ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY “We must be the great arsenal of democracy” - FDR
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ARSENAL OF
DEMOCRACY
“We must be the great arsenal of democracy” -FDR
Objective…Describe how President Roosevelt’s initiatives mobilized the U.S. for war.
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17) The War Powers Act…• FDR…
–Reorganizes federal gov.–Creates new agencies–Censors information –Abridges civil liberties–Seizes foreign property–Awards government contracts
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The Arsenal of Democracy1942: • U.S. production = Italy, Germany & Japan 1944: • 2 X greater
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Financing the War:• U.S. cost: $341 billion• More than all U.S. budgets from 1789-1941• 15 X cost of WW I
Federal spending:In1939: 10 billion… In 1945: 95 billion
How do we raise the money?...
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Bugs Bunny War Bond Cartoonhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KI8jKZ9HH3U&NR=1
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• Price Control Act of 1942 or“cost plus system”
...the cost of producing the product plus modest profit
Mobilizing: U.S Dept. of Defense
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The Pentagon (1942)
HQ: U.S. Dept. of DefenseWorld’s largest office building
17.5 miles of corridors26, 000 employees
Most efficient office building… 7 min between two points
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18) Explain how the federal wartime agencies focused the war effort…
Mobilizing:
- Supply Priorities Allocation Board- Office of Price Administration (OPA)…- National War Labor Board- Office of War Information- Office of Strategic Services
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Mobilizing:• Supply Priorities & Allocation Board…
– Allocates & controls the resources needed for war
– Limits consumer products
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Mobilizing:• Office of Price Administration (OPA)…
- Prevent inflation & ration consumer goods.
- Rationing: Tires, autos, sugar, gas, fuel oil, coffee, meats & other foods
OPA Rationing Book
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Ride Sharing
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The Gasoline Black Market• 1942 – Auto 4 gals.
War workers extra “Vital occupation” extra
• 1945 – 30% counterfeit stickers 32,500 arrested
4, 000 gas stations closed
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Mobilizing:• National War Labor Board…
– Worked for cooperation between labor & management
– Limited wages & strikes– Supported: 8 hr day, unionism, gender
equity pay for & employee grievance procedures
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Mobilizing:Domestic Propaganda
• Office of War Information…
Words, posters & films waged a constant battle for the hearts and minds of Americans
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Get a war job; Work hard; Recycle; Sacrifice; Buy Bonds;
Remain Silent
The Propaganda Messages.
Daffy Duck propaganda filmhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ngETXxI5pg
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Remain Silent
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Sacrifice
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Increase Production
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Tolerance
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Recruiting women workers…
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Espionage Warnings
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Mobilizing:• Office of Strategic Services (OSS)…
- Collects & analyzes information about countries at war with the U.S.
- Organized sabotage & espionage in other countries
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19) The size of the federal government during the war…
- The size of government compared with the New Deal Era...
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20) The effect of the war on the national budget & defense
spending….
21) What was the fate of the New Deal?...
Why?
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Objectives…• Describe how FDR’s call to make America the “arsenal of democracy”
affected the economy.
• Describe how FDR’s call to make America the “arsenal of democracy”
affected the economy, female workers, minority workers and organized labor.
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23) What advantages gave the United States the potential to out produce
the enemy?...
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24) The War Production Board… How effective was it?...
The War Production Board… “Responsibility for the economy”
• Created 17M jobs• Factories operate 24 / 7• 50% of GNP = war goods• GNP: 1939: $88.6B
1944: $198.7B
23) What advantages gave the US the potential to out produce the enemy?...
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Arsenal of DemocracyMilitary Production Totals for 1940-1945
• 250,000 planes• 80,000 landing craft• 650,000 artillery pieces• 15M rifles
• 100,000 armored cars• 75,000 tanks• 3m. tons bombs• 41M rounds ammo
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Ship building:1941: 355 days………..1945: 14 days
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Willow Run Bomber Plant 1 mile assembly line - 42,000 employees
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Hiding the Lockheed Plant…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgFJKtznKMo
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A. Supply Priorities & Allocation Board D. OSSB. Office of War Information E. The War Production Board C. Price Control Act of 1942 F. National War Labor Board
1. Organized sabotage & espionage in other countries
2. Allocates & controls the resources needed for war
3. Responsibility for the war economy
4. Collects & analyzes information about countries at war with the U.S.
5. Worked for cooperation between labor & management -Limited wages & strikes
6. Waged a constant battle for the hearts and minds of Americans
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25) Describe how economic conversion affected the US
economy…• The Great Depression is over• 1942- 45 the GNP doubles• Unemployment becomes under employment:
1941: 9.9% 1945: 1.2%... 17millon new jobs
• Man power shortages in industry
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26) Describe how defense production affected the various
geographic regions of the country…
• CA 40B in defense funds - 10% of total • S to N or W…. Detroit & CA• Southern textiles boom• Sharecroppers to factories• Rural pop. Down 20% • U.S. Middle class doubles
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29) Groups experiencing new employment opportunities…
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Objectives…
• Describe how FDR’s call to make America the “arsenal of democracy” affected female
workers.
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30) Employment opportunities for females…
- Changing & challenging stereotypes…
31) The dual message being communicated to women by the government…
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Female Workers• Female labor + 50% • White women 35+ & married become
the majority employed• AA women: From domestic work to
manufacturing jobs• National War Labor Board promotes:
= work = pay… Reality is that women are paid less
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32) Rosie the Riveter
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Objective…Describe how FDR’s call to make
America the “arsenal of democracy” affected minority workers.
Minority Workers….• Mexicans: Western – Agriculture &ship building• African Americans: + 33% Mostly industrial work• Native Americans
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Objective… Describe how FDR’s call to make
America the “arsenal of democracy” affected organized labor.
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33) What economic factors compromised the prosperity of workers?...
34) How did entry into WW II affect the policy of the larger labor unions?
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37) How did the size, gender & racial make-up of labor unions change during the war years?
35) How did unionism benefit from the policies of the NWLB?...
36) What was a “hate strike”... How effective?...