Art Of Woodworking - Wood Finishing.pdf

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WORKSHOPUIDECHOO'ING A BRUSHWhile eeaeoned iniaher can applya atain or topcoat ekillfullywith vir'tually any bruah,moat peoplearebetter off buyinqa qood-qualitytool.Thebruahahown ut awayat riqhtmay coot more than a lower qualitymodel,but it includeacerLain ea-turea that willenaureconaiatently4ood reaulto.There re two kindaof bruaheaonthe market: natural- and aynthetic'brietle ty pee.Natural -briatlebrueheeare made rom boar, aable,camel,ox or badqer hair, tsoar-briatle ("Chinahog") bruaheeareideal or applyinqvarnieh. thernatural-briatle bruaheaare beatauited to lacauerand ahellac,Theyare a po6r choice,however,orop eadin4 water- baeed fi n sheebecauae hey may cauae he finiahto foam up.gynth dtic-fil ament b uahea a remadeof nylon or polyeeter,or both.Theaebruaheeare your beat bet forapplying wate -baaed p od ucta.Durable nd flexible,hey can alaobe uaedwith varniahandpenetratin4oil etains.

DividerTaperedplu7 thateeparatee bdatlea_into qroupo, orminqa reaervoir

Epoxyplug -Bonda errule-end f brietleetogether with epoxyqlue

BristlesNatural bristlea or ayntheticfilamente; tipe can be cut flator tapered to a chiael ip

ANATOMYF PAINTBRUSHHandleCan be made of plaaticor hardwood;balancedand deoi4ned or comforb

Retaining pinNailor rivet.that bindeferrule to handle

FerruleA riqid,corroeion-reaiatant metal bathat holda brietleaand epoxyplug

ReaervoirA apace that holdfiniahaa it ia beinopread on by bria

CHISEL-TIP RISTTESNATURALNDSYNTHETICRISTTE IPSTipped)traiqht-cuttipo recom-mended orwater-bagedfiniahea

TaperedTipehoned o afine point; ideal oroil-baaedproductoItkevarnish

Flagged1plit enda holdmore iniahandepread t moreomoothly hantipped or ta-peredLipe

. Pay l i t t lemoreo geta superior-qual i ty rush; bet ter rush i l limproveour esults.. Avoid rushes it hhol low r ist les.Unl ikeol id r i s t les,o l low nes onot pr ing ack o hei r r ig ina lhapewhen ent.. For good-quali ty,l l -purposerush,choose chiselip model i th ongspringy r ist les-softor hinwater-basedinishes ndsti f f orheaw-

TIPSONBRUSH ELECTIONbodied roductsuch sshellac,acquerand arn ish.o lf youwanta brushwith agged ris-t le ips, heckorbranch-l ikepl i t nds,. l f youare ookingora tapered-br is t le rush, ake ure hat hebr ist resre h icker t he erruleend han t he io .. Buybrusheshathave ood pr ing.Squeezehebr is t les i th our and

andbend hem; hey houldeelful land pr ing ack o hei r r ig-ina lposi t ions.. Confirmhat hebrist les redif-ferentengthsy unningour anddown neside f hebrist lesrom heferruleo he ip; heshorter r ist less h n r r l d s n r i n o r r nr Make ure hat hebrist les re rmlyset n he errule, hich hould esecurelyastenedo hehandle.


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THEARTOFWOODWORKINGWOODFINISHING


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WOODTHE ART OF WOODWORKING

FINISHING

TIME-LIFEOOKSALEXANDRIA,IRGINIAST.REMYPRESSMONTREAL.EWYORK


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THE ART OF WOODWORKING wasproducedbyST. REMYPRESS

PUBLISHERPRES/DENTSeries ditorSeries rt DirectorSeniorEditorsArt DirectorsDesignerResearch ditorPictureEditorWritersContributingWriter

Cont bu ing I lus ra o s

AdministratorProductionManagerSystemCoordinatorPhotographerIndexProofreader

KennethWinchesterPierreLdveilldPierreHome-DouglasFrancine emieuxMarcCassini Text)HeatherMills (Research)Normand Boudreault,Solange abergeLuc GermainIim McRaeChristopherJackonTamsinM. Douglas,Andrew onesLauraTringaliMichel Blais,Jean-Pierre ourgeois,RonaldDurepos,SergeGuibord,RobertPaquet,acques errault,James h6rien, ocelynVeilletteNatalieWatanabeMichelleTurbidefean-LucRoyRobertChartierChristineM. IacobsIudith Yelon

THECONSUTTANTSMichael Dresdner s a former contributingeditor o Fine Woodworking agazine. e currently writes he "JustFinishing"column forAmericanWoodworker agazine.Frank Klausz ownsand operates rank'sCabinShop n Pluckemin,New Jersey. e contributeto Fine Woodworkingmagazinend hasmadevideotapes ith TauntonPress,ncludingoneon wood finishing.Paul McGoldrick ownsand operates ianoforteInc.,apiano estoration ompanyn Montreal,Quebec. e s responsibleor the maintenanceand concertpreparationof thepianosusedby thMontreal SymphonyOrchestraand he NationaArts CenterOrchestran Ottawa,Ontario.GilesMiller-Mead has aught advanced abinernakingat Montreal echnical choolsor morethan 10years. nativeofNew Zealand, eprevouslyworkedasa restorer f antique urniture.JosephTruini is SeniorEditor of HozeMechanixmagazine. former Shopand ToolsEditor of PopularMechanics, e hasworkedasa cabinetmaker,ome mprovement ontractoand carpenter.Wood Finishingp. cm.-(The Art of Woodworking)Includes ndex.ISBN0-8094-9912-6trade)rsBN0-8094-e93-4 (lib)l. WoodFinishing.I. Time- Life Books.II. SeriesTT325.W661992684.1'043-dc20 92-32892CIPFor nformation about anyTime-Lifebook,please all I-800-621-7026, r write:Reader nformationTime-LifeCustomerServiceP.O.BoxC-32068Richmond,Virginia2326t-2068@1992 ime-LifeBooks nc.All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced nany orm or by any electronicor mechanicalmeans, ncluding nformation storage ndretrievaldevices r systems, ithout priorwritten permission rom thepublisher,excepthat briefpassages aybe quoted or reviewsFirstprinting. Printed n U.S.A.Published imultaneouslyn Canada.TIME-LIFE s a trademarkof Time WarnerInc.U.S.A.

Time-Life Books s a division of Time-Life nc.,a wholly ownedsubsidiary fTHE TIME INC. BOOK COMPANY

TIME-LIFEBOOKSPresidentPublisherManagingEditorDirectorof EditorialResources

Associate ublisherMarketingDirectorEditorial DirectorConsulting ditorProductionManager

MaryN. DavisRobertH. SmithThomasH. FlahertyEliseD. Ritter-CloughTrevorLunnReginaHallDonia Ann SteeleBob DoyleMarleneZack


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CONTENTS

2405301

6 INTRODUCTION2 SAFETY

IIO DECORAIIVEFINISHESII2 Toolsand accessories113 Stenciling118 Graining122 Marbling126 FINISHING TOUCHESI28 Toolsand accessoriesI29 Preparingo rub out the finish130 Rubbingout a finish136 CLEANING AND STORAGE140 GrossARYI42 INDEXI44 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PREPARINGTHE SURFACEToolsand accessoriesPlaningScrapingSandingRepairing urface amageRaisinghegrainFilling the grainCHANGING THE COLORToolsand accessoriesBleaching9 The varieties f woodstainsDvestainsPigmentstains

8 Stainingwood75 Picklinga wood surface76 Chemical tains80 FumingPROTECTIVEFINISHES84 Toolsand accessories86 Choosingaprotective inish1 Finishingby hand3 Settingup your sprayequipment7 Working with sprayequipmentAnatomyof a spray oomIdentifting and avoidingsprayproblemspolishing


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INTRODUCTION

PaulMcGoldrickdescribesFINISHINGAPIANOy careern restoring ianosbeganike a ot of opportunitiesn life-by chance.When I was231 had a cabinetmaking hop n Montrdal;nextdoorwasaParisianabinetmaker,ean illesozon.ean as cabinetmakerf heold raditionand spentmany oursn hisateliereaming bout ifferentinishingmethods-tech-

niqueshathaven'thangedor generations.later ollowed im oParis ndspentaworking olidayhereestoringntiques.Throughmutualriendsmetapianoechnicianamed illes osier,nd begandoinginishing orkonpianos ewas estoring.n hisyouth,Gilles ada oremanwhocould electhewood or apiano ase,nstallhesoundboard,tringhepiano,cut hekeys, ndassemblend egulatehemechanism.ecould ven itdown ndplaya une.Sadly,raftsmenith hat ange f expertisenthepianorade ave llbutvanished.Restoringianos resentsany hallenges:he nstrument ustnot only ookgreat;t mustalso ound uperb nd espond ellmechanically.he nstrumenthownin thephotographsa7-footChickeringndSons rand iano uilt n Bostonn 1875.I counted 0different oods sedn tsmaking, lthoughheentire urfacesveneeredwith Brazilianosewood.My irst asknvolvedilling hegrainof thewoodwith a darkpasteiller. thenapplied coat fsanding ealer,ndnext prayedneight oats flacquer.okeepthe inal inish hinand o evel nydepressionsausedy hearge ores fthe ose-wood eneer,cutevery econdacqueroating ith 220-grit andpaper.The egs emandedpecialttention.heywere aderom arge locks fpoplarwoodso had o createmyownstain, lendingn ustenoughellow nd ed o sim-ulate osewood'sistinctiveue. sketchedn gain lines sing combinationf feath-ersandbrushes, ith the op of thepianostanding earby sa guide. hegrainpatternsn rosewoodangetquitewild,soyoucan ake rtisticibertiesn trying osimulatet asongas ou espect ew ules, uch s eepinghegrainines unningparallel.The inalcoat f inishwas anded ith220-grit nd hen 00-gritaper. ll thatremainedt he ime hisphotowas akenwas o rub he inish oa softgloss ith0000 teel ool,buffwith acotton lothandapply carnauba-basedax.

PaulMcGoldrickinishes ndrestorespianosn hisshop n Montrdal,Qudbec.


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INTRODUCTION

PrewSavoyonTHE,CRAFTETHIChepieceamworking n nthephotographsaSheraton-sryle,wo-drawer orktable,ypical f early9th-CenturyAmericanurniture uilding. nowing owto applyheappropriateinishakesgood ppreciationf furniture tyle. ou aveto approximateheoriginal s loselys ossible-in olor swellas n topcoatom-position. hebestway ogetonto he ight racks o studyurniture tyles s hor-oughly s oucan. alkopeoplexperiencedithperiod ieces-museumurators,seriousollectorsnd estorationr conservationraftsmen.hey reusually erywilling o shareechnicalnformation.lso ry to see smany riginal xamplesspossible.For hispiece,selectedatural nd hemicalyeso makehecolor ppropriateto tshistory. heablesmade f cherry itha igured eneerppliedo hedrawerfronts. wodifferentombinationsere sed:ogwoodxtractanatural ye) ndpotassiumichromateachemical ordant)n he eneer;nd yeandwalnut rys-talson hecherry.For he opcoat,padded3-pound-cutrangehellacn hewood. likeusingapadmade pof awool nterior nda inenexterior,utother inishersrefer ol-ishing loths-perhapsecauseood-qualityinen shardofind.The echniquescalled rencholishing,ut he ermcan emisleading.here re everalaysoapplya Frencholish, ome sing umice ndoil o fill thepores f hewood ompletelyprovidingmirror-likeinish. hat snotalwaysppropriateorallAmericanieces.I tracemy nterestn fine urniture acko mychildhood ndmyparentshowerecollectorshemselves.sanadult spentwosummersorkinswithaboat uilder.andmuch ater tudied ithGeorge rankn China.When iartedcollectinginefurniture, couldn't fford hepiecesliked, o learnedobuild eplicasnstead.I believehatcabinetmakershould onsiderhemselvesscaretakersf asort.building omethinghatwillbepassedown romgenerationogeneration.ou eedto develop hat calla"craftethic."ou aveo ovewhat oudo,not or he esultor for awage,ut simplyor hesake f findinghe inestwayof doing ach tep.

PrewSavoy pecializesnfurniture inishingandrestoration. ealso eaches oodinishingat theOldeMill CabinetShoppenYork,Pennsylvania.


