Aromatic Damp-Dissolving Herbs.pdf

7/30/2019 Aromatic Damp-Dissolving Herbs.pdf

1/20

chapter 5- Aromatic Damp-Dissolving Herbs


2/20

Chapter 5 - 51.romatic 'Damp-'Dissolving '}{erbst=: 4. ' ; . . r ~ " o I r c ; - , J . ~ , ~ , ; .. \ l i ' '''iF.. """,.: ,J ;, . ' < : \ i ~ -1' 7 .. " ; . ' ~ ' . 'r'vt , "Of.! , .-: ...\, " J . ," . "' . ~ . ; . :'h ~ J ~ \ :"-: ) 5 - ~ , ~ ~ : \ ' : ' " i ,. ' " ; . : . ~ ~ ~c h ~ p t e ~ 5 ~ A r ; ~ a t i c D a m p . . ; D i s s o l ~ i ~ g H d ~ b s

.....

Cang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis) 363Hou Po (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) 365

Hou Po Hua (Flos Magnoliae Officinalis) 367Huo Xiang (Herba Agastache) 368

Guang Huo Xiang (Herba Pogostemon) 369Pei Lan (Herba Eupatorii) 369Sha Ren (Fructus Amomi) 371

Sha Ren Ke (Pericarpium Amomi) 372Bai Dou Kou (Fructus Amomi Rotundus) 373

Bai Dou Kou Ke (Pericarpium Amomi Rotundus) 373Cao Guo (Fructus Tsaoko) 374Cao Dou Kou (Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai) 375

360


3/20

Chinese Medical 7ferbology and Pharmacology

- AromatlG Damp-Dissolving hierbs

Definition: Aromatic and fragrant, these herbs enhance the function of the Spleen to dissolve,dry or disperse dampness, transforming and transporting substances that would otherwise accumulate to cause damp imbalance or obstruction.

"Dampness refers to the environmental pathogenic factor that tends to accumulate in the middle jiao and obstruct the normal transforming and transporting functions of the Spleen and Stomach. Symptoms of the presence ofdampness include fullness and distention of the epigastrium and abdomen, nausea, vom-

iting, poor appetite, heaviness of the extremities, loose stools, and a thick, greasy tonguecoat. Acrid, bitter, warm and drying, many of these herbs enter and strengthen the Spleenand Stomach, to activate qi circulation, dissolve dampness, and improve the Spleen's trans formation and transportation activities.

Aromatic damp-dissolving herbs workfor restoration of Spleenand Stomach transfor-mation and transporta-tion activities.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTDampness may be divided into damp-cold or damp-heat: each condition must be treated accordingly. Because accumulation of dampness is often accompanied by stagnation, it is beneficial touse herbs that simultaneously activate the qi. Accumulation of dampness may also lead to edema;therefore, herbs that regulate water circulation may be added.CAUTIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONSLong-term use of warming and drying herbs may consume yin and body fluids. Thus, theyshould not be used for very long in patients with such deficiencies. This applies in particularto Gang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis), Hou Po (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) and Gao Guo(Fructus Tsaoko), herbs with the strongest drying abilities.PROCESSING

These herbs are post-decocted to avoid lossof active componentsand potency.

Most of these herbs are aromatic and contain large percentages of essential oils thatevaporate easily. Therefore, they shouldbe added towards the end or at the closeof cooking to avoid loss of active components and potency from over-cooking, aprocess known as post-decoction. Bai Dou Kou (Fructus Amoni Rotundus)Ben Cao Gang Mu (Materia Medica),

by Li Shi-Zhen, 1578 A.D.PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Gastrointestinal: Many aromatic damp-dissolving substances stimu late the gastrointestinal system to increase peristalsis of the intestines and production of gastric acid, to treat indigestion, fullness and distention of the abdomen, and abdominal spasms and cramps

Antibiotic: Some of these herbs have antibiotic actions, such as Gang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis),Hou Po (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis), Huo Xiang (Herba Agastache), Bai Bu (Radix Stemonae)and Sha Ren (Fructus Amomi).

361


4/20

Chapter 5 - J'lromatic 'Damp-'Dissolving '}ferbs!'! ' : ; ~ ! \ . " ; ; ~ " ' ~ " '.'1'" . ~ ' t , :jf: ; ; I ~ : ; : \chapter 5 - 'Aromatic

....

