Supporting online information

Tables

Table S1. Permanent plot locations along the Cooloola and Franz Josef chronosequences.

Site age (yr) Latitude; longitude Elevation (m above sea

level)

Cooloola

1 26° 6´ 15.1´´ S; 153° 6´ 32.8´´ E 33

75 26° 6´ 13.7´´ S; 153° 6´ 36.2´´ E 50

750 26° 6´ 12.4´´ S; 153° 6´ 27.9´´ E 75

3000 26° 2´ 37.9´´ S; 153° 7´ 34.4´´ E 140

7750 26° 2´ 59.4´´ S; 153° 6´ 7.5´´ E 158

120,000 26° 2´ 6.4´´ S; 153° 5´ 18.7´´ E 140

265,000 26° 1´ 1.6´´ S; 153° 4´ 47.0´´ E 125

500,000 26° 1´ 27.3´´ S; 153° 4´ 23.1´´ E 87

700,000 26° 2´ 4.9´´ S; 153° 3´ 49.6´´ E 70

Franz Josef

5 43° 25´ 37´´ S; 170° 10´ 2´´ E 228

70 43° 25´ 43´´ S; 170° 10´ 1´´ E 250

250 43° 25´ 2´´ S; 170° 10´ 50´´ E 200

500 43° 24´ 56´´ S; 170° 10´ 41´´ E 200

1000 43° 24´ xx´´ S; 170° 10´ yy´´ E 200

5000 43° 24´ 25´´ S; 170° 10´ 22´´ E 233

12,000 43° 19´ 54´´ S; 170° 13´ 14´´ E 285

70,000 43° 14´ 28´´ S; 170° 18´ 2´´ E 270

120,000 43° 15´ 19´´ S; 170° 11´ 31´´ E 155

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Table S2. Correlation coefficients (r-values) between plant and soil variables measured along 9 sites of the Cooloola and Franz Josef chronosequences. NMDS1 and NMDS2 represent the first and second scaling axes of Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analyses. Bold values indicate that r is significantly different to 0 at P = 0.05.

 CooloolaSite age

Tree biomass

Plant species richness

Tree diversity MDS1 MDS2

Organic carbon Nitrogen

Total P (Kjeldahl)

P (Olson) pH

Tree biomass 0.319Plant species 0.539 0.494Tree diversity 0.034 0.333 0.655Plant NMDS1 0.879 -0.192 -0.583 -0.728Plant NMDS2 0.385 0.765 0.618 0.269 0.000Organic carbon 0.660 0.645 0.748 0.243 0.087 0.384Nitrogen 0.092 0.341 0.592 0.426 -0.515 -0.165 0.749Total P -0.790 0.008 -0.106 0.247 -0.849 -0.212 -0.097 0.508P (Olson) -0.513 0.242 0.184 0.060 -0.681 -0.144 0.168 0.501 0.717pH -0.978 -0.448 -0.570 -0.030 -0.784 -0.521 -0.683 -0.077 0.784 0.417Water content 0.596 -0.103 0.369 0.020 0.576 -0.325 0.453 0.310 -0.453 -0.250 -0.578 Franz JosefTree biomass 0.353Plant species -0.231 0.432Tree diversity -0.039 0.619 -0.094Plant NMDS1 0.924 0.387 -0.267 0.207Plant NMDS2 -0.072 0.451 0.441 0.236 0.000Organic carbon 0.455 0.761 0.249 0.367 0.406 0.138Nitrogen 0.056 0.501 -0.146 0.574 0.045 -0.137 0.759Total P -0.926 -0.264 0.123 0.196 -0.895 0.041 -0.394 0.076P (Olson) -0.162 0.721 0.180 0.793 -0.055 0.261 0.560 0.739 0.337pH -0.838 -0.410 0.055 0.124 -0.810 -0.252 -0.470 -0.012 0.931 0.188Water content 0.148 0.765 0.095 0.724 0.256 0.212 0.829 0.859 -0.057 0.874 -0.196

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Table S2 continued. Correlation coefficients (r-values) of microbial biomass and community variables with plant and soil variables measured along 9 sites of the Cooloola and Franz Josef chronosequences. NMDS1 and NMDS2 represent the first and second scaling axes of the Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analyses. Gram+ = Gram positive bacteria, Gram- = Gram negative bacteria, AMF = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, F:B = Fungal to Bacterial ratio. Bold values indicate that r is significantly different to 0 at P = 0.05.