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SAFETY

respiratorpage 4), articularlyfyouare prayingr willbe exposedo fumesfor more han an hour.ToDrevent yeinjury wear aieryoggles,nddon ub-bergloves henworkingwith caustic rtoxic inishing roducts.Wheneverossible,hooseproductthatcombineshe inishyouwantwithlow volatility and toxicity (page19).Workwith thewindows Den ndusecertifiedpark-prooffanokeepheai rmoving.Thiswill helppreventhe umesin yourwork area rom reaching oxicor flammableevel. f you experiencedrowsiness,atigue, eadache,lurredvision,weakness,umbness,rritationoftheeyes, kinor throat,shortnessfbreathor a oss f coordination hile inishing,stop mmediate ly nd eaveheworkarea ntil the symptoms lear. fter-wards, entilateheworkareahorougfrlyandusea differentinishing roduct.

SAFETYIPS. Donoteat ,d r inkor smokewhenus ing in ish ing roducts .. Keep in ishing roducts wayf romchi ldren.r Avoid xposureo organicsolventsf youarepregnant rbreast-feedng.o Ins ta l l t leas t nesmokedetector n the cei l ing f yourshop bove otent ia li rehazards;keepa fu l lycharged BC i reext inguisherearby.. Never tore o lventsr chemi-c a l s n unm ar k edon t a i ne r s .Chemicalo lut ionshou ld lwaysbe s tored n darkglass ars os h i e l d hem r om i gh t ,w h i c hmay hangehei r ompos i t ion.r Donot lushused olventsownth edrain.ConsultheYel low agesto f ndoutwhohandles hemicald i s pos a ln y ou r r ea , r c hec kwi thyour ocal i redepar tment .

SPRAYINGAFELY

Using spray oothSpray ingny i n i sh ing a te r i a l r oduceso ten t i a l l yox i c r l ammableapo r s ,rboth.Evenhe umes esul t ingromspray ing ater -basedesins i th ower rganicsolventounts anbe hazardousnlessheyareproper lyent i la ted.A spray oo thmakes p ray ingleaner ndsa fe r , educ ing ea l t h aza r dsycon t a i n i ngheove r sp r aynd um es ,hen i l t e r i ng ndexhaus t i nghem .T he r ea red i f f e ren t ode l s es i gnedor d i f f e ren t p ray ingpp l i ca t i ons .hey angensize rom ompleteoomso por table odelsike heoneshown bove, h ichmaybeyourbestbet f space s a pr ior i tyn yourworkshopr f youonlyspray mal lp i eces f u rn i t u re .

B ecausef t he ox i c ndvo la t i l e a tu re f mos t i n i sh ing r oduc t s ,l l sp r ayboo t hs us tm ee tO ccupa t i ona la f e t y ndHea l th ssoc i a t i on0SHA)gu ide l i nesIn some ta tes ,p r ay i ngs l l ega ln u r ban r eas n l essouhave proper l yu i l tspray oom page102).


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SAFETY

USING RESPIRATOR

.) lnstallingiltersL Use ust i l tersn conjunctionithrespiratorart r idgesf youare andingchemica l l yreated ood rapp ly ingin-ishrng a ter ia lsuch s he l lac,acqueror nonwater-basedtains. hooseheappro-pr iatei l teror he ask t hand,hen ita ilter nto ach etainerrrghf).napheretainernt ohecartrrdge.

'l lnstallinghe artridgesI Wear dua l -car t r idgeesp i raapprovedy heNationalnsti tuteOccupat ionalafetyndHealthN Owheneverou prayacquersrvarnithat onta ino la t i lergan ico lveorwhen oumix hemicaltains rwwith mmonia.l fyou ave beardneed ful l acemask rhood).o nthecartr idgesn hemodel f respishown,crewhem nto he nlet al(/eff). lways uy artridgesn pairsand eeprack f hehourshey avbeen sed.


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SAFETY

Testinghe espiratorPlacehe espi ratornyour ace,

wtth he op strap ver he crown f yourhead . u l l n hes i des t r apsn t i l hef acep i ecef he resp i ra to r t s snug l y .Test he device yb lock ingheout le tva lve i th our and ndexhal ingent ly(above).here houldbe no air leakagearoundhe facepiece.f there reanygaps , d l us t he s t raps o ra t i gh te rf i i l f np rpssa r r r rpn l .acp hp f :ecn ipnpJ ' i v r s v vaccordingo hemanufacturer'snstruc-t ions, r eplacehe espirator.

llll lll lll ll llj ll1l]l lll jlJil lu lllulljll lll tiilil llJ1HO?TI?Storing reegiratorcartridgesEvenwaler vaVorcan deVlete hepuri fyinqchemica lsin reepira- ,/.Lo rcar- ._.,.;,t r idqee. \ ;To extend t-'.....*._-*their l ife, et ore hecarlrid,qeen a d,ry, irliqhlenvironmenN,uchas a plastricreez- -\er baq.Kecordrhe mounNf Nimehecartridgeehavebeen sedand replacehemafLer iqhthours f uoeor ae eoon 6youcanemellhe f iniehinq roducLhrouqh hem.

.IffiS E ;r. -.r


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SAFETY

CLEANINGPA TOXIC OLVENT)RCHEMICALPILL

THERIGHT OLVENTOR SPILLPRODUCTPILLEDMineralpir i tsTurpentiePaintemoverDenaturedlcoholMethyl lcoholAcetoneLacquerhinnerWater-basedtain r atex aint0il-basedtainUrethanerpolyurethaneVarnshLacquerS elacLinseedi lTung iOxaliccid r wo-partood leachLye

Disposingfsoiledagslmmediatelypen l ldoorsndwindextinguishny ourcesf heat nd urof fallelectricalources.earingrubapron,ubber oots, eavyubber losafety ogglesnda respirator,oakthespi l lwi th ags rpaperowels;ho lacehemna meta l an ouble-withheavy-dutylasticarbageags. da small mountfwateropreventponeousombustion.ou an lso preath e ags utsidend llowhesolvenevaporateeforeisposingf hem. leupany esidueith heappropriatovent i s tedn hechar t e low.f thproductsextremelyammablerponous ndmorehan ne al lon as espi l led,eavehework rea nd al l hfiredepartment.therwise,isposef soi ledagsol lowingheenvi ronmregulationsneffectnyour ommu

SOLVENTEQUIREDHouseholdetergentndwaterHouseholdetergentndwaterHouseholdetergentndwater; rmtneralpirits rpainthinner,then ouseholdetergentndwaterNoneNoneNoneNoneHouseholdetergentndwaterMineralpirits rpainthinner,he n ouseholdeiergentndwaterMineralpirits rpainthinner,hen ouseholdetergentndwaterMineralpirits rpainthinner,he n ouseholdetergentndwaterLacquerhinnerDenaturedlcoholethyl lcohol)rmethyl lcoholMineralpirits rpainthinner,he n ouseholdetergentndwaterMineralpirits rpainthinner,hen ouseholdetergentndwaterWater ndbakingod aWater nd inegar, ixednequal arts

s-s


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SAFETY

EING REPARED()RA CHEMICALIREsing ireextinguisherocont ro l smal l , onta inedre , se

i reext ingu isheratedourselfafely wayromhe irewi th our acko henearestHoldng heext ingusher pr ightna eve l ur face,u l l he ock inouthandleinset ) ,nd im henoz-leat hebase f he lames. queezeeversogethernd praynquick, ide-to-sideotion right)u n t i l h e i r e s e x t i n g u i sh e d .f t h epread,eavehearea mmediate-ly andcall he iredepartment.isposeollowrngheadvicefdeoartment.aveheextin-

i s .hp r pch : rood

CheckingsmokeetectorA smoke etectorsanessentialafetyfeaturena inishinghop. esthedeviceonce very onth. i rst, resshe estbutton.hen, low uta i tmatch elowa vent,ett ingmoke ntert,orholdflame elowt (left). eplacehebatteryi f thealarm oes otsoundorbothtests-or f i t emi ts ch i rp ingound,indicatinghebatterysworn.


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SAFETY

DECIPHERINGHELABELNFORMATI()N

ReadingproductabelThe abel na containerf in ish smorehan usta trademarkanda setof nstruct ions.t is both he key o comparinghef nish's haracter ist icsi th hose f other roductsnda guidet n r r s ino hp c , r rhc , l : n .p . : f p lv n thp shnn The r ^omnns i te : he l" Y i i ' "shown bovenc ludeshe ea tu resou hou ldook o rwhene h n n q r n o : f n i c . h i n gn r n f , , . { ^ . , ^ f ^ ^ r ^ . , ; ^ ; + . , ^ + , ^ ^ \ / ^ ^ - - +. . . . b r . - u u L L , ) u L i l d ) L U T L T L yd L i l 1 5 . v u d r -i ng , apor ressurend lammab i l i t y .e fe ro hechar t nn : o p l Q i n d p i p r m r n p h p l n v i r - r l v f : n r n d r r r ^ t ' sr ^ t i v p n o r c d i -ents ndcomparehemwith hose f other imi lar roductsohelp ouchoosehe eastoxic in ish. ol lowhesafety recau-

t i nns nec i f i edn he ahe l o se t rn he n roner en t i l aandworkingondit ions,nd amil iar izeoursel f i th he i rsinstruct ionsn heevent f an accident.

Some ta tes l l ow he useo f T rade ecre t eg is t r yuhers o ra n rodr rc tinp red ien tso n ro tec t a ten tedhemformu las .f you ind he n fo rmat ionn he abe l oovar e q u e s t l V l a t e r i a la f e t yD a t aS h e e t l v l S D S )r o mm a n u f a c t u r e rf on e s a v a i l a b l e .n M S D S i l le x p lde ta r l he produc t ' sazardousngrs l i gn l t swe l las p ret ions orsa fe and l ingnduse .

lnhalation warnin4lndtcaLee ,ha1,heprod-uc1; e exLremely az'ardousdurinqprolongedexpoeure; aut ioneaqainef nLenLionala h " a e n f l h e n r n , ' l t t r l

Emergency/Firat aidproceduree'gpectfieeimmedtaLeacLion Lo be Laken in anemerqency involvinqekinor eye conLacL, nhala-tion or inqeel,ion

VOC VolatileOrganicCompound) atingA meaEureof LheamounLof volaLt leorqantc com-pounda in Lhe producL, inpercenl,,grame per literor pounde per qal lon

VaporpreoourelndicaLee Lhe force exerted byevaporaLed vapo16 on the aLmoe-phere dtrectly above Lhe l tqutd,meaeured in milltmel;ereof mercury.The qreater Lhe vapor preeeure, Lhemore volattle Lhe producL

Directione for ueeDetailed inel;ruct,ioneon howLo uee Lhe product, tncludin4puiace preparat on, mir inqquant r iee.appltc2Ti611"16-niqueeand clean-up

Product incom patibilityA ltat of frntehtnq roductol;hat;are chemtcally ncom'pattble wt1;hhe product

9afety precautionalneLruct ; toneor eafe han-dltn7 and etora7e of theproduct, inc lud nq prapervenLilaLron nd warntnqe,7ne of prol6n4ederpo-eure 1;.oumea

P od u ct identificationThe Lype of product andthe brand name 7ivenby1,hemanufact .urer oidenLtfyLhe producL

WarninglndicaLes heLher hen r n ) t r r f i a r n r r n a i t t eflammable or Loxtc

Aative ingredientsIndtcatea he common and/or chemtcalnamee and proporl,rone of bol,h volatrleand non-volaLt len4redienLe n 1,he rod-uct, euch ae reetne, eolvenLs.driers andflatLenere: aleo tndtcaLea wheLherLheeolvenL s aenatt ive o l iqht and phoLo-chemically reacLtve,whtch can crealieatrbarnepol luLant


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SAFETY

SAFEINISHhemist ryas hangedadica l l yn ecentears.hemost ignifcant dvanceas eenhedevelopmentf

in ishesn resoonseo both heheal thisksyso lventsnd lean-a i reg is la t ionhat imi tshef V0Cs, rvolat i le rganicompounds,nsol-nishes. ost f heseegulationsreprimari lyor urni turemakershousemorehan ne al lonerday, et ndustryxpertsredicthatby heOC-compl iantin ishesi l lbe he u le a therexceptionoreveryonen heUnited tates.Inha la t ions hemost ommon ay hat o lventsrento hebloodstream,ut oxins an lso e ngest-ood ndbeverageseft n h eshop. thersanbei rect l yhroughheskin reven yswal lowingnsa l iva .ln heirmost oisonousorm, olventsan ause amagecentralervousystemnd espiratoryract.Methylene

otvENTsFINISHINGRODUCTWoodi l ler pastend iqu id)Sta insani l ine,ip ing, GR,el nd laz-in g tains;olor igments)Shellacswhite nd range)Lacquerssprayndbrush, andingealers)Lacquerh innerRubbingi ls Danishi l , nt iquei l )Dryingil s boi ledinseedil ,polymerizedtung i l )Varnishestung ilvarnish,par arnish,varnishtain)Polyurethanespoly arnish,rethanetarns)Lacquer/varnishemoversWaxespaste ax, urniture ax)

ch lor ide,orexample,ssuspectedf be ing carc inogen,whi le ome lycol thers ave eeninkedo birth efects.Keepn mind, owever ,hat heheal th azardsf anyf i n i sh i n gro d u c te p e n dna n u m b e rf a c t o r s . o s tproductsn hemarket reactua l l y en ign hen sedonly noccasion,nd ould n ly econsideredo isonousi f swal lowedi rect l y . ome aneven emade on-t o x i c ; h e l l a csco m m o n l yse d sa n n g re d i e n tnco n f e c t i o n e rs ' g l a ze .When hoosingf n ish ingroduct ,eaware f hecombinat ionnd oncent ra t ionf organ ico lventsn tsmakeup,ar t i cu lar lyf you ntendo use hesubstanceforextendederiodsf ime;prolongedxposure aybehazardous.he har t e lowistsheso lventsonta inedna var ie tyf in ish ingroductsndeva luateshe ela t i vetoxici ty f each ne.Alwayshoosehesafest roductorthe obat hand.