References1. CA, 1988; 109:86013k

POTENTIAL HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS Antiulcer: Aromatic and damp-resolving herbs may stimulate the digestive system to produce

more stomach acid and increase peristalsis. Therefore, they should be used with caution inpatients who are taking histamine-2 receptor antagonists (such as ranitidine or famotidine) orproton-pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole or lansoprazole) .

Antiplatelets and anticoagulants: Some herbs, such as Hou Po (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis)and Sha Ren (Fructus Amomi), have anticoagulant properties and should be used with caution forpatients using anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. 1,2

2. Zhong Yao Yao Li Yu Lin Chuan (Pharmacology and Clinical Applications of Chinese Herbs), 1990; 6(5):32

362


5/20

Pinyin Name: Cang ZhuLiteral Name: "gray rhizome;' "gray essence"Origina l Source: Jing Shi Zheng Lei Bei Ji Ben Cao

(Differentiation and Application of Materia Medica)by Tang Shen-Wei in 1082

English Name: atractylodes, sword-like atractylodesIrhizome, Chinese atractylodes rhizome

Botanical Name: Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.(Nan Cang Zhu); Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz.(Bei Cang Zhu)

Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma AtractylodisProperties: acrid, bitter, warm, aromaticChannels Entered: Spleen, Stomach

CHINESE THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS1. Dries Dampness, Strengthens the Spleen

Aromatic and drying in nature, Cang Zhu (RhizomaAtractylodis) dries dampness and strengthens theSpleen. It is commonly used when the accumulation ofdampness impairs the Spleen's transformation andtransportation functioning, leading to epigastric andabdominal fullness and distention, nausea, vomiting,loose stools, diarrhea, feeling of heaviness of the bodyand extremities, and a greasy tongue coat.

o Accumulation of dampness in the Spleen: use Cang Zhuwith Hou Po (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) and Chen Pi(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae). Exemplar Formula:Ping Wei San (Calm the Stomach Powder).

o Diarrhea due to accumulation of dampness: use CangZhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis) individually, or in combination with Shen Qu (Massa Fermentata) and Hua Jiao(Pericarpium Zanthoxyli).

o Infantile diarrhea with food stagnation: add Shan Zha(Fructus Crataegi).

o Infantile diarrhea from damp-heat: add Hua Shi (Talcum).o Infantile diarrhea from deficiency and cold: use it with

Gan Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis).o Chronic accumulation of dampness in the Spleen with

hypochondriac pain, acid reflux, and poor appetite: addDa Zao (Fructus Jujubae).

2. Induces Perspiration, Dispels Wind-DampnessCang Zhu dispels wind-cold with dampness, characterized by fever, chills, headache, body aches, the absence ofperspiration, and nasal obstruction.

o Wind-cold with dampness: use this herb with Chuan

Chinese 'Medical ?ierbologyand Pharmacology

Xiong (Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong), Bai Zhi (RadixAngelicae Dahuricae), Qiang Huo (Rhizoma et RadixNotopterygii) and Xi Xin (Herba Asari).Cang Zhu treats febrile disorders with dampneis , h a r a c t e r -ized by persistent fever, heavy sensations of the body, feel-ings of chest o p p r e s s i o ~ , and thirst with no desire to drink.

o Febrile disorders with dampness: add it to Bai Hu Tang(White Tiger Decoction) .Bi zheng, painful obstruction syndrome): This conditionis often caused by obstruction of wind, cold or dampness.Cang Zhu dispels wind and dampness to relieve pain,

o Bi zheng with swelling and pain caused by dampness: useCang Zhu with Fen Fang Ji (Radix Stephaniae Tetandrae)and Yi Yi Ren (Semen Coicis).

o Bi zheng with knee pain and swelling, muscle weaknessor atrophy, and difficulty walking because of damp-heatin the lower half of the body: use this herb with HuangBai (Cortex Phellodendri). Exemplar Formula: Er MiaoSan (Two-Marvel Powder).

o Musculoskeletal disorders of the arms and shoulderscaused by phlegm stagnation: combine Cang Zhu with BaiZhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae). ExemplarFormula: Er Zhu Tang (Two Atractylodes Decoction).

3. Benefits the EyesNight blindness or diminished vision: Traditionally,Cang Zhu is used with food to treat eye disorders.

o Cataracts, glaucoma and night blindness: use it with HeiZhi Ma (Semen Sesami Nigrum).o Night blindness: cook Cang Zhu with pig or goat liverand take daily as food.