 Cooloola Gram+ Gram- AMF F:B NMDS NMDS2Site age 0.248 0.187 0.409 0.635 0.750 0.331Tree biomass 0.534 0.453 0.537 -0.048 0.150 0.531Plant species richness

0.735 0.709 0.770 0.418 0.764 0.404Tree diversity 0.549 0.544 0.458 -0.185 0.244 0.635Plant NMDS1 -0.530 -0.554 -0.313 0.569 0.625 -0.133Plant NMDS2 0.098 -0.021 0.159 -0.538 -0.429 0.806Organic carbon 0.842 0.795 0.912 0.560 0.724 0.156Nitrogen 0.962 0.974 0.920 0.334 0.487 -0.116Total P (Kjeldahl) 0.366 0.409 0.191 -0.400 -0.372 -0.244P (Olson) 0.427 0.465 0.337 0.045 -0.022 -0.422pH -0.260 -0.196 -0.429 -0.588 -0.700 -0.356Water content 0.334 0.370 0.484 0.632 0.602 -0.219 Franz Josef Gram+ Gram- AMF F:B NMDS NMDS2Site age 0.248 -0.256 -0.244 0.662 0.922 0.269Tree biomass 0.715 0.347 0.229 0.051 0.241 -0.036Plant species richness

-0.003 -0.226 -0.309 0.313 -0.072 -0.888Tree diversity 0.594 0.656 0.615 -0.527 -0.259 0.461NMDS1 0.202 -0.260 -0.258 0.561 0.847 0.362NMDS2 0.161 -0.120 -0.257 -0.017 0.042 -0.429Organic carbon 0.866 0.416 0.340 0.162 0.394 0.051Nitrogen 0.910 0.872 0.824 -0.458 -0.120 0.458Total P (Kjeldahl) -0.073 0.471 0.478 -0.768 -0.985 -0.158P (Olson) 0.724 0.768 0.654 -0.550 -0.381 0.144pH -0.207 0.373 0.443 -0.616 -0.929 -0.123Water content 0.859 0.666 0.551 -0.306 0.005 0.273

9101112

Table S2 continued: Correlation coefficients (r-values) of nematode feeding group abundance and community variables with plant and soil variables along 9 sites of the Cooloola and Franz Josef chronosequences. NMDS1 and NMDS2 represent the first and second scaling axes the Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analyses. Gram+ = Gram positive bacteria, Gram- = Gram negative bacteria, AMF = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, F:B = Fungal to Bacterial ratio. Fnem:Bnem = Fungal feeding nematodes : Bacterial feeding nematodes, M-NMDS1 and M-NMDS2 = Microbial NMDS1 and NMDS2.

 Cooloola Bacterial feeding

Fungal feeding Plant feeding Root

associated Omnivorous Carnivorous Fnem:Bnem Taxonomic richness NMDS1 NMDS2

Site age 0.705 0.908 0.832 0.885 0.718 0.760 0.944 0.815 0.471 0.474Tree biomass 0.272 0.345 0.366 0.060 0.615 0.106 0.246 0.349 -0.134 -0.107Plant richness 0.893 0.807 0.539 0.665 0.813 0.505 0.563 0.851 0.462 -0.312Tree diversity 0.448 0.296 0.401 0.120 0.278 -0.095 0.029 0.478 -0.159 -0.488Plant NMDS1 0.190 0.721 0.506 0.864 0.198 0.709 0.770 0.521 0.303 0.814Plant NMDS2 0.276 0.625 0.363 0.160 0.607 0.047 0.475 0.592 -0.309 0.315Organic carbon