SOLVENTPetroleumaphtha*, ineralpir i ts*,cetone**,ethyl thyl etone**, ethylisopropanol**,sobutyletone***Ethanol*, ineralpir i ts*,oluene***,ylene***, ethanol***,lycol thers***Ethanol*, ethanol***Acetone**,ethyl thyl etone**,sopropanol**,ethanol***,ylene***,lycol thers***Acetone**,ethyl thyl etone**,sopropanol**,lycol thers***,oluene***VM&P aphtha*,urpentine**,oluene***Mineralpir i ts*,urpentine**Minera lp i r i t s* ,M&P aphtha*Minera loi r i ts* .o luene***Acetone**,ylene***, ethanol***,ethylsobutyletone***,oluene***Petroleumaphtha*,urpentine*** Safest roduct** Mildly azardousroduct** * Producto beavoidedf possible


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t '

: & . ,r *rif"a!i. I'i!rt:*l

h. f'& .:i . t t /. , J t { ,' \ - {.|'itL


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ened dge,owever,hichcanscratchthewoodasbadly s oarseandpaperSanding ith successivelyinergritscompleteshesurfacereparation.orhand-sandingairly mooth urface,typical rogressions 150 rit, ollowedby220 nd hen 80 rit. lfyoudidnotsmoothhewoodwithacabinetcraper,youmightneedo startwith80or 120grit.)Neverkipan ntermediateritoryouwill eavecratchesn thewood hatthe inishwill magnifr.With anorbitalsander,sehesameritsequence;lanon hand-sandingith he inalgrit oremove nywhorls. fter inalsanding,

Despite modern lade djustmentmechanismhat enableshe ool o slice ffpaper-thin shavings,hissmoothinglane etains hehandcraftedualityofa traditionalhand ool.Producingmooth urfacess a crucial tep nfinishingfurniture.

PREIARINGTHESreld-timewood inishers moothedwood with sharkskin nd rush.poreswith plaster f Parisandrick, colored t with mate-as ron filings and walnut

nd finished t with secret om-of oils and beeswax. odernechniques remundanebyut heobjects hesame:he beautyof the wood.glassyilm on thewoodor a finish hat soft-glows rom within depends n theofprotection hewoodneeds ndouwishto achieve. ecauses nvolved,heres nosingleightanswero everyinishingBut all professional-qualityinishes aveone hingcommon:painstaking urface reparation,which readieswood o accepthefinishingmaterials.Theamountof timeyou spend n surface reparation ndyou usedependn'large arton your'workhabitsyourwood. Surfaces peckled ith driedglueobviouslymore work to smooth.Loose nots,splitsand otherprior to finishing;sodoeseverydent andThe woodprobably asointerandplanermarks,canremovewith shallow utsusinga smoothingplanemustbeproperly djusted ndsharp, o t cutsibers ather han earing hemand ougheninghe sur-ace.fthe woodhasan rregularpattern, oyou cannotavoid

earing hegrainas t changes irection,substitute cabinetscraper-a hin, latpiece f steelwith burrededge.Forulti-mate moothnes f straight-grainedood,use oth hesmooth-ing planeandcabinet craper.) abinet crapersakepracticeto sharpen nduse, ut oncemasteredheycansubstantiallyreduce oursandingime.Beware f an mproperly harp-

Among tsmanyuses,hehandscrapercanhelpclear waydriedadhesiveaftergluingup a carcaser drawer.youmaywish o "raisethegrain"and hen resand,o removethe whiskery ibers hat might otherwise op up through hefinishon the irsthumid day.Thisstepsessentialhenapply-ing anymaterialwith a water, ather han solvent, ase.Whetheror not you fill theporesof the wood s againamatterof taste.fyou like a natural-lookinginish hatallowsyou to "readthewood grain,"do not use iller.Close-grainedspecies uchaspineand cherrydo not require illing in anycase, ut fyou wantaglassyinishon anopen-grainedpecies,suchasoakor mahogany,oumust ill the wood.A washcoatmaybe applied o thewoodbeforeor afterstaining-or not at all fyou areapplying penetratingil fin-ish.A washcoatcanbenothingmore han a half-and-ha lfsolutionof yourfinal inishand hesolvent ecommendedyits manufacturerfor acquer, se anding ealer). hepointofusingawash oats o preventhewood rom uneven r exces-siveabsorptionof finishingmaterials.When appliedbeforethe inal finish, hewashcoatkeepshewood rom drinking upthe finish, hereby educing he numberof coats equiredobuild up theproper hickness.


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TOOLSAND ACCESSORIESHoningguideand angle igFor honinqplanebladee.Device oldabladeat appropnaLeanqle or honinqabevel; otatinq thewheelon Lo pofthe i4 eete angleobef,ween 5o nd 35o

9moothing planeFor smooLhinq oodaurfaceewith the grain,ueually rior toscrapin4and oandinq.BlademuELbe aharpened nd prop-erly adjuated before uee

Grinding igFor holdin4 lanebladeain aliqnmentwith grindin4wheel urinqaharpeninq Tri-burniaherUaed o form amallburr, or hookcuLtrn4edqeoof ecraperafter hMill baetard file

FilealampHol E fi le perpendcul rto cutting edqeof ocraperFor equartnq uttin4 ed4eoof ecraperoprior Lohonin7and burniehinqhem

durtnqeharpeninq focraper,enau inq atra 7htand squareeaqe

BlockplaneFor omoothin4end4rainand chamferedau -facea; euallyueedwithon ehand

CombinationaharpeningatoneFor eharpentn4 lanebladea.Coarae ide removeemetalquickly; ine atde creategemoof,h d4e.Lubricatedwtth water or orldependingon the type of stone

Hand ecrapereKecta ngula acraper amooflaL aurfacea: urvedmoaeworkwellon contouredeurfacea,moldinqa nd epind

Abraaive padeAn alternattve o eandpaper orsmoothinqwoodaur-facee nd abradinqinf,ermediateiniehcoata by hand;abraaive articleeof aluminum xtdeand etlicon arbtdeare bonded o evn-LheLic iberpade.Laat lonqer hansandpaper; an be waehed nd reused

Cabinet scraperFor amooLhinqwood aur-facea,ypicaafLerplaning;wellauited far levelinqand cuLtingawaydriedqlue.Elade oca paper-Lhin havtngrom aurface:hatwin handlea or 4reater convenienccontrol than handacraper

combtnes ound, ri anqularandoval burnisheran one ool


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PREPARING HE SURFACE

Eelt eanderTowereander ueed o removeatock and eliminate lawafrom wood aurfacea. andfor amoothinq. andinqbelta availablen qritefrom coarae to fine

5t'eel wool9pectally made woodworkinq teelwool a oil-freeand featurealonqeretrande than etandardvarietiea: eeo ikely o

Cont'ouredeanding bloakHolda aandpaper oramoothinq urvedandi requla ly ahaped eu -facea by hand: eaturea anarrowarde or reachin7into nqht epota

Random-orbitsanderFowersanderuaed or fineamooLh-inqand removinq wirlmarka eftby belt or orbital aander; deal forcontouredaurfacea

Orbitalpalm eanderFowereanderfor omoothinqaurfacee hatare difficultto reach with6rqer 9anaer

FIat aanding blockHoldsaandpaoerosmooth flat aurfaceaby hand

Alcohol amp and burn-in knifeUaed o applyehellacatick todamagedareag on woodaurfacea;flame from lamp heato knife, whichrnLurn melLE hellac, rippin4 t.onto aurface

Grindertharpenin4 wheelGanbe uaed oregrindbevelaonplanebladee


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PLANINGf hoosinghebestway o smooth\-r woodsurfaces a matter f ndi-vidualpreference.here reno ordainedsteps rprescribedules.Some ood-workers lane nd hensand; thersplane ndscrapeefore anding.Whichever equenceoudecideofollow, heobjects oproduce surfacethat s assmooth sglassndustas lat.Thissection f thebookexplainsheuseof a smoothinglaneo beginheprocessfpreparingwoodsurfaceoaccept inish.A well-sharpenedladenaproper-lyadjustedlane an hear fffineshav-ingsof wood.Youcanmakeall theadjustments ith only a screwdriver,despiteheplane'spparentlyompli-cated esignbelow).Plane ladesequire egular harp-ening.Although oucanhoneabladebyhand page6),agrinders hebest

tool o bringacutting dgeopeak er-formance.ora nicked lade r anoldout-of-squareneyouwish o salvage,

Planing he edges f a workpiecewith asmoothingplane-alsonownasedgejointing-is usually onebeforelan-ing the aces.Thisallows ou to removeany blemishesrom the aceseftbytheawsof a clampor a vise.

squaretsend page5,step ).Fnewblade r one hathas ad tsbwornaway, one newbevel n heting edgestep ). Tomaintain kedge, one hebladerequentlysharpeningtonestep ).Before sing plane,et hedepcut o remove nly a thin shavineach troke. ecausenexcessiveesettingmayproduceougesn thewpiece, oushouldest oursettingon a scrap oard. orbest esultslarge urfacesea ongplane; sonewill bemore ikelv o follow eingcontours.Set plane n tsbottomwhen ing he ooltopreventhe ron romtingnicked yother ools.Occasioruba thin film of light machine ithebladeo preventust.Onceayor dependingn heamount f usethe oolapart orageneralleanin

ANATOMYFASMOOTHINGTANECap iron aarewAdjuete offaet diatance betweencutting edqe of blade and end ofcap iron;to avoid blade chatter,

Late ra I a dj uati ng leveCentera he blade n themouth of the planebyaettin7 the lateral, oraide-to-aide,poaition ofthe blade

Cap ockHolda evercap in place

Frog adjuetin7 earewTurned o alide frog back and forth; poei-tioned to eet cuttinq edge of blade about1/azinch from front edae of mouth

LevercapAllowaquickremovalof capiron and blade

'la inch io ideal6apLeveraap acrew)ecures levercap,cap iron andblade to fro4

BIadeAlao knownaa olane ron. nstalledbeveldown on fro4; for beat reeulta,ahouldbarelyprobrude rom mouthFrog9upporbeblade


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SHARPENINGPLANETADE ITH MACHINE1 Squaringheend f hebladeI Use rvsouareo check hetherhecut t ingdge f heb ladessquare.f i tisnot, quaret ona grinder i th roughwheel. i th heguard roperlyosit ionedand hebladelear f hewheel ,w i tchon hemachine.oldingheblade etweenthe ndexinger nd humb fyour ighthand, et t bevel pon hegrinder'soolrest ndadvancet towardhewheel ntilyour ndexinger ontactshe ool est(right). lide he blade ide-to-sidecrossthewheel, ressingightly hi le eepingyouringer n he ool est . he ipof heb lade hou ldtay erpendicu laro hewheelhroughoutheoperation.ip hebladenwater ccasional lyo preventtf rom verheating.heckhebladeorsquareegurany.

r) Creatinghollow-groundevelZ. Sharpen ingp lane ladenvo lvesthree teps:reatingbevel n heblade'scutt ing dge, oning notherevel npart f he rstone-called microbev-el-then emovingheburr hat esultsfrom hehoning rocess.ocreatehef rst ev el,lamphebladeop ace pina commercialr indingigset ocreatea 30"bevel. unhe utt ingdge crossthewheels ouwouldor quaringheblade;he igwi l l eephebladequareto thewheel left).Checkhecuttingedge eriodical lynd top rindinghenthebevelormslnsef).sa ruleof humb,thebevelscorrect henmostof hesparkshoweringromthegr indera l lon he opface f heblade,atherhanbelowt.