363


6/20

Chapter 5 - .?lromatic 'Damp-'Dissolving '}ferbs' i ~ ~ , r - "'i " i ~ , ~ i 4 ~ ~ : ~ ~ ; " ~ ~ , 1 ' ) ' " 'f:;'i}:':r,::{:(, . ; \ ~ ~ , . { , , ~ ~ .... . J.,- ,.:.t?:.;':$ 7 jf,r" : ; " : : ~ " ' ~ ~ ~ f 1 , r , ,y'Cang zhu ( R h i z o m ~ A t r a c t ~ l o d i s )

DOSAGE5 to 10 grams in decoction. Unprocessed Gang Zhu isvery dry in nature and strongly dispels dampness. Dryfrying the herb significantly reduces its drying propertyand its effectiveness in dispelling dampness. Therefore,dry-fried Gang Zhu is generally used to bind the intestines and stop diarrhea.

CAUTIONS I CONTRAINDICATIONS Use Gang Zhu with caution for patients with yin-defi

cient heat, or patients who have spontaneous perspiration due to wei (defensive) qi deficiency.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONEssential oils (p-eudesmol, hinesol, atractylodin,atractylone).l,2 ~ H

HinesolPHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Hepatoprotective: Decoction of Gang Zhu has markedhepatoprotective functions, especially against carbontetrachloride, in mice.3

Antidiabetic:-Both water and alcohol extracts of Gang Zhuadministered for 10 days demonstrated consistent antidiabetic effects. Seven to fourteen days after cessation ofadministration of the herb, the blood glucose levels startedto increase again, but were still lower than previous levels.4

Antibiotic: Gang Zhu has been shown to kill Staphylococcusaureus, some dermatophytes, and some viruses.5

Genitourinary: Decoction of Gang Zhu did not have adiuretic effect in rats. It, did, however, increase the excretion of sodium and chloride in the urine.6

Gastrointestinal: Administration of Gang Zhu relievedspasms and cramps in mice intestines by blocking stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.?

Cardiovascular: Intravenous injection of Gang Zhu isassociated with increased blood pressure at low doses,but decreased blood pressure at high doses.8

CLINICAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH Infantile rickets: One report describes 120 infants

between 2 and 3 years of age who were treated orally with0.066 ml of essential oil of Gang Zhu, three times dailyfor 1 to 2 weeks, with an 85.4% rate of effectiveness.9 Inanother study, 1,006 infants were treated with Gang Zhusyrup (contains 4.5 grams of Gang Zhu) twice daily for

364

15 days. According to the study, 541 patients (53.8%)showed marked improvement, 340 patients (33.7%)showed moderate improvement, and 125 patients(12.4%) had no response. lO Prevention of respiratory tract infections: Incense madeof Gang Zhu and Ai Ye (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) wasburned in schools where there were widespread respiratory tract infections, with good preventative results. I I

Gastric prolapse: Daily ingestion of 20 grams of GangZhu as tea was found to be effective in treating prolapseof the stomach. l2

HERB-DRUG INTERACTION Omeprazole: It has been suggested that hinesol, one of

the components of Gang Zhu, is a relatively specificinhibitor of H+, K+ -ATPase. Hinesol also enhanced theinhibitory effect of omeprazole on H+, K+ -ATPase,though the exact inhibitory sites are different. 13

Antidiabetics: It is prudent to use Gang Zhu with caution with insulin, sulfonylureas, and other antidiabeticmedications. Though the potential interaction has notbeen documented, the combination of antidiabetic herbsand drugs may have a synergistic effect, leading to hypoglycemia. 14 [Note: Examples of antidiabetic drugsinclude insulin, tolbutamide (Orinase), glipizide(Glucotrol), and glyburide (DiaBeta/Micronase).]

Diuretics: Gang Zhu has a diuretic effect. Though thispotential interaction has not been documented, concurrent use of this herb with diuretic drugs may lead toincreased elimination of water and/or electrolytes. 15[Note: Examples of diuretics include chlorothiazide,hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide (Lasix), bumetanide(Bumex), and torsemide (Demadex).]