0.739 0.715 0.618 0.549 0.726 0.562 0.573 0.744 0.287 -0.239Nitrogen 0.529 0.268 0.262 0.122 0.292 0.181 0.004 0.444 0.036 -0.787Total P -0.303 -0.613 -0.555 -0.706 -0.455 -0.635 -0.789 -0.432 -0.434 -0.844P (Olson) 0.026 -0.269 -0.583 -0.366 0.097 -0.206 -0.528 -0.181 0.150 -0.759pH -0.689 -0.904 -0.795 -0.850 -0.815 -0.795 -0.926 -0.794 -0.469 -0.465Water content 0.578 0.581 0.627 0.647 0.481 0.883 0.504 0.594 0.384 0.021Bacteria 0.630 0.435 0.435 0.220 0.504 0.235 0.153 0.596 0.016 -0.685Gram+ 0.644 0.434 0.422 0.239 0.490 0.268 0.150 0.598 0.062 -0.699Gram- 0.636 0.393 0.372 0.217 0.453 0.271 0.085 0.572 0.080 -0.756Fungi 0.702 0.466 0.300 0.327 0.553 0.384 0.153 0.608 0.325 -0.668AMF 0.731 0.571 0.520 0.397 0.613 0.461 0.309 0.697 0.175 -0.570F:B 0.731 0.659 0.328 0.733 0.560 0.678 0.497 0.662 0.821 0.001M-NMDS1 0.955 0.880 0.568 0.872 0.725 0.673 0.665 0.915 0.751 -0.093M-NMDS2 0.198 0.374 0.522 0.198 0.300 -0.085 0.396 0.365 -0.290 0.251

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 Franz Josef Bacterial feeding

Fungal feeding

Plant feeding

Root associated

Omnivorous

Carnivorous

Fnem:Bnem

Taxonomic richness NMDS1 NMDS2

Site age 0.009 0.248 -0.346 0.478 0.575 0.232 0.309 0.199 0.819 0.312Tree biomass 0.594 0.542 0.273 0.837 0.688 0.208 -0.068 -0.317 0.339 0.304Plant richness 0.072 0.681 0.066 0.106 -0.204 -0.377 0.547 -0.621 -0.054 -0.656Tree diversity 0.463 -0.220 0.544 0.515 0.565 0.110 -0.696 -0.264 -0.175 0.691Plant NMDS1 -0.037 0.100 -0.436 0.488 0.640 0.102 0.203 -0.022 0.837 0.392Plant NMDS2 0.099 0.240 -0.054 -0.010 -0.021 -0.361 0.110 -0.579 -0.050 -0.284Organic carbon 0.800 0.661 0.110 0.800 0.794 0.532 -0.072 0.203 0.465 0.383Nitrogen 0.931 0.232 0.430 0.670 0.723 0.730 -0.648 0.475 0.040 0.719Total P 0.040 -0.420 0.638 -0.470 -0.547 -0.257 -0.520 -0.053 -0.955 -0.103P (Olson) 0.733 0.097 0.540 0.416 0.410 0.205 -0.601 -0.010 -0.222 0.466pH -0.148 -0.534 0.644 -0.528 -0.604 -0.343 -0.443 -0.010 -0.934 -0.086Water content 0.870 0.345 0.243 0.700 0.758 0.471 -0.466 0.070 0.189 0.575Bacteria 0.900 0.162 0.548 0.621 0.670 0.666 -0.698 0.483 -0.049 0.728Gram+ 0.890 0.333 0.459 0.722 0.752 0.595 -0.510 0.355 0.119 0.646Gram- 0.757 -0.131 0.739 0.386 0.513 0.409 -0.877 0.430 -0.397 0.711Fungi 0.702 0.642 0.200 0.743 0.701 0.518 -0.001 0.336 0.431 0.338AMF 0.648 -0.238 0.790 0.322 0.353 0.475 -0.883 0.490 -0.446 0.735F:B -0.398 0.455 -0.550 0.073 0.018 -0.224 0.883 -0.163 0.667 -0.443M-NMDS1 -0.070 0.436 -0.608 0.405 0.480 0.196 0.564 0.066 0.911 0.028M-NMDS2 0.255 -0.444 0.058 0.338 0.558 0.573 -0.670 0.452 0.167 0.891

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Table S2 continued: Correlation coefficients (r-values) of mite abundance and community variables with plant and soil variables along 9 sites of the Cooloola and Franz Josef chronosequences. NMDS1 and NMDS2 represent the first and second scaling axes of Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). Gram+ = Gram positive bacteria, Gram- = Gram negative bacteria, AMF = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, F:B = Fungal to Bacterial ratio, M-NMDS1 and M-NMDS2 = Microbial NMDS1 and NMDS2. Bold values indicate that r is significantly different to 0 at P = 0.05.