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Q Honinghemicrobevelr-,f Place combinationharpeningtf ine ide D na work urface.ai l leto he able gainsthestoneo keepfrommoving.ne f he leatshoulthesame eight s hestone nd4 to inchesong;hiswi l lal low ou o useful l engthf heabrasiveurface.lathebladena commercia lngle-sehoningu ide i th hebeve louch ithestone. aturatehestone i th happropr iateubricant-ei theratera ight i l -unti l t poolsn h esurfaThen, oldinghehoninguide,l idehb lade ack nd or th rom nd oenalonghestonelefil, pplying odepressurentila microbevelorms inContinuentil burr-a hin idgof metal-formsn he at acof heb lade. hen ap hebuas ouwould hen harpen iplane y hand sfep elow).

SHARPENINGPTANE TADE YHAND[appinghebunClamphebladena commercialuide(step bove)ndgrind 30" bevel singth ecoarseide f hestone. hen eoosi-t ion hebladen heguide nd urn hestone vero honehemicrobevel.oremoveheburr rom heblade-aprocessoodworkersall lapping"theburr-removehebladerom hehoningguide nd aturatehestone nce gain.Holdinghebladelush n hestone, ev-elside p,movet na ci rcularatiernnthestone righilunlil he latsideof hecutt ing dgessmootho he ouch.few trokeshould uffce o el iminatetheburr. esthesharpnessf hecut-t ingedge na piece f paper; sharpblade i l l l ice sl iverrom heedse.


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PTANE

' l Posit ioninghecutt ing dgeI Loosenhe ever apscrew nd emovehe blade ssem-he ever ap, ap ron ndblade-f rom hehen oosenhecap ron crew ndsl idehecap ronof the blade o leave gapof about%o nchheendof hecap ron nd hecut t ing dge f hehe cap ronscrew.Next , lace he b lade

Assessingplane lade'suttingdgeNomatter ow el l t sadjusted,dul lorpoorlyharp-ened lane lade illdoa poorobofsmoothinghewoodsurfacesfyoururniture. oreover,tsconditionil lonlydeterioratef youpersistn usingt, osingtsbeveledcutt ing dge nd ossiblyven oing ut-of-square,sin heblade hownfa r eft). uch blade ould eedto besquarednd harpenedna grinder.wel l-sharp-ened ladeneareft)has vrsibleevel ndmicrobevel,makingI a razor-sharputt ingmplement.his ladeneedsnly noccasionaloningna sharpeningtone.

assemblynpositionn he rog. he apbetweenhe rontedge f heblade nd he ront f hemouth hould eaboutt/rcinch. f not, oosenoth rog etscrewsbout Zturn,then urn he rog djustingcrew itha screwdrivero settheproper ap above).ockheblade ssemblyn position.

Lever ap ecrewFroq eetecrew


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r) Centeringheblade ndZ- settinghedepth fcutHold ingheplanes hown,h i f thelateraldjustingeveroone ide r heotherocenterhecutt ing dgen hemouth. oset hecutt ing epth,urnthedepth-of-cutdjustmentnob othatnomorehanaboulhzinch f hecutt ing dge rotrudesromhemouth.Checkhedepth f culby eye right),then onf i rmhe et t ingymakingtest utona scrap oard.he havingsshouldepaper-th in;he inerhe ut ,themoreransparen theshavings.Adjusthecutt ing epth,f necessary.

SMO()THINGITH AND LANESUsing smoothinglaneGuide handplane long wood urface i thsmooth, venstrokes. lways ut with he grain f he wood; laning gainstthegrainwi l l ear hewood, atherhanshavingt of fc lean-ly. f youcannot etermineheor ientat ionf hegrain, ight-l ys l i de hep lane a ra l l e l tonedgenone i rec t ion ,henrepeatn heopposi teirect ion.hecutt ing dgewi l lchat-teror catch n hewood iberswhen t is cutt ing gainsthegrain. f thegrain r ientat ionhangesn hesurface,witchthedirect ion f your trokeo fol low hegrain. osmoothsurface uchasa tabletop,move he plane ackand orthusing series f straight assesha tslightly verlap,sshownin hed iag ramt r igh t .When u l l i nghep lane ack f te reach orward troke,i l t the ool o oneside o l i f t hecut-t ingedge lear f hesurface.


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SCRAPINGQ craping ood urfacess an nter-rJ mediatetep etweenlaning ndsanding. sharp craperan emovehigh spots, earoutand glue ines,smooth surface,ndclean pmarksleftby aplane. he ool s nexpensive,easyo use nd elativelyimpleo sharp-en.Tho commonly sedypes re hehand craper-a ingle lade f steel-and hecabinetcraper,blademount-ed in a metal or wood body thatresemblesspokeshave.hismplementfeatures inged andlesor wo-hand-edpushing rpulling.Scraper lades remaderom hinsheetsfspring teel ndsharpenedoforma cutting dge. heyareavailablein differenthicknesses,ependingntheworkyouwant hem o perform.Thickscrapersre uitableor heavy uts;light scrapersreusedor finerwork.Unlikeaplane lade,hescraperasahook-a smalllare longhe ength fthecuttingedgeinset,age 2).Thehook's utting ction llowshescraperto bepulled rpushednanydirection,

SHARPENINGSCRAPER

soyoucan each ornersnd ightspotsinaccessibleo aplane.A scraper'suiting dgesullquick-ly and equireegular harpening,hichinvolvesiling,honing ndburnishing.Thesize f hescraper'shavingsignalits condition:heduller heblade,he

Properly harpened,scraperwill producefiner andshortershavingshanaplane.

smallerheshavings,ntil inally heproducesnlysawdust.Mostnewscraperseedo be smooth eforese.t may elp o apa ittle ubricating il on hecuttingofthescraperefore urnishing,ucareful ith heoil: f it gets nyhands rbencht could ndupstaitheworkpiece.Apart rommaintaininghecutedgesf ascraper,eepn mind hatoolwillperform ellonly fyouhoatanangleo thewood urfacendporpull twhileapplying airamoupressureloseo tre utting dge.fyhold hescraper lmost erpendto thesurfacendapply ealy resthe oolwill quicklyemove oodit mayalso ouge,entor scratcsurface.eldat moreof ananglescraperemovesess ood, utproda smootherurface. nemethod f iing he ightangles o hold healmost arallelo theworksurfacescrapingwhileraduallyaisingheaof heblade ntil t bitesnto hewo

1 FilingheedgesquareI To i leoff heexistingook nascraper,lamphe ool n a visewithone ong dgeacing p.Holdingsharp i l lbastardile irmly ithbothhands sshown, ake everalasseback nd orth longheedge f hescraper,xertigmoderateownwarpressurentil hebu ndisappearsndtheedges re lat.To emoveil ings,periodical lyap he i leona irm urface ruse il ecard. urnhescraoover nd epeathe processor heother dge.


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fiult ilrlil lt ljJlillil l]JilltJlll lltll tlllll filt]ll5HO7Tt?Uoinga file clampDeeiqnedoholda f i leperpendicularo the edgeof a ocraVer, f i leclampmakes t,eaey ro removehooks nd i leoLraightedqee n he trool.To sethe f i leclamp, ecureheocra?erna viee longwilh a woodblock n oneeide o keept, iqid. lneerLIhe i le n he clamp ndf ix t inp lace o inq lheLhumbscrewen op of theimplement. 7oEiL i n Lhe c lampon he edgeof the ecraVer nd ile he ocraVer'ed4 eunlil t,feele harp,akinqcarenot Io cuX ouroelf hen eeLinq.

r) HoningheedgesL Securecombinationharpeningstoneine ide p oa work urfa ceithcleats nd ubricatet as ouwould henhoningplane ladepage6) Holdingthe craperlatagainsthe tone,ub heface n hestone i th circular ot ion(left).Applymoderateressurendcon-t inue nti l ny oughnessroducedy i l -ing isappears.urnhe craperver ndrepeator heotherace. ocompletehehoning,oldhescraperdge own ndsl idet back nd orth iagonal lycrossthe tone nti l heedgessmooth i thsharp orners.epeator heother dge.


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Q Burnishingheedgeso start hoor.,l Placehescraoeratona worksurfaceith heedgeo besharpenextendingff he able. oldingbunisherta sl ight ngleo hescrapmake everalassesack nd orthalongheedgeleft), pplyingtrondownwardressureo starturningoverheedgento hook. urnishhother utt ingdgehe ame ay;urthescraperver nd urnishheedgon heotherace.

CompletinghehookSecurehe scraper dge p n a viseHoldheburnisherlmosterpendicularto heedge nd un talongheedgenone irectionntil heedge wellslight-ly, urning utwardnon eside right).For est esul ts,pplymoderateres-su re . hen o ldheburn ishero hatt h eh a n d l esa ta 1 0 ' t o 1 5 ' a n g l eaboveheedge f hescrapernd on-t inue urn ish ingnt i lhe dgeurnsover. epeatheprocesso orm hookon heother ide f heedgeinset),hist ime oldinghehandle i th our therhand. he reaterhepressureou pply,

i h o h i o o p r t h p h n n kTurnhescraperverand urnishheoppo-si ie edsp Tpsi thp .r r i -t i n o p d o o c n n a n i p n pofscrap ood, urnish-ing hem gain,f nec-essary,ntil ouhaveth ehook ou eedorthe obathand.


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flllllllll lll lll u ll1lil lll lll lltlllulllll lll lll lltllt1HO?TI?Usinga variable urnisherl ,oldinq burnieherL he riqht.o ld tnq Ourntenert tangle or turnin4overhook na ocraVere noeaoy aok.One nswerie a commercialiq IhalprovideoVrecioeontrolof the burniohingnqle.Theactualburnisherea carbid e od mounledwilhinLh ebody; knobonNheNopdjuotoNheanqle f Nhe od belween o nd15o.Io seNhe urnieher,ecurehe ecraVerna viee ndne aurnt?ner , ecureT,ne cra?er n a v t6eana :f i I i te b lade n he burn isher 'e loN: unninq he burn ieherback and f or\h alon4 he bladewilh moderale downward?re6ourecreaLeea hook of Nh eapVropriaLe n4le.

SMO()THINGSURFACEITHA HAND CRAPERUsing hand craperSecurehestocko a work urface.Standingtone nd f heworkpiece,curl ou ringersroundhe ront f hescraperndpressn heback ith ourthumbso makehe ool ow l ightlyoutward.ilt hescraperorwardbout20'from hevert icalnd crapehesurfacen hedirectionhat hebow sfacingleft).f thecutting dge oesno tbite nto hewood roperly,djusttheangle f he ool l ightly. ork ta s l igh t ng leo hegra in , pp ly ingmoderateressurendmakingong,f luid, verlappingtrokes.t heendof each troke,if t hescraperff hesurfaceeforetopping.ou analsopul lwith he craper,utbesureoflex hebow owardou .