AUTHORS' COMMENTSOptimal treatment of headaches requires use of channelguiding herbs to deliver the therapeutic effect of theherbs to the affected area. The following is a list of the 'commonly used channel-guiding herbs:

Taiyang channels: Qiang Huo (Rhizoma et RadixNotopterygii)

Shaoyang channels: Ghai Hu (Radix Bupleuri) Yangmingchannels: Bai Zhi (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) Taiyin channels: Gang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis) Shaoyin channels: Xi Xin (Herba Asari) Jueyin channels: Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus Evodiae)

References1. Xian Dai Zhong Yao Yao Li Xu e (Co ntemporary Pharmacology ofChinese Herbs) , 1997; 5175182. Van X, Zhou /, )(je G, Traditional Chinese Medicines Molecular

Structures, Natural Sources and Applications; As hgate, 1999; 54043. Guo Wai Yi Yao Zhi Wu Yao Fen (Monograph of Foreign


7/20

Botanical Medicine), 1985; (2):544. Zhong Hua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Chinese Journal of Medicine), 19858;

44(2):1505. Zhong Yao Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1998; 318:3206. Yao Xue Xue Baa (Journal of Herbology), 1966; 15(6):4547. Zhong Cheng Yao Yan Jiu (Research of Chinese Patent Medicine),

1983; (7):258. Chang Yang Zhong Yao Cheng Fen Yu Yao Li Shou Ce (A Handbook

of the Composition and Pharmacology of Common ChineseDrugs), 1994; 979:985

Pinyin Name: Hou PoAlternate Chinese Names: Chuan Po, Lie Po, Chi PoOriginal Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao ling (Divine

Husbandman's Classic of the Materia Medica) in thesecond century

English Name: magnolia barkBotanical Name: Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et. Eils.(Hou Po); Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et. Wils. var

blioba Rehd. et Wils. (Ao Ye Hou Po)Pharmaceutical Name: Cortex Magnoliae OfficinalisProperties: bitter, acrid, warm, aromaticChannels Entered: Large Intestine, Lung, Spleen,

Stomach

CHINESE THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS1. Regulates Qi and Reduces Stagnation

Stagnation of the middle jiao: Acrid, warm and dispersingin nature, Hou Po (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) is anexcellent herb to promote movement of qi and reduce stagnation. It is the key herb for treatment of qi stagnation ofthe Spleen and Stomach that is causing epigastric andabdominal fullness and distention, loss of appetite, andpoor digestion. It is an indispensable herb when treatingbloating, distention and other related signs of qi stagnation.

Qi stagnation of the Spleen and Stomach: use Hou Powith Bai Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae),Zhi Ke (Fructus Aurantii) and Sheng liang (RhizomaZingiberis Recens). Serve with grain-based liquor.

Stagnation of qi with cold in the Spleen and Stomach:combine this herb with Gui Zhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi),Fu Zi (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and Gan liang

Chinese Medical 7ferbology and Pharmacology

9. Zhong Yao Tong Bao (Journal of Chinese Herbology), 1986; 11:5810. Chi Jiao Yi Shi Za Zhi (Journal of Barefoot Doctors), 1979; 10:14II . Yi Xue Qing Kuang Jiao Liu (Medical Information Exchange), 1974;

2:end12. Zhong Cheng Yao Yan Jiu (Research of Chinese Patent Medicine),1992; 2:6013 . Biochem PharmacoI2000,Aprill:59(7 ):881-614 . Chen, J. Recognition & prevention of herb-drug interactions, Medical

Acupuncture, FalI!Winter 199811999; volume 10/number 2; 9-1315. Ibid.

(Rhizoma Zingiberis) to warm the middle jiao. Hypochondriac pain due to Liver qi stagnation: use it

with Qing Pi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride) andChuan Lian Zi (Fructus Toosendan).Food stagnation: Food stagnation leads to qi stagnationthat impairs the normal transformation and transportation functions of the Spleen and Stomach. This causespoor digestion, and in severe cases, abdominal painand constipation.

Food stagnation: use Hou Po with Shan Zha (FructusCrataegi), Mai Ya (Fructus Hordei Germinatus), andShen Qu (Massa Fermentata) to promote digestion.

Food stagnation with abdominal pain and constipation:add Da Huang (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and Zhi Shi(Fructus Aurantii Immaturus). Exemplar Formulas: DaCheng Qi Tang (Major Order the Qi Decoction) and Xiao

365

I IenII Ia::W:::cc:IZ~oenenCia:.:::Ecr:oto )

~:::Eoa::cr:


8/20

Cheng Qi Tang (Minor Order the Qi Decoction). Paralytic ileus: use a larger dosage of Hou Po with Da

Huang (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and Zhi Shi (FructusAurantii Immaturus).

