Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3...
-
date post
19-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3...
![Page 1: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7 Ohms (D) 2 Amps
![Page 2: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Question
If a laptop needs constantly needs 2 Amps current from a battery, how many electrons are drained from the battery in one hour?
1 Amp = 6.242 x 1018 electrons/second 2 Amp = 12.484 x 1018 electrons/second In one hour - > 3600 x 12.484 x 1018 electrons Answer is 4.49 x 1022 electrons
![Page 3: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
DC Voltage Supply
![Page 4: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Resistance
R = ρ L/A ρ is the resistivity of
the material (units?)
![Page 5: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Material ρ (10-8 Ohm-Metres)
Silver 1.645
Copper 1.723
Gold 2.443
Aluminum 2.825
Tungsten 5.485
Nickel 7.811
Iron 12.299
Tantalum 15.54
Nichrome 99.72
Tin Oxide 250
Carbon 3500
![Page 6: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
American Wire Gage (AWG) sizes
AWG # Diameter (in) Ω /1000ft.0000 0.46 0.0490
000 0.409 0.0618
0 0.325 0.0983
1 0.289 0.1240
2 0.257 0.1563
4 0.204 0.2485
10 0.102 0.9989
14 0.0640 2.525
28 0.0126 64.90
![Page 7: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Color Coding
5 Bands of code (3 are mandatory) Bands 1 - 3 the value of the resistor Band 4 the range (tolerance) Band 5 the reliability
![Page 8: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Color Code (Band 1-3)
Color Value
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9
![Page 9: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Band 3 (special cases)
Gold = 0.1Red Blue Gold = 2.6 Ohm
Silver = 0.01Red Blue Silver = 0.26 Ohm
![Page 10: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
More BandsBand 4 Tolerance
Gold 5%
Silver 10%
None 20%
Band 5 Reliability (after 1000 Hrs of use)
Brown 1%
Red 0.1%
Orange 0.01%
Yellow 0.001%
![Page 11: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ohm’s Law
I = V/R V=IR R=V/I
![Page 12: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Power
Power dissipated by charge flowing through a resistor P = VIP = V2/RP = I2R
![Page 13: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Energy
Energy = Power x Time
![Page 14: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Battery
Chemical Reactions to produce potential differenceAlkaline and lithium-iodine primary cellsLead Acid secondary cellNickel-Cadmium Secondary cellNickel-Hydrogen and Nickel-Metal Hydride
Secondary cells Solar Cells
![Page 15: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Power Supply
Used very frequently in all devices. Transform the AC supply into a lower voltageRectify it (?)
![Page 16: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Current Sources
Supplies a fixed amount of current It is the dual of the battery
In a battery voltage is constant, but current drains out
![Page 17: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ammeters
Device to measure current The wire in which current is to be
measured is broken up, and are joined via an ammeter.
What should be the resistance of the ammeter?
![Page 18: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Voltmeters
Devices to measure voltage Connected in a parallel fashion across the
device where there is a need to measure potential difference.
What should be the resistance of a voltmeter?
![Page 19: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ohmmeters
Used to measure the resistance of a device.
Connected across the two pins of a resistor
Also used to check the continuity of networks.
![Page 20: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Wattmeters
Used to measure the dissipation of power in a circuit element.
Includes both an ammeter and a voltmeter.
Displays the multiplication of both measurements.
![Page 21: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fuses and Circuit Breakers
The power supply to the homes is not ideal. If it goes above a specified level, it can burn the
devices. May result in Fire or Smoke. Fuse wires melt if they experience a large
current. In a breaker, a large current results in a large
enough strength in an inbuilt electromagnet to draw the switch open
![Page 22: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Series Circuit
Two elements are in series ifThey have only one terminal in common. The common point in the two elements is not
connected to a third current carrying element.
![Page 23: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Resistance
The resistance seen by the source
R=R1+R2
The two circuits on the right are equivalent
R1
R2
R1+R2
![Page 24: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Voltage Drop?
The current through each resistor is calculated by the Ohm’s law=V1/R1
Where V1 is the voltage across the resistor.
=V/RT
Where RT is the total resistance in the circuit.
V1 = VxR1/RT
![Page 25: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Power?
Power dissipated in each resistorP1 = V1
2/R1
P1 = (V2/RT2)x R1
Total power = V2/RT = P1 + P2 + …
![Page 26: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
The algebraic sum of the potential rises and drops around a closed loop is zero.
![Page 27: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
KVL
V + V1+V2 = 0 Can anyone prove
this mathematically?
R1
R2V
V1
V2
![Page 28: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Voltage Divider Rule
In a series circuit the voltage across the resistive elements will divide as the magnitude of the resistors
![Page 29: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Ground Terminal
This is not a loop. Or is it?
Ground terminal means that the two points are both connected to ground and are at a zero potential. So this is a loop.
![Page 30: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Internal Resistances
Voltage and other sources have internal resistances, and they should be counted while solving circuits.
![Page 31: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Resistance
R = ρ L/(A1+A2) Solving in terms of R1
and R2 gives 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2
The total value of the resistance is always smaller than the smallest resistance
![Page 32: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
KCL states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving a point or junction is zero.
i1+i2+i3+i4=0
i1
i2 i3 i4
![Page 33: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Current Divider Rule
For parallel elements of different value the current will split with a ratio equal to the inverse of their resistor value
![Page 34: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Reduce and Return Approach
Applicable to all single source circuits.
![Page 35: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Currents in Loops (Remember KCL?)
i1i3i2
![Page 36: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Ladder Networks
There are 2 approaches to solve this circuit Reduce Resistances using series parallel analysis Calculate current using current loops
![Page 37: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
No - Load
When is “no load” observed? When R2 is infinitely
large? Or when R2 is zero?
When R2 is infinite!!!
R1
R2
![Page 38: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Voltage Divider Supply
We cannot calculate V2 and V3 unless we know what load is connected to them
The less the load, the closer they are to 9V.
R1
R2
R3
V3
V2
V1
![Page 39: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Potentiometer
![Page 40: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Voltage Sources
Two voltage sources of different ratings may not be connected in parallel.
Why?
Series operation, however, is permitted.
![Page 41: Arrange the following in the order of current, starting with the lowest. (A) 7 coulombs in 3 seconds. (B) 10 Volts across 5 Ohms (C) 15 Volts across 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3e5503460f94a17cd0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Current Sources
Two current sources of different rating may not be connected in series.
Parallel operation, however, is permitted.