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SMOOTHINGITHACABINETCRAPER

1 AdjustinghebladeI lnstal lhebladen he craperi th hehookeddgefacingorwardndprotruding/zzinch rom hesole f hescraper.ockhebladen place y urninghe wo humb-screwsn h e ront f hescraperlockwiseabovd.he nbow t s l ight lyy u rn inghe humbscrewhatp ressesagainsthecenterf heblade t heback f ls scr:ner

r) Usinghe craperZ Secureheworkpiece.hen, tandingtone nd f hstock nd oldinghe craperirmly i th oth ands i thhookacing wayrom ou, ushhe oolwithmoderatesure longhesurfaceabovd. t heen dof each trokethescraperff hesurfacend urn he oolupside-dodislodgeheshavingsndpreventhebladerom loggi

ltlj llllr]l]lll lll lll lrllll ll lll lll ifilll ]l]lrlll1HO? t?Uoingold oara?erbladesto cut half-blind dovetaileYo ucan aet eornemoremileageu| of an oldocra?er y uoin7 tNocomplelehe ea wcuNemade o fashionhalf-blind ovelails.Tlacehe bladen hekerlan d ap il witha hammer nLi lt ,reacheshe shoulderl ine f the ioinLThie i l lmake Neaeier o finiehNhe ut with a chisel,


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SANDINGanding s he inalstagen smooth-ing a piece f furnitureand s alson eliminating nyblem-eftby planes ndscrapers.othsometimeseavemarksand idgeswoodsurfaces.heycanalso om-wood ibersandcloseheporesnwood, nhibiting tscapacityoprop-finish.Sanding s he inalopensclosed ores,allowing hepenetratehe surface.A widevarietyof naturaland man-sandpaper brasivesreavailablethewoodworker,rom naturalmate-suchas lint, garnetand emery oonesikealuminumoxideandormostapplications,ouard, harp-edgedtratarenot easily islodgedrompaperbacking.Garnet, ilicon ar-oxideare he abra-hat best atisfyhese riteria.A typicalsanding equenceeginsa 120- r 150-grit aper, ependingwhetheror not youuseda scraper0).Youmay irst needan 8O-grito eliminatedefects r irregu-

a surface. ontinue andingpaper,moving o increas-

LATURFACES

ingly finer abrasiveso removehescratcheseftby heprecedingpera-tion.Fora surfacehat s o receiveglossyinish, ouwill needo use paperat east s ineas320grit.Howhighupthegritscaleouclimbdependsn hefinishing roduct ou ntend o applyand heeffectouwisho achieve.eepin mind,however,hatpolishingsur-faceo a highgloss ithanultra-finepapermaykeepstainrompenetratingevenly. efero thechartonpage 7 or

Combiningheconveniencef apower oolwith the ine touchofhandsandingapalmsander eadiesa cabinetor a inish.

informationon the different andpapergradesndgritsandwhen o use hem.Apart rom selectinghe appropriategrit, you alsoneed o choose etweenopen-andclosed-coataper. heabra-sive articles nclosed-coatapers ov-er almost the entire surfaceof thebacking, nd arebestsuited o sandinghardwoods.Open-coatpapershavemorewidelydispersedarticles, over-ing only 40o/oo 700/o f the backing.These reyour bestbet or softwoodsbecauseheyareess rone o clogging ymore esinouswood.fu shownonthe ollowing ages,and-ingcanbe equallywell ccomplishedyhand or with power ools.Althoughhandsandings aborious,t allows ougreater ontrolover heprocess,spe-ciallywhenworkingon contoured ur-faces r in corners nd ight spots.Whichevermethodyou select, oucan udgewhetherhesurfacessmoothenough ypullingapieceof fine nylonfabricover he wood; he clothwill snagon roughspots. henexaminehewoodundera beamoflight played crosshesurface t a low.angle. he^lightwillexpose ny emalnmgmperfecuons.

Using belt anderClampheworkpieceown nd nstal la sandingeltof heappropriateritonyour elt ander.oldinghe ool bovethestock ithboth ands,witcht onandgentlyowert flatonto hesurface.Guidehesanderrom ne ndof heworkoieceo heothern smoothndstraightverlappingasseshat ollowthegrain f hewood /efil.Keephesanderatandmovingtal l imes nti lthesurfacesuniformlymooth. voidleavinghe ool none potwhi let isrunning;t can ut nto he urfaceuick-ly, eavinggouge. lean p hesand-ingparticlespage 2)beforeepeatingwi thaf iner-gr i tbe l t .


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Hand andingAttach piece f sandpaperf heappro'pr iate r i t o a sanding lock.Grip heblock rmly ndsand hesurface i ths t ra igh t , ve r lapp ing ,ack -andfo r thstrokes, pply ingmoderate ressureandworking i th hegrain f hewood(above,eft),Keep he block at on thesurface t a l l imes, art icular lyhenyo u each n endor edge. o smoothsmal l r restr ictedurface, uchas heareas e tweenheso ind lesf a cha i rasshown, se commerc ia land ing^ + l ^ t , / ^ ^ ^ , , ^ - : ^ L + l> L t L ^ l a u u v c , r t B r t L , t .

lttllll lll lil lll ]ll]ltlll l[ ]lllll lt lll lll litllt u1HO? t?Shop-made anding lockCUIa wood lockthalyoucanqripcomfortably. n he to pface of the block, uL wonarrow rooveo,hen cuI twowedqe-hapedwoodobripoNh I fi t, n Lheqroovee nuqly. oprovide ven andinq?reooure,lu ea fel|or corkpad o Nhe oLbomace of th e block.Tousetheb lock,wra?p iece f eandVaVeraround t,, noertNhe nde nNohe qroovee,he ntap in he wedgeoo holdNheVaVern Vlace.


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RADESNDGRITSSANDPAPERGradeM ed i umFi eVeryin eExtrain e

SuperineSTEEL (lOLM ed i umFineExtrain eSuperine

Grit80,100,120150, 80220 , 240280,320360 , 400600,1200

1000000000

UsesInitialmoothing;emovinghallowepressionsan dscratchesIntermedat esmoothngFinal moothing efore pplying f nishRemovingustpart ic lesndair bubbles etweenfinish oatsF ina l anding eforeinal oat f in ish;n i t ia lsandingor highglossinishRubbing own he inalcoatof highgloss inish

Light emoval f particles nd aisedibers;smoothing f shallow epressi onsndscratchesSmoothing efore ppl ying clear nishSmoothing etweenoats f f inish; ightcleaningan ddeglossingf a finishor polishPolishing; axing

ChoosingandpaperThe angefsandpaperri tsn hechart t eftwi l l erveoralmostnyf n shng ob .When uyinganda-per , onsiderts omposi t ion .lu -minum xide aper orks estwitha belt ander.hoosei l iconarbidepaperngr i ts bove20 or n ishsandingi th norb i ta lander .

llujlJlllll tll llt ]l]lll lltll llj lt ll}jltlltlll llt]ll1HO?TI?Makinga aandpaper uttingboardTocul sheeleof oandpaper uicklyand accuraLely,eea ohop-madecutt inq board.Screw hacksawblade o a piece f plywoodwith a washer nder achend o raise t el iqhNlyoff the Vlywood.TocuTa sand?a?ersheet n half, ,./ ..el ide I underthe blade.Ho ld in4 neend down,Nearthe other part,of the \eheetoff.Fora quarEer heel,marka l ineparal lel oNhe ladeNhat,is ne-quarLerfLhewidlhof aeheeXrom the lee lh.Then al ign he endol f,heeheet wilh lhe l ineand lear.

1,r)r \;: i.i';\rinoi' .','*^*t .-s-d , " c 4ki**"*":


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PREPARINGHE SURFACE

SANDINGURVEDURFACES

HandandingSmoothingontouredurfacessing nly andpaperiskscreat inglemishesn hewood r atteningut hecurveswi th xcessiveressure.or shop-madeandingad hatcan ol low ontoursi thout versanding,rap sheet fsandpaperround hick pongehat ou an omfortablygrip.Holdhepaperroundhe pongend and longhelength f hesurfacei th rmpressure.

Using random-orbitanderWith ts ompactnd l iableandinpad,he andom-orbitanders deafor andingontoursuch sa cabriole eg left).Clamp ow nheworkp iece nd asten sandingi sk othesander 'sad.Withhe ool leaof hestock, witcht onand owerthepad ntohe urface.pplyingmoderateressure,ork longhelength f heworkpiecen back-andfo r th assesn t r lhesur facessmooth. eposi t ionhepiecentheclamp snecessaryo smooth^ : i ^ ^ ^ - + ^ , , " + - ^ ^ ^d u l d u t r r L u r i d u c ) .

Using sandinglockSecureheworkp iecenda t tach p iece f sandpapea commerc ia lon tour and ing lock .On he ype howtheends f the paper rep inchedoge therndhe ld ns lo ton he nar row ideo f the b lock . o rmos t on tousandw i th hec i rcu la r i deo f the b lock ga ins thewo(above). orcrevices nd other ight spots,wrapa sheo f sandpaperroundhe b lock , o ld t i n p lace ndsaw i th he nar row ide .


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CONTOUREDANDINGLOCKSmoothinghecontoursf a piece Imoldingvenly i thoutamagingtscontourssa di f fcul t askwith nlysandpaperra conventionalandingblock. owever,ou anuse shortsamplef hemoldingo shapeourown andinglockha tcorrespondsexactlyo thesurface f hework-piece. ashioningheblockequiresbodyi l ler rmodel ingubber,sedto make mold f heorofile.Topreparehemold, ail ogethera smal l ox l ightlyongerndwiderthan hesample oldingnd boutr/qinchdeeperhan he hickest artof hemolding.reparehe i l lerol-lowinghemanufacturer'snstruc-tions,hen ill about alf heboxwithi t . Lay singlehicknessf plasticwraD verhebox.Whilehe i l ler

isstillsoft, resshemoldingam-ple nto hebox nd lampt f i rmlyagainsthe i l ler. et he i l ler ard-en, hen areful lyemovehemold-ing amplerom hebox. aw fftheends f hebox.To ransformhebox ntoa sand-ingblock, tretch piece f sand-paper brasiveide pacrosshemoldedide f hebox.Usehemoldingampleopresshepaperagainsthehardenedi l ler,henstaoleheends o hesides fthebox.Touse heblock, lamphework-oiece own nd lideheblock ackan d orth longhemolding/eff).

? o


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Smoothingroovesnd urningsTosand arrowroovesn urned iecesuch schair pindles,use ommercialbrasiveord.Cu ta piece fcordong noughto extend few nches neach ide ndwrapt aroundhegroove.ul l ne nd nd hen heotherepeatedlyosand alfthecircumferencef hegrooveabove,eft).Workrom he

oppositeide o smoothheother al f . osandurningslargerrooves,se brasiveape above,ight),which s widthan brasiveord uthandleddentical ly.moothntr icaturningsndmoldingssingteel ool rabrasiveads.

r]lllI1ll ltlltllll ill lllll} ll]Il ltlll lIll1jlujl?HO?TI?Shop-made braaiveap e1andingbelNe re an excellenloource f abraeive apeo. hebelbe eadilyNear n parallelebripe,makinqL eaey oobtaina lenqthof abrasiveof Yhewidth ouneed.) inceuoinq braoive apenvolveecrooo-qrainandinq,oeonlyslrios from ine-aritbells.Coalrser brasivis may eaveecrabchee nd makeabradedarea6?roneNoabeorbinqmoreslainNhan urroundinareao.


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N TIGHT P()TS

r[IltliIllll lll jll tl llrll llr lltltrnlll lI]lll lltll]eurtaceof a Viece f furni'Luremay noNbe aVVarent,o ./ , ,;Lhe ouch r under rdinaryl iqh t ,bu tbecomebvioue tina f loodof l ight .To heckyourworkafLereandinq work-piece, lean ff he eandinqVarLiclee(paqe 2),thenaima beamfrom f laehlig ht NIheeurface, ouncingl otrLhewood Nan oblique ngle. r iqhld irecteunliqht orko qually ell. looelyxamine he ur-face,bobbinqou rheadup and downolowlyo benefiLromevery nqle. ake ole of any lawo ou miesed arlier.