 Cooloola Astigmata-Prostigmata Oribatida Mesostigmata

Taxonomic richness NMDS1 NMDS2

Site age -0.359 0.062 -0.298 -0.066 0.196 0.422Tree biomass 0.202 0.178 0.101 0.159 0.189 0.004Plant species richness 0.224 0.500 0.446 0.520 0.481 -0.146Tree diversity 0.452 0.464 0.548 0.631 0.456 -0.414Plant NMDS1 -0.720 -0.585 -0.818 -0.776 -0.429 0.464Plant NMDS2 -0.353 -0.498 -0.379 -0.367 -0.459 -0.063Organic carbon 0.162 0.519 0.367 0.422 0.562 0.130Nitrogen 0.557 0.778 0.858 0.769 0.748 -0.217Total P (Kjeldahl) 0.632 0.406 0.749 0.534 0.290 -0.399P (Olson) 0.657 0.450 0.664 0.444 0.271 -0.283pH 0.362 0.003 0.328 0.135 -0.109 -0.333Water content -0.176 0.136 0.030 -0.008 0.186 -0.193Bacteria 0.514 0.714 0.757 0.728 0.702 -0.234Gram+ 0.524 0.746 0.776 0.741 0.733 -0.209Gram- 0.558 0.763 0.821 0.759 0.739 -0.265Fungi 0.555 0.789 0.748 0.712 0.760 -0.056AMF 0.380 0.660 0.653 0.621 0.665 -0.171F:B 0.131 0.481 0.150 0.278 0.516 0.456M-NMDS1 0.162 0.580 0.294 0.472 0.627 0.317M-NMDS2 -0.178 -0.150 -0.189 0.008 -0.063 -0.037

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 Franz Josef Astigmata-Prostigmata Oribatida Mesostigmata Taxonomic richness NMDS1 NMDS2Site age 0.594 0.143 0.364 0.657 0.584 0.706Tree biomass 0.160 -0.241 0.090 -0.021 0.650 0.431Plant species richness 0.334 0.484 0.468 0.182 0.103 0.294Tree diversity -0.343 -0.793 -0.280 -0.539 0.485 -0.323Plant-NMDS1 0.497 0.026 0.334 0.545 0.656 0.590Plant-NMDS2 0.053 0.200 0.003 -0.017 -0.080 -0.018Organic carbon 0.458 -0.120 0.299 0.242 0.623 0.542Nitrogen -0.119 -0.628 -0.230 -0.324 0.365 0.042Total P (Kjeldahl) -0.692 -0.361 -0.487 -0.805 -0.548 -0.846P (Olson) -0.388 -0.569 -0.407 -0.620 0.134 -0.225pH -0.581 -0.346 -0.321 -0.690 -0.442 -0.837Water content -0.044 -0.467 -0.143 -0.264 0.426 0.134Bacteria -0.162 -0.666 -0.305 -0.365 0.321 -0.024Gram+ 0.074 -0.516 -0.084 -0.156 0.483 0.169Gram- -0.491 -0.833 -0.520 -0.687 0.114 -0.376Fungi 0.545 -0.066 0.366 0.344 0.619 0.580AMF -0.450 -0.859 -0.451 -0.643 0.149 -0.424F:B 0.867 0.754 0.806 0.932 0.348 0.739M-NMDS1 0.762 0.434 0.546 0.861 0.512 0.836M-NMDS2 -0.378 -0.740 -0.487 -0.295 0.241 -0.128

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Table S2 continued. Correlation coefficients (r-values) of springtail abundance and community variables with plant and soil variables along 9 sites of the Cooloola and Franz Josef chronosequences. NMDS1 and NMDS2 represent the first and second scaling axes of Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). Gram+ = Gram positive bacteria, Gram- = Gram negative bacteria, AMF = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, F:B = Fungal to Bacterial ratio, M-NMDS1 and M-NMDS2 = Microbial NMDS1 and NMDS2. Bold values indicate that r is significantly different to 0 at P = 0.05.