2. Regulates Qi Circulation and DriesDampnessIn addition to regulating qi circulation of the Spleen andStomach, Hou Po dries dampness. Clinically, qi stagnation with accumulation of dampness in the middle jiao ischaracterized by epigastric and abdominal fullness, nausea, vomiting, decreased intake of food, and a greasytongue coat.

Accumulation of dampness with qi stagnation: use HouPo with Cang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and Chen Pi(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae). Exemplar Formula:Ping Wei San (Calm the Stomach Powder).

Accumulation of dampness with cold: use Hou Po withGan Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and Cao Dou Kou(Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai). Exemplar Formula: HouPo Wen Zhong Tang (Magnolia Bark Decoction forWarming the Middle).Accumulation of dampness may also cause diarrhea.

Diarrhea due to cold and dampness: use Hou Po withGan Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis). Diarrhea due to heat and dampness: add Huang Lian(Rhizoma Coptidis).,"3. Descends Qi, Dissolves Phlegm, RelievesWheezingHou Po treats cough and wheezing when phlegm blocksthe normal circulation of qi in the Lung. It is best fortightness in the chest, dyspnea, and cough and wheezingaccompanied by profuse phlegm.

Cough and wheezing due to excess in the upper jiao(phlegm obstruction in the Lung), with deficiency in thelower jiao (Kidney deficiency): use it with Su Zi (FructusPerillae), Rou Gui (Cortex Cinnamomi) and Dang Gui(Radicis Angelicae Sinensis). Exemplar Formula: Su ZiJiang Qi Tang (Perilla Fruit Decoction for DirectingQi Downward).

Cough and wheezing due to wind-cold: combine Hou Powith Xing Ren (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), Gui Zhi(Ramulus Cinnamomi), and Sheng Jiang (RhizomaZingiberis Recens).

DOSAGE3 to 10 grams in decoction. Bitter, acrid and warm,unprocessed Hou Po is sometimes irritating to the throatand may cause nausea. After it has been processed withSheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), this herb has

366

reduced bitterness and stimulatory effect, and is less likely to cause nausea and stomach discomfort.

CAUTIONS I CONTRAINDICATIONS Use Hou Po with caution during pregnancy, or in cases ofqi deficiency.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONEssential oils (machilol), magnolol, magnocurarine,magnoloside.I,2

HO

H 2 C ~ ~ C H 2

MagnololPHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS Gastrointestinal: Administration of Hou Po in various

forms has shown an inhibitory influence on the gastrointestinal system, leading to decreased secretion of gastricacid and reduced contractions in the duodenum. 3,4

Anticoagulant: Magnolol has a mild anticoagulant effect.5 eNS suppressant: Extract of Hou Po given via intraperi

toneal and oral administration has demonstrated aninhibiting effect on the central nervous system (CNS).The exact mechanism of action is unclear, but may berelated to GABA receptors. 6

Antihypertensive: Intravenous injection of magnocurarine at 3 mg/kg in cats lowered blood pressure by 20mmHg for 10 minutes'?

Respiratory: Decoction of Hou Po has a stimulatingeffect on the respiratory system at small doses, but aninhibiting effect at large doses.8

Antibiotic: Extract of Hou Po has an inhibitory effectagainst Streptococcus matuans, Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus subtilis, Diplococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillusdysenteriae.9,JQ,11

CLINICAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH Post-surgical bloating: Prior to hysterectomy, 5 to 10

grams of Hou Po were given to 36 women. The studyreported that the patients were much less likely to experience abdominal bloating following surgery.12

HERB-DRUG INTERACTION Anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs: Hou Po has a mild

anticoagulant effect, and should be used with caution inpatients who take anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications. 13 [Note: Examples of anticoagulants includeheparin, warfarin (Coumadin) and enoxaparin(Lovenox); and examples of antiplatelets include aspirin,


9/20

Chinese :Medical '}ferbology and Pharmacology - f : . J.?"A'f C-'_..'- . " ).f Hou Po (Cortex MagnoliaeOt+icinalis)

dipyridamole (Persantine), and clopidogrel (Plavix).]TOXICOLOGY

The LD50 for decoction of Hou Po is 6.12 glkg in mice viaintraperitoneal injection, and 4.25 glkg in cats via intravenous injection. No fatalities were recorded following abolus dose of decoction of Hou Po at 60 glkg in mice. 14 ,15