Smoothingraisedanel'sdgesSome andingobs al l ora certaindegreef mprovisation.or xample,to smoothhebeveleddges f araisedanelabove)ithoutoundingthesquaredgesf he rame, sea piecefsandpaperoldedn hirdsto abouthewidth f hebeveledsection.oldhepaperna U shapeandplace ne inger ehindt ; hefolded aperannotlipagainstourfinger. andheedges,pplyingvenpressurendworkingarallelo hewood rarn,

1HO?TI? NFindingflawo .$o.Oomebtemieheenrhe \2"


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CLEANINGANDINGARTICLES

Removingandingus troma wood urfaceClean articlesffwood urfacesftereverytage f sandingefore ovingon oa ner ri tabrasiverapplyinga f n ish . emovesmuch us t ndgr i t spossib lei th vacuumleaner,ragor bench rush above,eff). henw ipehe ur facelean i t h ackclolh above,ghf).Sweepour andacrosshesurfaceo checkoranyremainingart ic les.ipe gain i ththe ack lothf necessarv.

ilIllullIlr llllr lr1lll illllttfliIllll llttljlllltl9HO7 t?Makingataak alothMakea tack clothNomatch hetiniehinq roducL ou nhendouee.Fo ra water-basedinieh,oimVly amVen cleanViece fcheeeecloth ilh waten Foraeo lv n I -b e d f in ish , amp ntrhe lothwiNhmineral p i i i ts,thenworkina fewdropsof var-n ioh.?queezehe cloLh e?eat-edlyunbilNbeginoo feelobicky.Add varnishwhen t , loees tsNackyeel. tore a tack cloth na plaelicbagwitha labeldenti-tying t as eilherwaNer- r sol-vent-based,


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REPAIRINGSURFACE AMAGETl laws n awoodsurfaceanshow.F through lmost ny inish.n fact,clearinish ike acquermaymagnifyimperfections.eforeouapplya fin-ish o apiece f furniture, ouneedofind andmendanysurfaceamage.Mostdefectstickout,butyouneedofindandeliminatehe ess bvious lem-ishes swell.Tiy running handacrossthewoodand eelingor hem.You analsowashhesurface ith owangleight(page) and ook or hem.Thebestapproacho a repair ndthematerialsequired epend n thenature f thedamage.suitableepairfor a dent, or example,s o ift it withsteampage4).However,f thewoodfibers reseveredather hansimplycrushed,team ill not work;a woodfillermaybe hebest emedy.orsmallblemishes,axorshellactick can ro-ducea virtually nvisibleix. Bothareavailablen.a ariety fcolorso matchmanywooo pecres.Youcanbuyspecial urn-inkitsfor applying hellacticks. he ypi-calpackagencludes burn-inknifewith agentlybent,tainlessteel lade;an alcoholamp or heatingheknife;anda specialolutionor soaking eltblockhat evelshe epairwith hesur-rounding urface.Most arger lemishesre est on-cealedithwood iller.AlthoughmanyW(l(lDPATCHING(lMP(lUNDS

tfpes arepre-colored,oucan int filleryourself or a perfectmatch.Test hefiller on a scrapof the targetwoodbeforecommittingyourself o a par-ticular ormulation.n situations herea filler is inappropriate-becausehedamaged rea s too largeor the fillerwould be conspicuous-youcanmendthe defectwith a shop-madepatchfashionedrom a wood scrapof thesame peciespage 7).

Mostmodern atchingompoundsare ormulatedo bechemicallyom-patible ith avariety ffinishes,ut ncases herehe woproductsontainthesame olvent,he inish andissolvethe iller.Use hechart elow o helpchooseheappropriateompound.Forallyour ixes,whetherifting adentor fillingagouge,ightlysandherepair nce ouare oneo evelt withthesurroundingurface.

A traditional hellactick emains neof thebestmethods f repairingminordamagen wood.Heated y thelame rom an alcoholamp,aburn-in knifemelts small bit of theshellacsticl


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LIFTING ENTS

RepairingdentedurfaceOneway o ixa dent n woods oswell rushedoo diberso heir rig-inal haoe.urn householdronoitshighestetting ndallowt to heatuo.Meanwhi le.oak clean lothnwater,old t over few imes ndplacet on hedent. resshe ipofthe ron gainsthecloth verhedent(above),o ld ingt in place nt i l hecloth teams.he team illswellhewood bers,i f t ing ut hedent. ddwatero hecloth snecessaryndavoideavinghe ron n he lothortoo ong, hichmay corchhewood.

llll lll lll lll lll lll lll lll'fiIl|lll llt lllll]llllltlll9HO7 t?Gluingan edgeeplinterbackA emalleplinter n he edqeof a work-Viece an beqlued n Vlace, o lonqaoiN e eLill fLached. lamo rheetrocknavieeand equeeze ome lue nto he qapbeiween he olinter nd Lh ewood. henpreeeNhepl in lernto place ndsecurei t wibhmaekinqape. nce the qlue odry, emovehe IaVeand sand he repairfluehwilh adjacenteurtacee.


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FILLINGMALT ICKS NDNAILHOLES

Meltinghellactickwith solderingunSelect shellact ick f heappropriateolor nd eta solder-ing un nLow. oldinghest ick verhehole, elt t withthe ip of hegun above,efil.Drip noughf heproductof i l l the o le . h i lehe i l le rsst i l lso f t ,se kn i fe ra woodchiselo presst evenlynto hedamagedrea.Workarefu l lytoavoid arringhe urroundingrea ith heknife rchisel

Apply ingoodi l lerChoose f l ler hat scompat ib lei ththe ngredientsndcolor f the i nishyouwi l l beapply ing, sea put ty n i feto work he l ler n to hehole ndover -f l l it sl ight ly left), henscrape ff heexcesso evel t w i th he sur roundingsurface. void preadingi l ler nto ndam-aged reas, here t may ause nevenco lo r i ngf a s ta in sapp l i ed .

b lade. l lowhe i l l e rocoo l . o eve lhe i l le r i th he ur -roundingurface,oakhebottomfa eltb lock i th smal lamountfcommerc ia leve l ingo lu t ionnd igh t lyub heblock ack nd orth crosshe epauabove,ghf). he low-act ingolventn he olut ionissolvesxcessi l ler i thoutharminghewood.


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Applyinghellactickwitha burn-innifeLighthealcoholorch nd oldheburn-innife verhewick orseveralseconds.i thhe hel lact ick verthedamagedrea, ressheknifeagainsthe t ick o hat noughi l lermelts nd rrpsnto hehole above)Reheatheknife snecessarynt i ltheho les l led . sehekn i feospreadhe i l le r ven ly .in ishherepa i r i t h eve l ingo lu t ionndf p l i h l n n k ( n a o e 1 . 6 )t P v b v ' v t

iitilt lr lllll1llr]llrl llilll ll}l11ll1lI]lt xllll5HO7Tt?Ueing gluegun o applyshellacstickA qluequ nofferoa oimple lternalivelo a burn- in n i fe r solder inaun orrepair inqamaqe i tha ehel lacstick. Ueea oharpknifeNowhi l t lea ehel lac l ickoothat, iN it 6 in Nhebarrelof "'you r4 lue un . Iome lL lhe - . ' .f i l ler , ul l heLr iqqer eyouwouldNoVVly lue, / .Ihendr ipLhemelLed hel lac

/'' / // /

/ /Nick nto Nhe amaqed rea.TressNhe illerinboNhe olewiLh knife r wood hiee|andlevelNas shown n ?aqe45-uoinq a felNblock nd evel inqolu l ion.


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PATCHINGLARGEROIE1 Makingnd utlininghepatchI Aneffective ay o mend largerhole na wood urfaces o cuta patchand match ing or t iseverheho le ,then lue hepatchn p lace. s ingcut-of f craprom heworkpiece,rap iece fveneeri th imi la rra in ndcolor, uta patchhat ssl ight lyargerthan hehole. ivehepatch diamondshape,ess onspicuoushan squareor ectangularatch fterhe in ishsapplied. se wood hiselo bevelheedges f hebottomace f hepatch,then and oth aces. lacehepatchoverhehole, l igningtsgrain i th hesurfacerain, ndmarktsoutl ine itha sharppencil righil.

r) ChiselinghemortiseL Secureheworkpieceith clampif necessary.elect wood hisel lightlynarrowerhan hesides f hemortiseocutalongheoutl ine.i l t he oolwith tsbevelacing p o producenangle or-respondingo haton heedges f hepatch. emovehe emainingastero mtheoutl ine ith hechisel evelacingdownleft). eriodicallyest-fithepatchin hemort isent i lhemort isessl ight lyshallowerhanheoatchs hick.


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Q Gluingownhepatchr- ,1Spreadome lue n hemort isand et hepatchn place. ay pieofwax aperverhepatch,hen ot ion wood lock n op. The apwi l lkeephepa tchrom dher inth eblock.)f th epatchs ocatedheyou annotlampt directly,eta boaatopheb lock nd lampheendsfocushe lampingressuren hepat( lef t ) .Work uicklyo preventhepa tch om bsorb ingo is tu reomt h eg l u e n d w e l l i n g .

PATCHINGDAMAGEDORNER' l PreparinghedamagedreaI A damagedorne rsbes t epa i redw i th pa tch .f theedgesf heb reakare aggedrsharp, se wood hiselto cu ta sha l low ,va l -shapedor t i sewi th moothdgesroundhedamage.Hold hech ise l i t h hebeve lac ingdown ndwork i t h hesra in f hewood right).


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PRE,PARINGHE SURFACE

) Installinghepatchpatchha t oughlyits hehen hapet with andpapera chisel ntil t itsperfectly.preadlue n hemort isend ethepatchnposit ion,l igningtsgrainf heworkpiece.semask-ng ape o keephepatchn p laceheglue ries. o evelhepatchhesurroundingurfaces,areheexcessith hechiselabove).u tw i th hegra in ,eep inghe h ise lo.

illr ltltllt l]llt llllll lltlll iijlllliljl]lt jlj jlljll1HO?TI?Filling adamagedaornerAn alternaliveNopatchin7aamaqed orneris o reconslrucLit wilh wood iller.Secure heworkpieceina vise.Makea formNo eep he illerfrom l\ea4giiq y aVinq, 6ffl\lntn ?tece l meLal r ,*./*-\VlaeLic,r a tonque \\depreooorto thi sideof the \ \slock.lf youuoea tonqe..de?reooor ,lace etripof waxVapeiunderneatho keep hei l ler rombondinqo the st ick.Apply hefillerwiLh ?uLIyknife,hen LaVe eecoid ormLo he ilp\r,fra"".


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RAISINGTHE GRAINWettinghe urfaceEveryhasefworkingithwood-frjo in t ingnd awingoardso p lan iand crapinghem-compresseshefibers n hesurface.xoosureo wacauseshe iberso stand p, oughing hesurface.f you ntendo usewater-basedin ish, et hesurfaceoraisehegrain eforepplyinghe inishingolut ion.pray ater n hesuface left),henwipe ff heexcessa clean loth. l lowhesurfaceo drthen ight ly cuf f hewood ithverf ine 220-gr i I )andpaper.void vesanding,hichmight xposeresh rmakingt necessaryo repeatheprocRaisinghegrain as ther enefits,uas ift ing hallowents, xposingefeand e lp ing in ish dhere .

ilt llt]l]lltllt ltlt]ltl ulu]llllJlulil-tl u l5HO? t?Coloringgrain fillerUntrintedrain illercanbecoloredf,o alchorconlrast with he slainonYourworkoiece.Forwaier-b seA iller, seanoil-free iqmenLn iquid r ?ow-der orm, uchas universallinl-inqor dry earLh olors.TinLnoilbasedfiller iNh n oil-basedpiqmenl, uchas arf,ieI'soil orjapancoloro,Toreparehe filler,pour t.inho diehan dad da emall mounNf the colorin7 qent,Mlixthe wo inqredienle ibh putty knife.Contrinueddinq olor-inqaqenL nbilNhe illerNakee n he d,eeiredolor. eet,he filleron a 6cra?boardbetore VVlyingllo yourworkViece.dd morecoloring qenN odarken hemixlure: dd illerNo iqhlent.

