Art Appreciation-Chapter 12-Architecture

Architecture

Chapter 12

Architecture

• Architecture is essentially just a shelter from the elements

• BUT, it can be an important record of a society

Three Key Issues in Architecture

• Function-how a building is used

• Form-how it looks

• Structure-how it stands up

An Art and Science

• As an art, architecture creates indoor spaces and an exterior that can be beautiful

• As a science, architecture has to be able to withstand weather and stress

• Three essential components– Supporting skeleton– Outer skin– Operating equipment

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Dolmen. Crocuno, north of Carnac, France.

Styles, Materials, and Methods

• Dry Masonry– Basically piling stones on top of one

another– If the stones have been cut befores

stacking they are dressed


Great Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe. Plan. Before 1450.Height of wall 30'.


Great Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe. Interior. Before 1450.Height of wall 30'.

The Great Zimbabwe

• Built in the 12th century

• It’s walls are made up of dressed stone

• The walls are 15 feet thick at the bottom to add stability

• There are no windows as these could weaken the structure

Machu Picchu-Dry Masonry

Mesa Verde-Dry Masonry


• Post and beam– Vertical posts support horizontal beams– A row of columns connected be beams is

called a colonade


Post-and-Beam Construction. Figure 1.


Post-and-Beam Construction. Figure 2.


Colonnade and Court of Amenhotep III. Temple of Amun-Mut-Khonsu. View of the great court with double row of papyrus-clustered columns.

Luxor, Thebes, Egypt. 18th dynasty. c. 1390 B.C.E.


• Round arch,Vault, and Dome– The round arch enabled builders to move their beams

further apart– An arch can be supported by a column or a pier, a

massive column– A vault is a curving ceiling or roof structure– A barrel vault is when the arch is extended in depth to

create a tunnel– Groin vault is an intersection of two barrel vaults– Keystone is the last stone placed in an arch at the top– Arches supported by column creates and arcade


Round Arch.


Barrel Vault.


Groin Vault.


Arcade.


Pont du Gard. Nîmes, France. 15 C.E.Height 161', length 902'.


• The dome– An arch rotated 180 degrees on it vertical

axis– They can be rounded or pointed


Dome (arch rotated 180°).


Dome on a cylinder.


Dome on pendentives.

Hagia Sophia

• A Byzantine cathedral built in the sixth century

• The dome rests on curving triangular sections called pendentives over a square base


Hagia Sophia. Exterior. Istanbul, Turkey. 532–535.


Hagia Sophia. Interior. Istanbul, Turkey. 532–535.


• Pointed arch and vault– Also called the Gothic Arch– Pointed vaults allowed for wider aisles and

higher ceilings


Notre Dame de Chartres. Chartres, France. 1145–1513.Height 122', width 53', length 130'.


Gothic Arch.


• Butresses– Butresses are built on the outside of an

arch to support the weight– Flying butresses allowed even taller arches

to be supported• Flying butresses also allowed for larger

windows


Flying Buttresses.


• Truss and frame– Truss is a triangular framework used to

span and support– Balloon frame heavy timbers are replaced

with thin studs nailed together


Trusses.


Balloon Frame.


• Cast Iron– Iron is lighter and stronger than wood– The invention of uniform smelting allowed

iron to be used as a building material


Joseph Paxton. Crystal Palace. London.1850–1851.


• Steel and Reinforced Concrete– Steel frames and rising land prices fueled

higher buildings– Louis Sullivan invented the skyscraper


Louis Sullivan. Wainwright Building. St. Louis, Missouri. 1890–1891.


Steel-Frame Construction.

Recent Innovations

• We now have computers to help us plan structures and analyze structural physics

• Suspension Structure and new materials like carbon fiber allow for exciting new designs


Suspension Structure.


Eero Saarinen. Shell Structure (TWA Terminal).Kennedy Airport, New York. 1956–1962.


Jeppesen Terminal Building. Denver International Airport. 1994.


Testa and Weiser. Carbon Tower. 2005.


Frank O. Gehry. Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. Bilbao, Spain. 1997.

Designing with Nature

• Most innovations in the 20th century did not involve working in conjunction with the surrounding environment

• Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the most influential architects of the era– He was the first to use open planning in houses,

eliminating wall between rooms– He often used the surrounding environment to

plan his structures


Frank Lloyd Wright. Fallingwater (Edgar Kaufmann Residence). Bear Run, Pennsylvania. 1936. Scott Frances\Esto Photographics, Inc.


OJK Architecture and Planning. Gish Family Apartments. San Jose, California. 2008.


David Adjaye. Museum of Contemporary Art, Denver. Denver, Colorado. 2007.


Michelle Kaufmann. mkSolaire Home. 2008.

Art Appreciation-Chapter 12-Architecture

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