 Cooloola Eu-edaphic

Hemi-edaphic

Epi-edaphic

Taxonomic richness

NMDS1

NMDS2

Site age 0.081 -0.143 -0.049 0.014 0.091 -0.179Tree biomass 0.446 0.272 0.759 0.633 -0.548 0.129Plant species richness 0.479 0.543 0.540 0.448 -0.344 0.329Tree diversity 0.748 0.946 0.706 0.749 -0.603 0.477Plant NMDS1 -0.436 -0.729 -0.654 -0.489 0.600 -0.472Plant NMDS2 0.225 0.186 0.508 0.465 -0.517 -0.028Organic carbon 0.484 0.191 0.539 0.417 -0.033 0.154Nitrogen 0.674 0.508 0.669 0.529 0.021 0.399Total P (Kjeldahl) 0.335 0.422 0.501 0.333 -0.176 0.323P (Olson) 0.027 0.170 0.391 0.084 -0.162 0.189pH -0.080 0.130 -0.024 -0.065 -0.046 0.154Water content 0.240 0.074 -0.126 0.033 0.635 0.148Bacteria 0.771 0.634 0.827 0.699 -0.204 0.400Gram+ 0.739 0.588 0.773 0.641 -0.127 0.383Gram- 0.724 0.605 0.736 0.607 -0.062 0.389Fungi 0.480 0.353 0.558 0.357 0.037 0.186AMF 0.673 0.491 0.682 0.565 -0.004 0.307F:B -0.210 -0.286 -0.273 -0.394 0.382 -0.329M-NMDS1 0.115 0.094 0.049 -0.048 0.072 -0.111M-NMDS2 0.436 0.487 0.494 0.588 -0.696 0.129

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 Franz Josef Eu-edaphic

Hemi-edaphic

Epi-edaphic

Taxonomic richness

NMDS1

NMDS2

Site age -0.067 -0.370 0.132 0.349 0.706 0.540Tree biomass -0.235 -0.658 0.269 -0.096 0.085 0.437Plant species richness 0.351 0.245 0.460 0.415 -0.120 -0.515Tree diversity -0.378 -0.875 -0.134 -0.696 -0.313 0.661Plant-NMDS1 -0.089 -0.570 0.194 0.200 0.480 0.645Plant-NMDS2 0.367 0.002 0.794 0.355 -0.371 -0.197Organic carbon -0.543 -0.456 0.137 0.018 0.323 0.301Nitrogen -0.850 -0.545 -0.309 -0.563 0.044 0.410Total P (Kjeldahl) -0.038 0.195 -0.235 -0.510 -0.678 -0.385P (Olson) -0.653 -0.637 0.078 -0.580 -0.455 0.217pH -0.001 0.181 -0.423 -0.527 -0.525 -0.322Water content -0.735 -0.704 0.114 -0.410 -0.168 0.380Bacteria -0.734 -0.526 -0.258 -0.522 0.066 0.436Gram+ -0.635 -0.558 -0.085 -0.327 0.173 0.445Gram- -0.712 -0.491 -0.460 -0.787 -0.180 0.363Fungi -0.422 -0.320 0.038 0.122 0.533 0.286AMF -0.656 -0.458 -0.600 -0.803 -0.081 0.400F:B 0.434 0.236 0.351 0.815 0.615 -0.108M-NMDS1 0.123 -0.099 0.298 0.616 0.706 0.306M-NMDS2 -0.543 -0.603 -0.558 -0.661 0.134 0.784

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Table S3. ANOVA statistics (F and P values) testing for the response of soil microbial and

invertebrate variables to site age for the Cooloola and Franz Josef chronosequences. Analyses

are based on 6 replicates per site for the microbial and nematode communities (df = 8,45) and

12 replicates per site for the springtails and mites (df = 8,99). NMDS = Non-metric