.'. . .s . - . #\\\-.-' - -:-:


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FILLINGTHEGRAIN, i l l ing he vood rain s heeasiestrvayo achievehighgloss, irror-inish n open-grainedpeciesikeakandmahogany.rain iller, lso

pore illeror paste ood iller,notarppropriateor everyob,howev-r.A closed-srainoodhasno needand ome woodrvorkersvoidltoeethern favorof a morenat-t t I

Ifyou decideo fill hegrain fyourshould nderstandhevari-soptionsegardingvhen o apply heandexactly hat ype o use. illers usually pplied efore tain; f youo stainbefore illingyoumustcareful ot o damagehestainwhenhe excessiller.Yetanothers o apply hestain nd illern the arvwood,althoughheoftena flat,monochromatico bringout thecharacterspeciesikenrahogany,ly stainirrgewood, he nsealinghestainwitha

FILLER

wash oat pnge 3), nd inallyapply-inga illerwitha conl.rastingolor'.Filler omesn sereral olors; hoosea shade lightly eeperhan he vood

Applying n.filler o ttrtoperr-grttittedspeciesike onk does tnre tlmrrsitnplylill tlrc woodpores.ht corttrastwith the nturtt l sttr face n the r iglr t ,theJilleradded o the sartrpleon the eJi tas ccerrtr tstedlr cwood's rairrpntterrt.

so t willmatch s he vood arkens,vithage. oucanalso uyuntintedillerandcolor t yourselfin he shop pnge 0).Beforeommitting ourselfo apartic-ularsequenceLcolor, pply he illerto pieces f scrapwoodboth beforeandafter taining,ndchoosehebestcon-lDlltaIlon.Fo rbest esults, ake ure hat heworkpiecesclean nddust-free. henprepire he iller ollowinghemanu-facturer'sirections;t should aveheconsistencyf thick ream.Becauserain illercanabsorb otof finish,ali,ays pplya wash oat o afilledsurfaceefore tainins r finish-ing t .Thewash oat, onsiit ingf thefinishyou plan o r-rseilutedby theappropriatehinner, reates barrierbetleen he illerand he inish.Withsorne peciesikemahogany,wash oatisadvisableeforeilling, o preventhefiller romdevelopingnsightly hitespots everal onths fter t is applied.

1 Brushinsn he i l lerl -I With heworkpieceaceup on awork ur face, our ome f the l leri n to con ta iner .pp l y he i l l e rw i tha paintbrushlef t ) r abras ive ads.Us ing ack-andfo r th .ver l app ingstrokes, overhe surface ompletelywr th he l l e r , o r k ing rs tw i th hegrain,henacrosst. Examinehework-n iece rnder i r ec t i ph t o con f i rmthat he surfaces coveredhoroughly.Applymore l ler , f necessary .


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Q Cleaningpr.J Ona detailed orkoieceuch sraised anel,emovexcessiller rohard-to-reachpots itha sharpentongue epressorrappedn a cleapiece f burlaplefl. Dab hepoinend nto ornersndalong dgesoremovexcessi l ler . l lowhe i l lerdry, hen moothhesurface ith22to 320-grit andpaper.f a secondois equired,pplyt hesame ay.

O WipingtfexcessillerI Oncehe illerbeginso dry, osingitsshine nd urning azy, ipetwitha piece f c lean ur lapoldedntopad ighil. Starting t oneendof theworkpiece,ork i th circular ot ionto packhe i l ler nto hewood oresand emoveheexcess.


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WASHC()AT

1 Brushinsn hewash oatt -I Prepare50/50 olut ionf he in-ish ou ntendo use, i luted i th heappropr ia teh inner .rush longhewood raino apply ight, ven oatof hesolut iono hesurfacebove),

r) Rubbingn hewash oa tL tJsea clean.int-freelothoworkhewash oa tnto heporesof hewood lefil.Allowhewashcoat o dry, hen moothhesur-facewith xtraine andoaoer.


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t",^t*!':1".e-

n*Eq;

\*_.-


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Of course,otallwoodcries utto bechanged;ome peciesre estleftau natureLt is hard o magineimproving n the ichpatternsfrosewoo{Macassarbonyr Grpa-thianelmburl,ustast seemsutiletoalterheshockingntensity fpur-pleheart,adauk r Osagerange.But ormostwoodworkers,ppor-tunities o workwithperfectpeci-mens re are. he ypicalprojectinvolvesmakingdo with whatevermaterials reavailablendafford-able. tainshelpomakethiseasible.Ebony-costlyanddifficult owor( butsnikinglybeautifirl---offeaprime xamplefthespecialffecsthatstainingmakesossible.ven

A colonial edanilinedyestainenlivens palepiece foak.Whethert colorshewoodibersor merely overshesurfacewith a layerofpigments, tainingcan changehe ook of a work-piecemore adically hananyother tep n the inishingprocess.

CFIANGNGTHECOLORrom the deep, learandbrighttonesof dye-tinted tains o thedenseichnessf hepigment-tint-edvarieties,hematerialssedncoloringwoodaffordagreat egreeof atitude. ains llowyouo makehitewoods olorful,lightwoodsdar( plainwoodsancy ndsteakedoods niform.Throughouthe onghistory ffurnituremaking,tains ave eencalled pon o foolthe eye. heyhave elped ommonwoods akeon theappearancef moredesir-able nes, dding olorand igurewheret wasacking. heyhave lsoproducedolors ndpatternshatnature evermagined.One rick nvolvednlayingmahoganyurfacesithpat-ternsof whiteholly.Thechallenge as o darken hesur-roundingwoodwithoutdiscoloringhe nlay, nd hesolutionlay nawash fpotassiumermanganater dichromate.hewash eacted ith hehigh annin ontentn themahogany,bringing ut rich reds ndbrowns, ut t left he annin-freehollyunchanged.Modern tainsall ntotwo broad ategories:hose on-taining yes nd hosewithpigments. yesmpart ranslu-cent olor o wood, ltering ature'salette hile eavingheintricate rainpatternsisible.Pigment tains ontain paquecolorantshatclingo thesurfacef thewood.Pigmentsanbeusedo addpatternsndcontrastothewoodgrain, r tobringdefinition ndhighlightso corners ndcarvings.

Staining llows ou to dramatically lter heoutwardappearancef wood.Thismaplepianobenchwasebonized,r coloredblacl


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TOOLSANDACCESSORIESI longwith an assortmentf stains,A pigmentsand dyes, hereare anumberof implementsndaccessoriesthat every inisherneeds. sampling f

the mostuseful tems s featured elow.Changinghecolorofwood nvolvesasmuch art asscience,ut in someinstancesrecisemeasurings helpful.For example,f you areattempting omatchan earlier tainingob, t helpsto know he exact roportionsn whichthe original ingredientswere mixed

together.se raduatedylindersndcupsomeasureut iquids ccurately,and a scaleor determiningreciseweights fpowders,rystalsndotherdrycomponents.Brushes,ponges,ags ndpadappli-catorsfvarying izesrehemost om-mon tools or applying tainsandbleaches.rushesre ategorizedy henature f theirbristles. hebrush ouchooseor a particular rojectwilldependn hesubstancesouneedo

apply. olvent-basedtains houspread n with natural-fiberrususe yntheticrusheso applywabasedroducts.noil-basedrodsuch sapigmentediping tainbeapplied itheitherype fbrusAlloftheproductsresentednchapter re oxic o varying eg'v\hethermixingor applying stableach, ear afety oggles,eoprubbergloves nd a dual-carrespirator.

AN I{VEI{TORYFSTAININGMPTEMENTS

For applyinqstainoand bleachea. ynthet ic bruaheamade from nylonor polyeeter are moredurable han naturaFbrbtb brushea

9pongeFor applyin4bleacheaand chemicalstaina f-----"1A 1\ L=;---'\-==;'

Foam brushFor applyinqatainawithout bruah marka;type ohownayntheticand diapoaable

Pad applicatorFor applyin4atains even-ly on wideeurfacee; ypeahown eatureo rectan-4ularpad with thouaandaof ehorE ilamentsand afoam backinq

Graduated aylindereFor preciaemeaoure-ment of liquid nqredi-ente in atains andbleachea

Glaee arsClearara uaed or mixingataine and bleachea;brown are uaed oratorinq aolutionsaincethey blockout aomeof the li4ht

WeighingacaleFor preciaemeagurementof powdereand cryatalain atainaandbleachee

High-volume, ow-preaaure (HVLP)apray unitFor aprayinq on etaine; featurea a turbine whichblowaa oteady etream of air throu7h a eprayqun, orcin7the atain through the 7un'anozzle s a fine vapor


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BLEACHINGT) leachesrehishlv eactivehemi-I) cals hat brea'k own he naturalcolorantsn wood.For years, ood-workers aveusedbleach o lishtenthecoloroftheir stock. heeffeitca nbestartling.Mahoganyumsa oneofpalerosewhenbleached; alnut becomescreamyn color.Bleaching asother applications,however,hat gobeyondsimplywash-ing out color.The processanbe hefirststepn preparing pieceor a spe-cific stain, uchasa blond inish ormahogany;t isalsoused o ready darkoak or iming. n addition, leachingsan effective ay o suppresshe colorvariations etweenhe sanwood ndNatural herrv

hearftvood fa speciesikepoplarandmake hemmoreuniform. t also idswoodof waterand uststains.Thereare hreecommon ypesofwoodbleach. xalic cid. old n licuidform as deckbrightener,"syourbestchoiceor removing tainsrom wood.Sodiumhypochlorite il l do an excel-lent ob of removingan anilinedyestain romaworkpiece.hisproductsavailable s iquid aundrybleach. utthe most effective ll-purpose oodlighteners wo-partA/B woodbleach.Using his varietyof bleachnvolvescombiningyeandperoxide;theesult-ingeffectsstrongerhan hatof eitherinqredient n tsown.

Woodbleach anaffect our oolsasdrastically s hewood.Usea synthet-ic brushor spongeo applybleach;natural-bristlerushwill eventually is-integraten thesolution.Mix andstorebleachn glassontainers;thehemicalsmay eactwith metal.Bleachingeavesresiduesn wood hatcanbecome az-ardous irbornerritantswhen hesur-face s sanded. he hreemain voes fbleachanal lbewashedway f rins-ing hewoodwith water.Bleach anbe dangerousfhandledimproperly,o ollow hemanufactur-er'snstructions. evermixbleach ithanotherchemical, nd alwaysworkwith a fresh atch.Nat.uralwalnut

i ; ;i,,t;,,: ".,j,iii::;, ,' ,1 ' ' r ' '

Bleached herry Dleached alnut


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BLEACHINGO()D

ApplyinghebleachC leanheworkp iecefany i r t ro i l ,then eadyhe wo-partleach ypour-inga quantityfeach olut ionnto ep-arate lass owls. onotmix he wopar tsogether ;hey i l lbeapp l iednseparateteps. pread generousuteven oat f PartA on hewood urfacewith paintbrushra rag. et heprod-uctdo tsworkorabout minutes,henapply adB hesame ay. et hework-pieceit orat east hours,hen insethe urfaceithwater r heneutra l izersuppl iedi th hebleach.l lowhework-pieceo dryovernighteforepplyingsta in r in ish. wo-partleachsusual-lystrongnougho hat ne ppl icat ionissuf fc ient ; owever,o ightenhewoodurther,epeatheprocess.

ljll ll1lltlll lt u ][ lltl11ltl tllt ]i}]tl]ll ]lllit3HO7 t?Lighteningwood wit"h rain fillerIo liqhLen oodwilhout bleachinqit , , sean oi l -baeedrainf i l lermixedwiNh omewhitepigmenN.ireIapplya washcoaL o th e work-piece page 3),Lhen?re?are balch offiller (paqe51),add inq nouqhwhi te apan or - f / f ,othero i l -basedoiamenls o oblain T,he hadeyouwanl,.Youanapplyhe mixture oyouwould nygrain i l ler . IheVroceoo i l l ccenluate hegrain fo?en-?orepecieoike ak, eh,mahoganyndelm.

F


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THEVARIETIES FWOODSTAINSQ taining as nce ey o he abinet-l) maker'subtle rtof forgery.umedwith natural yes, hemical ordantsandsecretecipes,abinetmakersouldimitatehe ookofprized,xotic oods,or givenewly uiltchairs, hests ndcabinetshepatinahatantiquescquirewith hepassagef ime.Today,amouflagingndenhancingwood with stainsare still importantaspectsfwoodworking. hetherstainpenetratesnddyeshe ibers fthewood,ormerely overshesurface ith a hinlayer fpigments,oother tepn the in-ishing rocessrings bout uch radi-calchange. taining anhighlight rainpatterns, ask omely urfaces,ddcol-or or mparta uniform ue o differentwoodswithina single iece f furniture.All stains onsist f a coloring gentmixedna iquid.The wobasicypes fcoloring gentsredyes ndpigments.Dyestainsworkmuch ike he coloringagentssed ncloth.Dissolvedn water,oil or alcohol,hey enetratehesurface

andbond o thewood ibers. igmentstainsontaininely roundoloredow-ders uspendedn a iquidsuch sinseedoil.Theyworkmoreikevery hinpaints.When ppliedo wood,he iquiddries,bindinghepigmento thesurface.Dyesor staining oodaremost om-monlysoldasaniline owders,hichmustbemixedwitha iquidbefore se(page8).Their ntenseolors anbecombinedn varying roportionsopro-videavirtual ainbow f hues nd ones.Pigmenttains re vailablenthesamewide ange f colors,etcomen ready-to-useiquid,gelorglazeorm.Pigmentscanalso epurchasedn concentratedformasearth igmentsr apan olors;theconcentrates addedo a ready-to-use tain or enhancedffects. othdyesandpigmentsanbemixedwith ac-quer, arnish, axor shellacoprovidecoloredinishes.When hoosing stain, ememberthatmostdye tains rebrilliantandtransparent,utgenerallyotas ightfast,

or imperviouso fading, spigmentstains. ye tainsre xcellentor high-lighting rain.Pigmenttains reopaqueand end o cloud hegrain. ome ew-er iquidstains ontain othdyes ndpigments,rovidingheuseful roper-tiesof bothqpesof coloring gents ithadded ase f application.Themostdesirableiquidbaseor astaindependsn heeffectouare eek-ing.Thedeeperhevehicle enetratesthewood, he darker nd icher heresultingolor.Becauseater enetratesdeepest,ater-solubletains regener-ally hebest hoiceor hardwoods.nedrawbackf water, owever,s that traiseshegrain, ecessitatingurthersanding f thesurface.

