AN INTRODUCTION TO ESCALATORSAn escalator is a moving staircase for transporting people between floors of a building. It is generally agreed thatan escalator is the most efficient means to move large numbers of people between floors.Escalators are required to provide continuous mass transport of people.Escalators in department stores rise at an angle of between (30°-35°). The 35° escalator is more economical, as it takes up less surface area.

ITEM COMPONENTS• HANDRAIL• SKIRTING• STEPS/PALLETS• DECKING• BALUSTRADE• HORIZONTAL STEPS/ PALLETS• DRIVE STATION• CONTROLLER• FRONT PLATE• HANDRAIL DRIVE• TRANSITION RADII• TRUSS• SIDE CLADDING• STEP CHAIN• TRACKS• RETURN STATION• ACCESS COVER PLATE• NEWEL

ARRANGING OUR ESCALATOR IN A BUILDINGEscalators are generally acknowledged as being the most effective method of transporting large numbers of people between two floor levels, but how your escalators are arranged within the building has a huge impact on the flow of people. In infrastructure buildings

■ Escalators are normally positioned on the main routes through the building ■ The over-riding requirement is speed and efficiency of people transportation within a safe

environmentIn retail stores

■ Positioning an escalator next to the main entrance is the most effective way to encourage customers to use a sales area on another floor

■ In a retail environment the goal is not merely to convey passengers to another floor as quickly as possible. An escalator can lead people through a promotional area or alongside displays of goods.

A single escalator arrangement, free-standingor against the wall+ An inexpensive method of transporting passengers between two floor levels+ Particularly suitable for small retail stores where available floor space is restricted+ Only one side of decorative truss side cladding is required if against the wall– Only really suitable for installations where passenger flow is in one direction, although on-demand starting can be utilized to allow travel in both directions– An easily accessible staircase is required for passengers to return to the ground floor level– Restricts traffic flow within the building+ Cost-effective method for transporting passengers between three floors+ In retail installations, passengers have to make a short detour to the next escalator; strategically placed displays alongside the route of this detour can help to increase sales by encouraging impulse buying– Only really suitable for installations where passenger flow is in one direction– Passenger flow through the building is interrupted, so overall traveling time to higher floor levels is increased– Readily accessible staircases are required for passengers to return to the ground floor level Escalators in one travel direction (interrupted traffic flow) Figure 1.

Escalators in parallel arrangement+ Passenger flow within the building is maximized by movingthe users between the two floors+ Increased passenger comfort in comparison to singlearrangement+ Both sides can be used for promotional purposes+ figure 2.

Escalators in one travel direction(interrupted traffic flow)+ Cost-effective method for transporting passengers between three floors+ In retail installations, passengers have to make a short detour to the next escalator; strategically placed displays alongside the route of this detour can help to increase sales by encouraging impulse buying– Only really suitable for installations where passenger flow is in one direction– Passenger flow through the building is interrupted, so overall travelling time to higher floor levels is increased– Readily accessible staircases are required for passengers to return to the ground floor level-- Figure 3.

Multi-level scissor arrangement(continuous traffic flow)+ Cost-effective and efficient method for transporting passengers between three floor levels+ Continuous arrangement allows the fastest movement of passengers over two or more floor levels, so is particularlysuitable for public service buildings, office buildings or large department storesWith a single multi-level scissor escalator arrangement:– Only really suitable for installations where passenger flow is in one direction– Readily accessible staircases are required for passengers to return to the ground floor level. Figure 4.

Multi-level criss-cross arrangement(continuous traffic flow)+ Continuous arrangement allows the fastest movement ofpassengers over two or more floor levels, so is particularlysuitable for public service buildings, office buildings or largedepartment stores+ Reduces congestion at the landing areas by separatingupwards and downwards traveling passengers+ Frequently used to make an attractive feature of the escalatorsin the center of retail stores. Figure 5.

Multi-level parallel arrangement (interrupted traffic)+ In retail installations, passengers have to make a short detour to the next escalator; strategically placed displays alongside the route of this detour can help to increase salesby encouraging impulse buying+ The possibility to reverse the direction of travel of both escalators depending on the usage or traffic flow– Passenger flow through the building is interrupted, so overall traveling time to higher floor levels is increased. Figure

STEP WIDTH:EscalatorsEscalators are generally available in three step widths:24, 32 and 40 in. (600, 800 and 1000 mm). 24 in. (600 mm) step width

■ Allows only one adult passenger to stand on each step ■ Should only be selected where space for an escalator is restricted, as it is

uncomfortable for passengers and presents an old-fashioned appearance ■ As space is very restricted between the balustrades, this width is only suitable for

installations where passengers will not be carrying large shopping bags or luggage32 in. (800 mm) step width

■ Allows one adult passenger and a small child, or one adult passenger with shopping bags or luggage (i.e. 1.5 passengers) to stand on each step

■ Suitable for medium- or low-usage installations, such as shops 40 in. (1000 mm) step width

■ Allows two adult passengers to stand on each step ■ Maximizes transport capacity for high-usage installations such as large department

stores, shopping malls, airports and railway stations. Figure 7.BUILDING SERVICES

The upward and downward movement of people in newly erected multistory buildings is principally achieved by LIFTS/ ELEVATORS.

