ART 31 Final Review

Paleolithic:“Venus” of Willendorf

Paleolithic:“Venus” of Laussel

“The Neolithic Revolution”The Shift from Paleolithic to Neolithic

Paleolithic(Old Stone Age)

NomadicHunter-Gatherers

Cave Dwellings and Shrines

Portable sculptureCave Paintings

Neolithic(New Stone Age)

Settled in Permanent Villages

Domesticated Agriculture &Animal Husbandry

Megalithic Architecture“Birth of Civilization”

Neolithic: StonehengeSalisbury Plain, England

the beginning of Post and Lintel Architecture

Characteristics of Near Eastern Art

•Use of hierarchical proportion/scale to depict leaders or gods larger than everyone else

•Use of cuneiform•Stylized

Major themes: Rulers, Military Conquest, Gods and Religious

Practices, Animals

Cuneiform Hierarchical Scale

Victory Stele of Naram-SinAkkadian

Characteristics of Egyptian Art

•Use of canon of proportions•Static and un-changing

•Combined frontal and profile views•Use of hieroglyphics

•Stylized•Gender color differentiation:

(male/red : female/yellow)

Major themes: Unification, Divine Kingship, Gods and Religious

Practices, and Rebirth

Menkaure and QueenOld Kingdom, Dynasty 4

Egyptian Canon of Proportion

The Pyramids of GizaOld Kingdom, Dynasty 4(tombs of the Pharaohs Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu)

Characteristics of Greek Art

•Idealized forms•Contrapposto pose

•Emphasis on balance and proportion•Marble and bronze sculpture

Major themes: Gods and Goddesses, Religious Events, Funerary

Practices, Mythology

Greek Pottery Painting

Black Figure Painting

Red Figure Painting

Early Classical: Kritios BoyMarble, c.480 B.C.E.

Contrapposto:

The “s-curve” used in Classical Greek sculptures showing the body standing at rest, with one leg bearing the weight while the hips and shoulders are asymmetrical. Perfected by the Greek sculptor Polykleitus.

The Classical Orders of Architecture:

Doric Ionic Corinthian

3 major parts of column: base, shaft, and capital

Classical Greek Architecture:Iktinos and Kallikrates [Architects]The Parthenon, Athens, c.447-438 B.C.E.

Post and Lintel Architecture. Doric. Dedicated to the goddess Athena. Decorated with sculpture showing battles between Greeks and

barbarians, and the Panathenaic Festival

Plan of the Parthenon

Gray Block represents the location of the original Athena Parthenos statue.

Characteristics of Hellenistic Greek Sculpture

•Exploration of youth and old age•Theatricality and Melodrama•Extremes of Emotion•Formal Realism

Laocoön and Sons

Materials and Techniques:

Terra-cotta:an orange colored earthenware (clay) material used for

pottery and sculpture.

Buon or True Fresco:a technique of painting of the plaster surface of a wall or

ceiling. In buon fresco the paint is applied while the plaster is still damp, so that the pigments bond with the

wall.

Mosaic:the use of small pieces of glass, stone, or tile (tesserae)

to create an image on a wall, floor, or ceiling.

Innovations of Roman Architecture

Techniques:

cofferoculus

concretedomevault

true arch

Types of Structures:

aqueductamphitheater triumphal arch

basilicarotundaforum

Roman Architecture: The Colosseum

Roman Architecture: The Pantheon

Roman Architecture: The Arch of Titus

In 313 C.E. the Roman Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, a document granting tolerance of all religions.

This effectively legalized Christianity.

chi rho

Characteristics of Early Christian Art and Byzantine Art

•Stylized individuals•Mosaic decoration

•Incorrect human proportions•The illusion of weightlessness or floating

•Religious themes •Illuminated Manuscripts made of vellum (calfskin)

apse nave

Major components of a basilica or early church

apse:a projecting part of the building, usually a half-dome,

often on the East end.

Nave:the long, narrow, central area used to house the

congregation.

Characteristic Elements:

•Pointed Arches•Stained Glass•Rose windows•Clerestory•Lancet windows •Triforium•Piers•Flying Buttresses

Tympanum: the hemispheric section above the portals (doorways) in Romanesque or Gothic cathedrals

Gothic Architecture:Created by Abbot Suger . First used in his re-design of the French Royal Monastery, St. Denis.

