Art and architecture
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ART AND ARCHITECTURE at the beginning of 20° century
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Transcript of Art and architecture
ART AND ARCHITECTURE
at the beginning of 20° century
Introduction
Art Nouveau plays an important role in the history of modern art and architecture in Europe, a kind of fundamental genetic unit able to carry on the extraordinary cultural heritage of 19th century to 20th one.
Origins of Art Nouveau The origins of art nouveau come from
different parallel situations like Gothic revival, Arts and Crafts movement, iron buildings like arcades and greenhouses, the influence of pre-raphaelites, impressionist, symbolist painters, oriental objects, mainly from Japan, which were imported by the britishA.L. Liberty, from which this style was named and from a taste for new techniques like wooden bending adopted by Thonet for his famous chairs since 1830…
Thonet furnishings
Art Nouveau Art Nouveau wasn‟t only an architectural
style but deeply influenced the costume of anage: it involves different fields of art likefashion, graphics, painting,
theatre, advertising, furnishings and architecture.
Graphics and advertising
Victor Horta
Victor Horta was the first architect who created a building in Bruxelles, named Maison Tassel in 1893, that can be considered art nouveau
Horta Horta studied gothic revival and Viollet le Duc, post-
impressionist painters and he got an organic interest, which was very meaningful in the aesthetics ofEinfuhlung … empathy… feeling together
Maison Horta
An international style
Art Nouveau was the effort to put togetherupper class taste for beauty with poorbuildings materials.
It was able to produce objects and furnishingsthat every social class could buy and it gavebirth to modern industrial design
In a few words Art Nouveau caracterisedmiddle class cottages and buildings but alsounderground stations, lower class buildingsand even factories
An international style
A new style In this new style we find memories of Medieval age
( Gaudì, Mackintosh )
Gaudì: Sagrada Familia Mackintosh: Queen‟s Cross church
An international style of classicism (Wagner, Olbrich, Hoffmann) or a popular taste (Van de
Velde)
Architecture In architecture there‟s a stress on linear structures;
that‟s why we get a new use of iron and differentbuildings materials mixed in the same building likebrick, stone, glass, ceramics just to join togethervarious production fields
Drawings and studies of art nouveau decorations
Realized by the students of the architectural department of Liceo Artistico Boccioni
Drawings realized by the students of the architectural department ofLiceo Artistico Boccioni
The German term 'Jugendstil' goes back to the Munich magazine Jugend, first published in 1896, as they spread the spirit of optimism at the turn of the century.In France and Belgium, this style is known as 'Art Nouveau', after the art gallery L'Art Nouveau Bingby Samuel Bing. Opened 1896 in Paris, the exhibition room with this name should underline the modernity of the presented items, including jewelry, glass art and furnishings. The common name in Great Britain was 'Modern Style', in Spain this architecture was called 'Style Modernista' or 'Modernisme'. 1884 the word 'modernista' was used for the first time in the journal L„Avenç on the occasion of an exhibition in Barcelona about European arts and crafts.
Art Nouveau in Germany and Austria
In Austria it was named 'Sezessionsstil' after the artists' association Wiener Sezession.All names, however, capture the central idea of this movement: “It should be a youthful restart, which represent, free of any requirement, the modern style of the time.”
cover of the Munich magazine Jugend 1896
1900 Vienna was the seventh largest city in the world whose population has grown from 1.3 to 2 million citizens between 1890 and 1910. The associated construction activity was the economic precondition for the artistic development of Art Nouveau in Vienna.
.
The beginnings of Viennese Secession style can be attributed to the founding of the Vienna Secession artists' association in 1897. The secessionists wanted to distance themselves from the conservative Academy of Fine Arts (lat. secedere: separate, split off).
This association, to which the painter Gustav Klimt and the architects Otto Wagner and Josef Maria Olbrich belonged , demanded like other European artists "a break with the outmoded traditions of historism and a renewal of Fine Arts. The period around the turn of the century can be described as a time of "revolutionary reformers". The journal of the secessionists Ver Sacrum (= sacred spring) announced in January 1898: “Every age has its own sense. It is our aim to awake the artistic ideas of our time, to encourage and disseminate them. […] The foreign art should inspire us, and reflect on ourselves, we don‟t want to imitate it . Unlike the French Art Nouveau, the Secession style is characterized "by clear, usually symmetrical arranged buildings and openings, strong axes and clear space
planning, often in conjunction with flat roofs." With the strict geometric style, the Art Nouveau in Austria differs significantly from the curvaceous buildings of Gaudί. The right angle and strong contrasts of black and white dominate the Austrian architecture in which each ornamental should frame and separate the different parts of the surface.Symbol of this new style is the foundation construction of the Vienna Secession from 1898, build by the architect Joseph Maria Olbrich, an exhibition space for artists who could no longer show their works in the Vienna house of arts. The building is composed of “stereometric blocks” and adorned with a delicate, filigree decoration. For the former understanding of architecture, the building was "very simply designed with and unusual cubic form.