Multidimensional Scaling

Group Cooloola Franz JosefF P F P

Microbial communityBacterial biomass (B) 6.5 0.01

12.9 0.011

Gram– bacteria 36 0.001

5.8 0.001Gram+ bacteria 103.9 0.00

14.7 0.001

Fungal biomass (F) 3.9 0.003

1.8 0.106AMF biomass 5.4 0.00

15.7 0.001

F:B ratio 5.3 0.001

6.7 0.001NMDS1 35.9 0.00

123.9 0.001

NMDS2 10.8 0.001

9.7 0.001

NematodesTotal nematodes 42.2 0.00

19.7 0.001

Bacterial-feeders (Bnem) 59.6 0.001

7.7 0.001Fungal-feeders (Fnem) 40.8 0.00

18.6 0.001

Root-associates 40.8 0.001

13.4 0.001Plant-feeders 37.0 0.00

17.1 0.001

Omnivores 10.4 0.001

12.9 0.001Carnivores 6.2 0.00

12.8 0.013

Taxonomic richness 25.3 0.001

2.6 0.019Diversity 10.7 0.00

111.4 0.001

NMDS1 1.2 0.318

9.4 0.001NMDS2 21.1 0.00

15.3 0.001

Fnem:Bnem 2.7 0.016

4.2 0.001

MitesTotal mites 5.7 0.00

111.4 0.001

Astigmata-Prostigmata 4.6 0.001

16.6 0.001Oribatida 6.5 0.00

18.8 0.001

Mesostigmata 4.7 0.001

3.0 0.005Taxonomic richness 7.3 0.00

18.9 0.001

Diversity 7.7 0.001

9.3 0.001NMDS1 3.7 0.00

14.1 0.001

NMDS2 0.9 0.557

11.4 0.001

SpringtailsTotal springtails 4.7 0.00

17.2 0.001

Eu-edaphic springtails 1.3 0.246

5.6 0.001Hemi-edaphic springtails

1.2 0.338

11.7 0.001

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Epi-edaphic springtails 4.5 0.001

8.2 0.001Taxonomic richness 2.9 0.00

616.0 0.001

Diversity 2.3 0.026

11.9 0.001NMDS1 1.3 0.26

68.8 0.001

NMDS2 1.1 0.354

7.9 0.00145

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Figures

Figure S1. Composition of tree families for each of nine sites for the Cooloola and Franz

Josef chronosequences. Data is based on biomass estimates from a 20 m × 20 m quadrat at

each site of the chronosequence. Note that there was no tree biomass at the 1 yr Cooloola site

and no vegetation measurements were done at the 1000 yr Franz Josef site. ‘Other’ represents

various families that individually contributed less than 10% of the total biomass.

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Figure S2. Biomass of bacterial and fungal groups in relation to site age (years) across the

Cooloola and Franz Josef chronosequences. Data points are means of n = 6. Error bars are SE

which are sometimes smaller than the data points. Significant differences between sites are

indicated by different letters based on Tukey’s HSD (P < 0.05) following ANOVA (Table

S2).

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Figure S3. Abundance of nematode feeding groups in relation to site age (years) across the

Cooloola and Franz Josef chronosequences. Data points are means of n = 6. Error bars are SE

which are sometimes smaller than the data points. Significant differences between sites are

indicated by different letters based on Tukey’s HSD (P < 0.05) following ANOVA (Table

S2). Values of r2 are based on fitted polynomial regressions with each chronosequence site

representing an independent data point, and are presented only when significant at P = 0.05. *

< 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001.

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Figure S4. Abundance of mite groups in relation to site age (years) across the Cooloola and Franz Josef chronosequences. Data points are means of n = 12. Error bars are SE which are sometimes smaller than the data points. Significant differences between sites are indicated by different letters based on Tukey’s HSD (P < 0.05) following ANOVA (Table S2). A-Prostigmata: Astigmata and Prostigmata. Values of r2 are based on fitted polynomial regressions with each chronosequence site representing an independent data point, and are presented only when significant at P = 0.05. * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001.

70717273747576

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Figure S5. Abundance of springtail groups in relation to site age (years) across the Cooloola

and Franz Josef chronosequences. Data points are means of n = 12. Error bars are SE which

are sometimes smaller than the data points. Significant differences between sites are indicated

by different letters based on Tukey’s HSD (P < 0.05) following ANOVA (Table S2). Values

of r2 are based on fitted polynomial regressions with each chronosequence site representing an

independent data point, and are presented only when significant at P = 0.05. * < 0.05, ** <

0.01, *** < 0.001.

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