exist under the onstitution$and the roots of that ay be found in the Girst Aendent$ in the fourth and the


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T!e r'#!t to -r'(cy !s no< %ecoe est%"'s!ed 'n Ind'; %ut s -rt o) Art'c"e 21 nd not

s n 'nde-endent r'#!t 'n 'tse"); s suc! r'#!t; %y 'tse"); !s not %een 'dent')'ed under t!e

Const'tut'on. T!e Court !s !oT!'s ens

4.1.1 The 0anea The"i"&T!e &ur's-rudent'" ed')'ce o) t!e d'st'nct'on %et

e:erc'se o) t!e ned )undent" r'#!t 's not necessr'"y co-re!ended 'n t!t )undent"

r'#!t. S'nce; t!e r'#!t to -r'(cy 's not ned r'#!t; 'n order to %ecoe -rt o) t!e ned

r'#!t to personal liberty? ; t!'s !s to %e s!o -ro-os't'ons re4

54 6"9 ,andey$ Constitutional Law of India, entral La& Agency$ Allahabad$ 42nd ed"$ 25$p(220"55 E107 1' 24"5 A!R 10 ' 50$ 4"50 A!R 12 ' 101"

5 9ait Fberoi$ *+he right to ,rivacy8 tracing the 6udicial Approach follo&ing the hara:'ingh.$ &&&"indla&"co on 1th 6anuary 21"5 A!R 15 ' 24"

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=1 t!e r'#!t to -r'(cy 's '-"'c't 'n t!e r'#!t to "')e nd "'%erty #urnteed to t!e

c't'3ens o) t!'s country %y Art'c"e 21. It 's =r'#!t to %e "e)t "one>. A c't'3en !s

r'#!t to s)e#urd t!e -r'(cy o) !'s o

"'%"e 'n n ct'on )or d#es. *os't'on y !o

T!'s so e(en

e%er o) t!e -ress nd ed' to -ro(e t!t !e cted )ter reson%"e (er')'ct'on

o) )cts; 't 's not necessry )or !' to -ro(e t!t

n'os'ty; t!e de)endnt

re-resents e:ce-t'on to t!'s ru"e.

+ So )r s t!e #o(ernent; "oc" ut!or'ty nd ot!er or#ns nd 'nst'tut'ons

e:erc's'n# #o(ernent" -o


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Ru"e $ nd + do not; !o


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const'tut'on""y -er'ss'%"e 'n Ind' I) so;

!'#! !nded 'nter)erence %y t--'n# o) t!e con(erst'on %y -o"'ce. But t!e -rotect'on 's not

)or t!e #u'"ty #'nst t!e e))ort o) t!e -o"'ce to ('nd'cte t!e " T!e r'#!t to !o"d te"e-!one con(erst'on 's t!e -r'(cy o) one@s !oe or o))'ce

. Con(erst'ons on

te"e-!one re o)ten o) n 'nt'te nd con)'dent'" nture. Te"e-!one con(erst'on 's -rt o)

odern@s n "')e. T--'n# o) te"e-!ones 's ser'ous 'n(s'on o) -r'(cy. =R'#!t to -r'(cy

T!'sens t!t te"e-!one t--'n#

s''"r ters. T!e court !s ccord'n#"y 'nter-reted Art'c"e21 'n con)or'ty


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4.3 0a!ita# an Se*a# P!i(a)%&Mr't" nd se:u" -r'(cy ente )ro t!e -enu%rs o) s-ec')'c const'tut'on" #urntees.

In (risold v. -onnecticut =7 Mr. 8ust'ce Dou#"s conceded const'tut'on" %s's )or r'#!t to

-r'(cy 'n )reedo o) ssoc't'on. ,e s'd; =Mrr'#e 's co'n# )or %etter or )or t!e reedy o) rest'tut'on o) con&u#" r'#!ts -osed t!e ?uest'on o) r't" -r'(cy e:tent. T!e

And!r *rdes! ,'#! Court 'n . Sareetha v. . Venkatasubbaiah=) ?us!ed 't s str9est

)or o) #o(ernent 'n(s'on o) -erson" 'dent'ty nd 'nd'('du" 3one o) 'nt'te dec's'ons

-rotected under Art'c"e 21@. *.A. C!ud!ury )or t!e Court ('e

e:erc'se o) -o


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conse?uent'" d'scr''nt'on 'n e(ery

-ros-ect'(e s-ouse su))er'n# )ro AIDS nd !s '#nored t!e )ct t!t t!e ot!er -ros-ect'(e

counter-rt !s r'#!t to see9 'n)ort'on %out t!e "tter@s d'sese )ro t!e !os-'t"

%"ood re-ort o) t!e "tter 's ('"%"e.

In t!e cse o) Mr. C v. Bospital E 75; -erson

-r'(cy s-ec')'c""y con)erred %y Art'c"e 21 o) t!e Const'tut'on o) Ind' nd

'-"'c't -o


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'n cse o) t!'s nture cnnot !e"d to %e one@s r'#!t to -r'(cy. Cert'n "

Art'c"e 21 o) t!e Const'tut'on. In "" s'tut'ons; -erson cn %e s9ed to under#o ,I7 test

su%&ected to suc! test %y )orce

or 'n t!e cse under Sect'on 2/ nd 20 o) t!e I*C; -erson y %e co-e""ed to #'(e %"ood

s-ec'en )or ,I7 test. T!e 'un'ty under Art'c"e 2 does not e:tend to co-u"s'on o)

#'('n# %"ood s-ec'ens.

In t!e Un'ted Sttes o) Aer'c; "


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CHAPTER-

CONCLUSION

Our Const'tut'on does not s-ec')'c""y #urntee r'#!t to -r'(cy %ut t!rou#! t!e &ud'c'" 'nter-rett'on; 't !s #ot t!e sttus o) )undent" r'#!t under Art'c"e 21; %ut

st'"" t!e content nd e:tent o) t!'s r'#!t 's not c"er. T!e -rotect'on o) -r'(cy under t!e

r'#!t to !un d'#n'ty ens!r'ned 'n Art'c"e 21 's not su))'c'ent to 'nc"ude "" t!e

s-ects o) -r'(cy. A"on#


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T!ou#! t!e -r'(cy !s ne(er %een c"'ed s tter o) "e#" r'#!t e't!er #'nst

stte or 'nd'('du"s; %ut

un't; re no

T!ou#! Art'c"e 21 !s rece'(ed 'ts Court; 't oore 6" )udley

4rivacy/ he 4ress and the 6a

*""d'n L< *u%"'s!'n# Ltd; 2$.


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3" 'hu:la /"9"

-onstitution of #ndia

Estern Boo9 Co.; 1t! ed.; 21.

4" Bhat ," !sh&ar

unda!ental :ights/ A study of thier #nterrelatiionship

Estern L< ,ouse; Ne< De"!'; 2+.

5" ,andey 6"9"

-onstitutional 6a of #ndia

Centr" L< A#ency; +2nd ed.; 2.

" 6ain >","

#ndian -onstitutional la

Wd!"

-onstitutional 6a of #ndia

Un'(ers" L< *u%"'s!ers; Ne< De"!'; 7o". I; +t! ed.

" Basu ))

-o!!entary on the -onstitution of #ndia

Le:'s Ne:'s; Butters;

he Danish !buds!an


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=R'#!t to *r'(cy4 An An"ys's o) De(e"o-ent" *rocess 'n Ind'; Aer'c And

Euro-e>

-entral 6a #ndia Huaterly,

Artcle12 vs Right to Privcy

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Transcript of Artcle12 vs Right to Privcy