Thereon towers the metal dome, made out of 3000 gildedlaurel leaves, like a crown above the entrance. Due to thisremarkable ornamentation, the building has been called"Krauthapperl" (= cabbage) by the Viennese. Other organicornaments are found in flat leaf and stem motives on theedges of the building.
Under the dome the motto of the rebellious artists' association is inscribed in gold letters that provides a clear demand to the society: >To every age its art, to art its freedom<. The functionality of the new style is not only evident in the prestigious exhibition space, but also in other buildings such as the "Majolicahouse". It was built in 1898 by Otto Wagner and is part of the left Vienna-line.
The weather-resistant, washable tiles of the outer wall are very easy to clean, which indicates the practical architecture of this style of architecture. The floral pattern is symmetrical and the majolica-tiles adorn the six floor apartment building. The numerous ornaments and decorations on the facade are going back to herbal and organic forms
such as "sunflowers, female figures, faces and masks." The decor had primarily the function to cheer the severe façade up.
Otto Wagner, who joined the association "Vienna Secession” in 1899, was the town planner of Vienna. Since 1894 the establishment of the Vienna city railway was among his responsibilities.
Wagner used the modern construction material iron for bus stops and train stations, such as Gaudí and Guimard, but he put it, unlike to the Paris style, "always in conjunction with Stone".
For example the iron skeleton of the Karlsplatz is filled with white walls of marble and plaster and adorned by golden sunflowers and green lines.
Art Nouveau and Liberty in Poland Paintings and stained glass
Stanisław Wyspiański
Konstelacja gwiezdna Bliźnięta”„Caritas”
Witold Wojtkiewicz
Józef Mehoffer
Poland Edward Okuń
Sculpture and Architecture in Poland Wacław Szymanowski
Poznan
Architecture in Poznan
Warsaw
Art Nouveau in Greece
The New Art Movement (art nouveau) which had been prevailing in Europe since the late 19th century, is brought into Greece by Greek architects who had graduated schools of architecture abroad.
However, their persecute is hesitating and limited
Art Nouveau in Greece
Casa Bianca Thessaloniki
Greece Sophia Laskaridou
(1882-1965)
Dedicated to her art she created its own world of forms. There , without restrictions and inhibitions,
she could implement the ideals of beauty.
Greece Thomas Thomopoulos (1873-1937)
A Greek sculptor, painter and professor at the School of Fine Arts.
Spain : HISTORICAL CONTEXTSPANISH-AMERICAN WAR(189
CIVIL WAR(1936-1939)
ALFONSO XIII MONARCHY (1886-1931)
II REPUBLIC (1931-1936)
PRIMO DE RIVERA DICTATORSHIP (1923-1930)
FRANCO DICTATORSHIP (1939-1975)
WORLD WAR II(1939-1945)
DISASTER OF ANNUAL(1921)
ART CONTEXT (SPAIN)
JUAN GRIS (CUBIST PAINTER)JOAN MIRÓ (SURREALIST PAINTER)
LLUÍS DOMÈNECH (MODERNIST ARCHITECT)
IGNACIO ZULOAGA (POST-IMPRESIONIST PAINTER)
JOAQUÍN SOROLLA
Born in Valencia on February 27, 1863. Deadin Cercedilla (Madrid) on August 10, 1923.
He is one of the leading figures in theSpanish Impresionism, and one of the mostprolific (with more than two thousandworks).
His work can be divided into four periods:· Education (1863-1886)· Consolidation(1889-1899)· Culmination(1900-1910)· Final(1911-1920)
CONSOLIDATION(1889-1899)
TRATA DE BLANCAS (1894)
LOS GUITARRISTAS (1889)
CULMINATION(1900-1910)
SERIE LA PLAYA DE ZARAUZ (1909-1910)
FINAL (1911-1920)
JARDÍN DE LA CASA SOROLLA (1916)
PESCADORAS (1915)
Catalonian Modernism:
Lluis Domenech: i Montaner:Barcelona – Palau de la Musica
ANTONI GAUDÍ
Born in Reus (Cataluña) on June 25, 1852.Dead in Barcelona on June 10, 1926.