AN INTRODUCTION OF ELEVATORS

Location of LiftsIt is recommended that the walking distance between the entrance or office and the lift group shouldnot be greater than 6Om, preferably this should be kept to 45m maximum.When lifts are arranged in a group it is recommended that all the lifts in that should serve the sameFloors.Designing and Planning Considerations:• In larger, multistory buildings it is usual to locate the lifts at a central pedestrian circulationpoint.• Lobbies in front of lift shaft entrances must be designed and arranged.• For a lobby in front of a single lift, the available min depth between the wall of the lift shaftdoor and the opposite wall, measured in the direction of the lift car must be at least the sameas the depth of the lift car itself.• The building and its function dictate the basic type of lifts which need to be provided.• Lifts are mechanical installations which are required to have a long service life.

Arrangement of Lifts:The lifts should be positioned to:Minimize the walking distance between cars and hence the time taken to load passengers which will then improve overall quality of service.

Elevator arrangements for tall buildings As buildings become taller more focus is put on decreasing the number of elevators as regular elevator solutions begin losing their effectiveness and cannot cope with the required service levels. The several solutions presented are proven solutions for elevator systems developed to allow good operational performance in a cost effective way, though optimum solutions vary according to building and owner demands, some solutions are more appropriate than others according to building height, use and intended level of service. The following are some of the most commonly employed elevator arrangement solutions: Zoning Sky-lobby Double Decks Twin elevator arrangements

Zoning In low-rise buildings it is possible for all elevators to stop at all floors without compromising performance, or by keeping performance to acceptable levels. However, for buildings higher than 15 stories, in order to maintain appropriate service levels, the number of elevators required would imply a very large core thus making the building inefficient due to decrease on Net Rentable Area (NRA). One way that has proven to be very effective in tackling this issue is the adoption of elevator zones to serve different floors, thus limiting the total number of stops, therefore the name zoning. Though zoning can be applied in ways, for example 5 elevators stop only in odd or even numbered floors, the usual arrangement involves zoning according to height.

Sky LobbyAs buildings get higher, zoning becomes impractical and unfeasible as elevators start once again to take too much space. Once buildings reach over 80 stories, sometimes less according to building use and desired service, the sky lobby becomes a necessity and the elevator problem becomes that of two buildings stacked one upon the other. Now there is no longer the possibility of accessing all floors from the main entrance lobby, as some floors are to be only accessible through the sky lobby, via an express or shuttle elevator, and then on distribution can once again be made by zoning. Shuttle elevators tend to be fast and to provide good service though this arrangement implies that passengers will need to change elevators to get to their destination. The great advantage of the sky lobby is the core optimization since all elevators do not have to serve the entry level. Sky lobby arrangements can vary both in terms of elevator type, single or double deck, but also they can be top-up or top-down, meaning local elevators can be dispatched up or down, respectively, from the sky lobby.

Double decks Double deck elevators were referred in the previous elevator arrangements, they consist of two passenger cars one above the other connected to the same drive system. The upper and down decks can serve two adjacent floors simultaneously and permit doubling an elevators capacity while maintaining the same footprint. Double decks imply careful planning of the lobby arrangement as they can bring many advantages but also some inconveniences as pointed out by Fortune. The effective use of these elevators implies the use of sophisticated traffic control systems to better manage elevator travels according to passenger demand and thus cutting on unnecessary stops, improving performance and energy consumption.

Twin elevators Finally one very innovative solution that still has few applications is the TWIN elevator solution. Currently being developed by one of the major manufacturer there have already been some successful applications of this system such as the Main Triangle building in Frankfurt. This system allows for two elevators to operate independently in the same shaft, this requires a sophisticated monitoring system and call destination system to work effectively, but results are satisfying. According to manufacturer projections the implementation of Twin can help decrease the number of elevator shafts needed by up to 30%, This system can prove of extreme utility in case of modernizations in buildings where current system does not comply with performance standards, as it allows for gains in service while utilizing the same shaft areas.

BUILDING SERVICES

TWIN ELEVATORDOUBLE DECK

GROUP NO. 8

TOPIC : ARRANGEMENTS OF ESCALATORS AND LIFTS

BUILDING SERVICES

SUBMITTED TO:AR. SANTOSH TIWARI

SUBMITTED BY: ANUSHA KHANROHIT KHURANA MOHD. DANISHRISHABH ARYA

B.ARCH 3RD YR 2015-2016MET FACULTY OF ARCH.