Availablen easy-to-applyiquidform, thegelstainshown n usebelowcontainsigmentshat will impartadark brown mahoganyone.


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DYESTAINSf-\ erivedromplants,nsectsndani-I-/ mals,hewooddyes sedn the18thCentury anged rom concoc-tionswith exotic ames uchasdrag-on's lood, erdigris, adderootandcochinealo moreearthy ints extract-ed rom tea,urine,vinegar ndwalnuthusks. hundred earsater,he irstanilinedyewasextractedromcoal ar.Today,uchdyes re he ndustrystan-dard,usuallymixedwith oneof threesolvents: atet oil or alcohol.Dyes ot

yetcombined ith a solvent realsoavailablen either owder r iquid orm.Premixedtains remoreconvenientouse, utmixing hemyourself ives oumore lexibilitywhen ouneedopro-duce particular ffect. fourth ypeof dyeproduct, nownasnon-grain-raisingNGR)stain,s onlyavailablenliquid orm.ThedyesnNGRstains redissolvedn ananhydrous,r waterless,solution f organicydrocarbons,uchaspetroleum.Whicheverypeof dye

stainyou pply,he actorhatwill demine heeventualolorof thewootheamount f dye n thesolutiontheamount f solution pplied.Water*olubleainsareagood roforemphasizinghegrainofhardwoAlthougha water-basedtainwill rathegrain,manywoodworkersrefetakecare fthat stepbefore pplyastan(page 0.),herebyaving saingstep hatmightaffecthe inalcoof thewood.

Mahogany Mahoga


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CHANGING HECOLOR

Alcohol-solubleyes, lsocalled"spiritstains,"onot raisehegrainasmuchaswater-basedtains nd heyproduceomewhatrighter ues.Oil-solubleyes re ransparentndalso on-grain-raising.hedryingimesof these tains ill vary, ependingnthesolvent sed.Mineral oirit-basedstainsenerallyave slow rying ime,whilestains ontainingoluene r xylenedry considerablyaster. he rade-offisthat oluene ndxylene remore oxic

thanmineral pirits. nother otentialproblem ithoil-basedtainss heirtendenryo bleedhrough protectivefinish.Althoughhisshould nlyoccurif thestainsstillwetwhenhe opcoatisapplied,t isagood racticeonethe-lesso use inishwith a differentolventthan ourstain.Forbest esults, GR tains houldbesprayednwood. fyouuse brush,youwill needo adda retardero thesolutiono extendtsdryingime.

Choosinghe ight stain oraprojectcan nvolveexperimentation.rompages60 to 63 s a series f photos hat llus-trate he effects ffive differentdyestainson some f themostpopularhardwoodspecies. he samples n the far left areunstained,ollowedby pieces ut fromthe sameboard,eachonecoloredbya differentdyestain.For further nforlmationon the characteristicsnd usesof stains, efer o the chartprovidedon page 0.


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CherryGoldenruitwood

- i:n.,i& :i 'CherryNatural

Liqhtyellowm


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OakEbonyblack

CHANGING THE COLOR

OakHone5fionemberOakColonial ark red


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PIGMENTSTAINSI ny substancehatcanbe educedl1' to apowderan ecomepigmentthatwill impartcolor owood.Minerals,ores,metallic xides ndmanyothernaturally ccurring arth ompoundscanall beground nto very ineparti-cles.Onceheyaresuspendedn a sol-ventsuch soil, varnish, ollmrethaneor water,heseowdersecomepread-able igment tains.ecauseheparticlesaresuspended,ather handissolvedin thesolution, igment tains ry o a

thin, paint-likecoatingon the surfaceof the wood.Whereas yestains olorwood ibersand tendto accentuatehe grain,pig-ment stainsare opaque ndhide hewood patterns.As a result,pigmentstains reoftenused or glazing, rain-ing and other inishing echniqueshatcompensateor the ackof distinctgrainDatternsn certain arieties f wood.These redescribedn detail n Decora-tiveFinishespage110).

Today, igmentsreproducedthetically, ith binders nddriers dto help hemadhereo thewoodasolvent ries. igment tains omdifferentiquidandgel orms. hempopular ndbest-knownrepigmedwiping tains.heseeady-to-uishing roductsontain inely ropigmentuspendedn inseedil,wdoublesssolvent ndbinding gWpingstainsre low-drying,lloplenty f time o spreadhemon orw

WalnutAntique whitewipingetainWalnutCherrywipinq tain Mahoqanywipinqe


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any excess. ither sprayed n orwith a ragor a brush, heyareusefulwhen he woodsur-s madeuo of heartwood ndcon-Otherpopularpigment tainsncludeolors, lazing tains ndgelstains.colorsoffer a morevibrant rangehueshanwipingstains, ut theyneedbe thinnedbefore se.Theycanbeotherstainswhenyouarean existing urface.

The main sellingpoint of glazingstainss hat heyareheavier nd hick-er than wiping stains-and thus usefulfor concealingrain.Gelstains,mean-while,areeasy o applyand heysetquickly, educing rips on verticalsur-faces. efer o the charton page70 ormore nformationon these nd otherpigment tains.Pigments realsoavailablen pow-dered r concentratedorm.Earthpig-ments,ikesiennas,mbers ndochres,

aremined romtheearthandorocessedin deoxygenatedonditionsthighheatto bringout heirbrightcolors.Differentpigment tains anbemixed ogether rwith powderedr concentratedarietiesto produce nique olors nd ones, ro-vided hesolventsrecompatiblel noil-based taincannotbe mixedwith awater-basedtain, or example.Pages4 o 67 llustratehe effects fvariouspigmentstains n fivedifferenttypes fhardwoods.

MapleGoldenoakwipinq Lain Mahoqany arkwipinq tain


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CHANGING THE COLOR

EirahFlakewhtLejapan color

Durnt u4laztnqKawumberqlazing tainVan Dykebrownglaztnq t;ain


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CHANGING THE COLOR

EirahChrome ellowjapan colorEirahFermanentbluejapan color

EirchEuiletin edJaPan otor

OakDykebrowngeleLainva n Eurnt eienna7eletain


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STAININGWOODapplied ndapparently niformcoatingof stain roducesnevenresults n apiece f fur-niture.Unfortunately,if-ferent artsof thesameboardcannot eexpectedto absorbiquid evenly.Unless xposed ndgrainissealed,orexample,twill usuallyaken more ,. "::.''t'': .. -':-'o f a s t a in t h a n f a ce so r t , - . . , .edges,rakingheends 1 .-appear arker. sshownon page 9,sealingndgrain ssimplya matterof brushing n A test trip akesheguessworkuttheappropriateealerefore ou stain. of staining. hissamplellustratesThere are other preparations ou thefficx on wtstainedakofone,shouldmake t hisstage. hileagrain twoand hree oats f stain ntovingf i l lercanbe appl ied i ther efore r f i 'omlef t tor ight) .Thebottomhalfafter staining,you need o raise he ofthestrip s opcoatedoshow owgrain of the wood (page50)before thestain ooks nder clearinish.

PREPARINGSTAIN

oodworkers requite naturallydisappointed he na carefully applyingwater-basedtain. therwise,thestainwill ift thewoodibers,equir-ingsandinghatmay emovehestain.Many sta ins anbe boughtmixed and ready o use.Howif youenjoy xper iment ing,ou

alsoprefer o cusmix your colorsshown n thepholeft,a eststripcanyou producehe combinationf indientsand deterthenumberof apcations ou will nto make.Frompaintbruan d ags o pa dacators ndspraythere realternativesn applying aswell. {hichevermethodyou chowearsafety oggles nd ubbergloIt is agoodpractice lso o don a dcartridgeespiratoro filterout tf u m e s ro d u ce d sa s t a i n vrales page19).

Mixinghe ngredientsWhen orkingi th yes rpigmenin powderorm, se woodent ickto mix ome f hepowder i th heappropr iateolventna glassontaer lef t ) . pplyhestain o a samplstr ip f hewoodhat ouwil lbe o loring, llowhestripo dry. odarkethe o lo r f he ta in , dd sma l lamountfpowdero hesolution.ol ightenhestain, ix na i t t lemoresolvent.ake notherest trip, djusing he olor f he ta in nt i l ou resat isfedwith he esults.

WWnu^)f


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CHANGING THE COLOR

AGALLERYFSTAINSTYPEDYESTAINSWater-basedstarnSpir i t ta in0 i l s ta in

NGR tain

Penetratingilstain

Varnishtain

PIGMENTTAINSWipingtain

Earth igment

l a n a n n n l n r

Ge l iainGlazingtain

Water-basedstain

AVAILABLEORM

Powderedwater-solble

Powderedalcohol-solbl ePowdered;il-soluble

Liquid;issolvednmethanolndpetroleumdistillateolutionLiquid;issolvednmineralpirits

Liquid;issolvednvarnsn

Liquid;uspendednoi lan dmineralpiritsPowder;olublenanyl iqudLiquid;onceniratednvarnshLiquid;uspendednpetroleum-basedelLiquid;uspendednvarnsh

Liquid;uspendednanacrylic ndwater ase

CHARACTERISTICSNDUSES

Penetrating;ot eryightfast;ransparent;brill iant;endso raise rain; oodorhard-woods;ompatibleit hany inishPenetrating;ot ightfast;ries uickly,but endso leaveapandstreakmarksPenetrating;ransparent;oes otobscurerain; low-drying;leeds;eedssealer oat f shellac;oodorsoftwoodsDoes ot aise rain;ransparentndlightfast;oodorveneersPenetratespen-grainedood;moderatelylightfast;ransparent;asyo apply; olorsca nbemixed; oes ot aise robscuregrain; leeds; eeds ash oat; oodorsoftwoodsHighlyransparent;ightfast;on-penetrating;addsiller, olor nd lossnone peration;goodor ower radesf umber

Lightfast;il lnotbleed; on-penetrating;opaque;endso hide rainEasyo use;ightfast;paque;idesgrain; oodorwood i th ndistinctrainor inting rotectiveinishExcellentor inting arnish,tain,acquerEasyo use; ides rainExcellentor iguring,hading,rconectingsap treaks;ides rain; ears ff;needshardinish oatNon-penetrating;ightfast;ril l iant;olorscanbemixedogether;on-toxicndnon-fammable

PREPARATIONNDAPPLICATIONRaiserain. dd o water,trainApply ithbrush,ag rspray unMi xwithalcoholnd train . rusorwipe n.Bestorsmall reasDissolven mineralrspirit etrleum istil latend ira in. pplywithnylon-bristlerush ndwipoff excess,Thin o desiredonsistency.Apply ith prayun . f applyinwitha brush r rag,use etardeApply ithbrush r ag.Wipeoff excessfter esiredolorsac heved.

Applywitha ragandwipe ff oruse spray un .

Apply ithbrush,ag rsprayuWipe ffexcessfter esiredolisachieved.Mixwith i lorvarnish.pplywithbrush,ag rspray un .Apply ith yntheticrush.Applywith ag;wipe ff excessafter esiredolorsachievedApply ithbrush r ag; llowto set.Wipe ffwithgrainfdesired.Raiserain. pply ithbrush,rag rspray un .


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CHANGING THE COLOR

STAIN

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