He is the most important and originalarchitect of the Modrernism in Spain andprobably the whole Europe.
Numerous works by Gaudí have beendeclared World Heritage Sites by theUNESCO. His main work is the TemploExpiatorio de la Sagrada Familia, still underconstruction, where Gaudí worked all hislife, since 1882 until his death, exclusivelyhis last fifteen years (1911-1926).
Antoni Gaudì
Parco Guell
Palacio Guell
Parco Guell
Casa MilàLa Pedrera
Casa Batllò
SAGRADA FAMILIA (1882), UNDER CONSTRUCTION
SAGRADA FAMILIA (1882), UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Portugal
Sintra: Palacio da Pena
PortugalIn Portugal the eclecticism is mainly visible in Lisbon, Oporto, and Aveiro
Vicent House -PortoGolden façade of forged iron It was built in 1914-1915
Reis Filhos Jewellery‟s
In 1906- it was renovated according to a project by Architect José Teixeira Lopes and sculptor António Teixeira Lopes.
A house in Art Nouveau Style in Porto
Barbot House in GaiaBuilt in 1920 Today it is the House of Culture of the Municipality of Gaia
Nº 28 Galeria de Paris Street-Porto
The inside (Lello bookshop)
Porto: A traditional grocer‟s in thedowntown -1917
Art Nouveau façade with tiles representing a the spices route
ci
Iron architecture Eclecticism became the favourite artistic style of the triumphantbourgeoisie, who boasted its economical prosperity in architecture.
Tiles A large part of the Painting in Portugal was done on tiles which decorated the façades, friezes, or even large surfaces of the walls of many buildings
Art Nouveau Buidings - AveiroOn the left – Art Nouveau building -Republic Museum Building Female figure in the centre surrounded by floral arrangements
In the middle - Rota da Luz House of Tourism
On the right – House of the Agricultural Cooperative AssociationArchitects: Francisco Augusto Silva Rocha, Jaime Inácio dos Santos
Aveiro – House of Major Pessoa
Architects: Francisco da Silva Rocha and Ernesto Korrodi
Building of the Four Seasons -Aveiro
The façade is entirely coveredwith illustrative panels of theFour Seasons
Póvoa de Varzim- Villa Georgette
Decorative panel -Lisbon
“Art Nouveau” Monument-Aveiro
Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro:• caricaturist and illustrator .• ceramist• made use of irony and humour through cermicssatirizing characters and situations of political andsocial Portuguese life.
Ceramics
Ceramics
Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro
By Costa Mota Sobrinho-1912
Cachepot Glasses Crystal Decanter
Javali Candlestick
Javali Pots of flowers
Advertising
Liberty in Italy
Raimondo D‟Aronco was one of the most important architects of Art Nouveau in Italy. He got graduation in Venice and taught at the university in Sicily. He worked in Istambul too for the rebuilding of the town
D‟Aronco: buildings and water-colors
Ernesto Basile worked in Palermo with his father and collaborated to the realization of Teatro Massimo. He also had an important role in the decoration of the parliament of Montecitorio in Rome.
Pietro Fenoglio was an Italian engineer and architect lived at the turning of the 20th century. Famous interpreter of Art Nouveau style, he graduated from the Royal Institute for Arts Applied in Turin, the city where he lived and worked for all his life. At the beginning of his career, his designs featured Neo-Gothic style; successively, after the Universal Exposition of Turin of 1902 , he approached Italian Art Nouveau style. In the same year, Fenoglio was elected counselor of Turin and he started working on the new urban planning for the city (ended in 1908). Furthermore, he was member of the Turinese Society for public housing and of the journal "L'architettura italianamoderna". Among his many projects and examples of his style there are: "Casa Le Fleur", "Palazzina Rossi" and "Villino Raby" in Turin.
Floral style in Naples
Via Palizzi
Grand hotel Eden Parco Margherita
Villa Pappone, Posillipo
Galleria Umberto
Galleria Principe di Piemonte
Art and architectureat the beginning of 20° century
Towards a European Identity
realized by Liceo Artistico Boccioni, Naples ITWith the contribution of:
IES El Burgo de las Rozas Madrid, ES
Escola Secundaria Alexandre Herculano, Porto PT
Geniko Likio Agiou Stefanou, Athens GR
Katharinen-Gymnasium, Ingolstadt DE
I Liceum im. Tadeusza Kosciuszki, Konin PL