Flying Buttresses Rose Window

Characteristics of the Renaissance

•Artists began to think of themselves as artists as well as craftsmen

•Religious art was combined with the visual conventions of the Greek and Roman traditions

•Art was interpreted according to the philosophy known as “Humanism”

GiottoThe Betrayal of Christ (The Kiss of Judas)1305-06, Arena Chapel, Padua

Masaccio (Tommaso Guidi), Holy Trinity, fresco, 1425

Donatello, David, bronze c.1430-40

Italian Artists Working During the High Renaissance

•Leonardo da Vincie.g. The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper

• Michelangeloe.g. The Sistine Chapel Ceiling, The Sistine Chapel Last

Judgment, David, Pieta

• Raphaele.g. The School of Athens

Illusions of Depth:

linear perspective: a method of creating the illusion of 3-dimensional space on a 2-dimensional surface by delineating a horizon line and multiple “orthogonal”

lines. These lines recede into the supposed distance and meet at one or more points on the horizon, called

“vanishing points.”

foreshortening: a method of perspective used to represent a single object extending back into space at

an angle to the picture plane

Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, c.1495-98

Leonardo da VinciMona Lisa , c.1503-05

Sfumato was favored by da Vinci.

sfumato: a technique of applying many thin layers of paint to create a “smoky” effect.

Raphael, The School of Athens, 1509-11,Vatican, Rome

Portraits of Renaissance artists as Greek philosophers,Mathematicians, and scientists.

MichelangeloDavid, 1501-04Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence

MichelangeloLast Judgment, 1534-41Sistine Chapel, Rome

Titian (Tiziano Vecelli, 1490-1576)The Venus of Urbino, c.1538

Northern Renaissance orNetherlandish Painting

•Characterized by highly symbolic religious or genre (daily life) scenes.

•Major artists were Jan van Eyck, Robert Campin, Albrecht Durer

Diptych (two panels), triptych (three panels), and polyptychs (many panels): paintings on hinged panels of wood, typically altarpieces for churches.

Jan van EyckThe Arnolfini Wedding Portrait, oil on wood,1434

Characteristics of Mannerism

•Bright colors •Elongated bodies •Lack of linear perspective •Complex human poses •Unusual combinations of elements

Agnolo Bronzino, Allegory of Venus (Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time), c.1546

Leading Baroque Artists

•from Italy: Caravaggio, Gentileschi

•from Holland: Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens

•from Spain: Diego Velazquez

Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish, 1577-1640)The Raising of the Cross, 1609

chiaroscuro / tenebrism: Strong, dramatic use of light and dark in contrast, to focus on an important element or to build of volume.

Vermeer, The Geographer, 1668, oil on canvas

Neoclassicism:A late 18th to early 19th Century style of art

characterized by a return to the rational arts of the Classical world. Coincided with the French Revolution.

Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii

Romanticism: A late 18th to early 19th Century style of art

characterized by heightened emotions, dramatic scale and impact, and spiritualism. Romantic artists, like

Goya, Delacroix, Gericault, preferred to depict actual historical events and allegory.

Theodore Gericault, The Raft of the Medusa, 1818

Realism: A 19th Century style of art characterized by focus on the working class and influenced by the writings of Marx and Engels. These artists, including Courbet, Millet, Daumier, and early Manet, were dedicated to depicting the world as they experienced it, without

fictionalizing or romanticizing.

Gustave Courbet,The Stonebreakers, 1849

Edouard ManetLe Dejeuner sur l’Herbe, 1863

Characteristics of Impressionism

•An interest in color theory •Painting outdoors

•Painting urban leisure scenes (dances, bars)•An interest in the effects of light and atmosphere

•A quick and obvious brush stroke •The use of only primary colors

and their compliments •Japonisme: the influence of Japanese art, seen

especially in the work of Monet, Cassat, and Degas

Color Terms

primary colors: red, blue, and yellow

their complimentary colors: green, orange, and violet

value: relative lightness or darkness

Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876

Pointilism/Divisionism: a post-impressionist technique, developed by Seurat, that used contrasting points of pure color to build an image.

Fauvism:An early 20th Century style of art characterized by an

emphasis on the emotive powers of pure color.

An innovator and major artist of this style is Matisse.

Cubism:An early 20th Century style of art characterized by an

revolutionary approach to space: the geometrical surfaces of an object are opened out in order to give a

complete representation of it from all angles and perspectives. An innovator and major artist of this style

is Picasso.

Influences on the Development of Cubism•Cezanne’s experiments with form and perspective

•African art, especially masks •The Color theory of the Fauves

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907

Surrealism:A 20th Century style of art characterized by an interest in the subconscious mind. Influenced by Sigmund Freud’s

theories on psychoanalysis and dreams, these artists favored spontaneity.

Abstract Expressionism:A New York based, 20th Century, style of art that is non-

figurative and non-objective. It includes:

Action Painting: characterized by an interest in the artist’s physical involvement in creation. Influenced by Picasso and

Expressionism. E.g. Jackson Pollack

Color Field Painting: characterized by the calm and meditative use of colors.

Influenced by Matisse. E.g. Mark Rothko

A Characteristic Action Painting, by Jackson Pollock

A Characteristic Color Field Painting, by Mark Rothko

Trompe l’oeil (Illusionism): a representation that is so realistic it is meant to trick the eye.

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