SUPPLEMENT J l . : . f 1 - 1 ~ I ) H ~ ' Hou Po Hua (Flos MagnoliaeOfficinalis), first cited in Yin Pian Xin Can (NewReferences of Prepared Medicines), is derived from theflower of the same plant as Hou Po. Hou Po Hua regulatesLiver qi and treats Liver and Stomach qi stagnation manifesting in poor appetite, dull epigastric fullness andpain. Hou Po Hua is slightly milder in its overall functionthan Hou Po, but is less drying in nature. Hou Po Hua isbetter for qi stagnation of the upper and middle jiaoswhile Hou Po is better for 'Ii stagnation of the middle andlower jiaos. The dosage for Hou Po Hua is 3 to 6 grams.

AUTHORS' COMMENTSHou Po regulates qi, wanns the middle jiao and dries dampness. It is one of he most important herbs used to treat full-ness and distention. It treats food stagnation, accumulateddampness, and cold and qi stagnation causing abdominaldiscomfort. It has been used recently for post-surgicalabdominal bloating, and prior to administering anesthesiafor hysterectomy, to prevent abdominal bloating.

Hou Po is quite strong in its qi-regulating function.Some describe its potent effect as "breaking open the qi ."Therefore, when this herb is used improperly, yuan

/

(source) qi can be injured. It should be used with cautionfor deficient patients with bloating so it does not injure

. the qi. This caution does not prohibit the use of Hou Pofor deficient patients altogether, it simply indicates thatthe dosage should be decreased and/or it should be combined with qi tonics such as Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng)and Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae).

Some records have shown that this herb helps tounblock the yang when used in a small dosage. WhenUsed in large dosages, it breaks open qi.ReferencesI . Xian Dai Zhong Yao Yao Li Xue (Contemporary Pharmacology of

Chinese Herbs), 1997; 5212. The Merck Index 12th edition, Chapman & HallICRCnetBASE/Merck,

20003. Guo Wai Yi Yao Zhi Wu Yao Fen Ce (Monograph of ForeignBotanical Medicine), 1988; 10 (1):434. ] ofNat Prod, 1991 ;54(3):8165. CA, 1988 ; 109:86013k6. Yao Xue Tong Bao (Report of Herbology), 1985; 20(9):5227. Yao ]ian Gong Zuo Tong Xun (Journal of Herbal Preparations),

1980; 10(4):1548. Zhong Yao Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1998; 320:323 .' _9. Planta med, 1982; 44(2):100 ....10. Yao ]ian Gong Zuo Tong Xun (Journal of Herbal Preparations),

1980; 10(4):20911. Xin Hua Ben Cao Gang Mu (New Chinese Materia Medica), 1988; 5812. Xin Yi Yao Xue Za Zhi (New Journal of Medicine and Herbology),

1973; 4:2513. Chen, J. Recognition & prevention of herb-drug interactions,Medical

Acupuncture, FalJfWinter 1998/1999; volume IO/number 2; 9-1314. Chang Yong Zhong Yao Cheng Fen Yu Yao Li Shou Ce (AHandbookof the Composition and Pharmacology of Common Chinese

Drugs), 1994 ; 1961; 2:4215. Xin Yi Yao Xue Za Zhi (New Journal of Medicine and Herbology),

1975; (3):42

367


10/20

CHINESE THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS1. Dispels Damp, Releases the Exterior and

Relieves Summer-DampAccumulation of dampness: Aromatic and acrid, HuoXiang (Herba Agastache) is very strong and quite dryingin nature. It harmonizes the middle jiao and is an excellent herb to dispel summer-dampness from both theinterior and exterior. When summer-dampness is stagnant in the middle jiao, the normal transformation andtransportation functions of the Spleen and Stomach areaffected, lea


11/20

Chinese :Medical '}{erbologyand Pharmacology' ~ f ~ :: . - ~ ~ , .- ,Huo Xiang CHerba Agastache)'

DOSAGE CLINICAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH5 to 10 grams. Double the dosage if the fresh form is Infantile diarrhea: In one study, 112 infants with diarrheaused. Huo Xiang is commonly used internally as decoction or tea, or topically. Due to its aromatic nature, HuoXiang is generally added to the decoction at the end ofthe cooking process, to preserve its effectiveness.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONEssential oil 1.5%, patchoulialcohol, cinnamic aldehyde,benzaldehyde, eugenol, patchoulipyridine, epiguaipyridine, ~ - e l e m e n e , caryophyllene, alloaromadendrene, y-patchoulene, a-guaiene, y-guaiene, a-patchoulene.l

PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS Antibiotic: It has a broad spectrum antibiotic effect

against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Bacillus dysenteriae, a-hemolytic streptococcus, Bacillus dysenteriae,Diplococcus pneumoniae, and some dermatophytes.2

Gastrointestinal: Huo Xiang increases the secretion ofgastric acid and promotes digestion.3

were treated with herbal decoctions, with complete recovery in all cases. The primary herbal formula contained HuoXiang 6g, Cang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis) 6g, Che QianZi (Semen Plantaginis) 9g, Hou Po (Cortex MagnoliaeOfficinalis) 4g, Chen Pi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) 4g,Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae) 3g, Sheng Jiang (RhizomaZingiberis Recens) 3 pieces, Da Zao (Fructus Jujubae) 5 to7 pieces, and others as deemed necessary.4

SUPPLEMENT l1! ~ ~ I r:i: 4t Guang Huo Xiang (Herba Pogostemonis)is derived from the plant Pogostemon cablin (Blanco)Benth. It is commonly used as a substitute for Huo Xiang,because it has similar functions and applications. Thedosage for Guang Huo Xiang is 3 to 9 grams.References1. Xian Dai Zhong Yao Yao Li Xue (Contemporary Pharmacology of

Chinese Herbs), 1997; 523-5242. Zhong Yao Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1998; 323:3243. Ibid.4. Fu fian Zhong Yi Yao (Fujian Chinese Medicine and Herbology),

1984; (1):13

t , . J ~ ~ r , ' f ' ~ ; ~ ~ ~ ~ t 1 E ; ! \ < i \ t W i ! 1 : i i J * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f t ! J ' ~ ~ M , . ; ! ; ' ~ ~ m : ' ~ ~ " ! e < ~ ; t ~ s r ~ i J , ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ t i ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 Y ' t ~ ' i f ( " " , " t I T ; ' ! ~ : r ~ 1 . ' f " "Pel Lan C H e r b a E : u p a t o ~ i i )

Pinyin Name: Pei LanLiteral Name: "wearing orchid;' "ornamental orchid"Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (DivineHusbandman's Classic of the Materia Medica) in the

second centuryEnglish Name: eupatorium, fortune eupatoriumBotanical Name: Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. (Lan Cao)Pharmaceutical Name: Herba EupatoriiProperties: acrid, neutral, aromaticChannels Entered: Spleen, Stomach, Lung

369


12/20

Chapter 5 - 51.romatic 'Damp-'Dissolving '}{erbs

Pel Lan CHerba Lupatorii)CHINESE THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS1. Dissolves Dampness and Dispels

Summer-DampAromatic and acrid, Pei Lan (Herba Eupatorii) dispelssummer-damp with or without heat from the middle jiao.

Summer-dampness: use Pei Lan with Huo Xiang (HerbaAgastache), Cang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis), Hou Po(Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) , and Bai Dou Kou(Fructus Amomi Rotundus).

Summer-heat and dampness: use it with Hua Shi(Talcum), Huang Qin (Radix Scutellariae), and Yi Yi Ren(Semen Coicis).

2. Eliminates Damp-Heat from the SpleenDamp-heat accumulation in the Spleen: This disorder iscaused by excessive intake of fatty food, that leads to accumulation of heat and dampness in the Spleen, causingsymptoms such as a sweet and greasy taste in the mouth,epigastric and abdominal fullness and distention, thicksticky saliva or sputum with bubbles, and foul breath.

Early stage damp-heat accumulation: use Pei Lan alone. Chronic accumulation of damp-heat: combine it with

Tian Hua Fen (Radix Trichosanthis), Mai Men Dong(Radix Ophiopogonis) and Huang Lian (RhizomaCoptidis) to nourish yin, promote the generation ofbody fluids, and clear heat.

DOSAGE5 to 10 gram s in decoctions. Double the dosage whenusing fresh Pei Lan .

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONp-cymene, methyl thymyl ether, neryl acetate, lindelofine, supinine, ~ - a m y r i n palmitate, ~ - a m y r i n acetate,taraxasteryl palmitate, taraxasteryl acetate, taraxasterol,octacosanol, stigmasterol, ~ - s i t o s t e r o l , palmitic acid. l

370

wr ;!'\7;

PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS Antibiotic: Decoction of Pei Lan exerts antibacterial

activities against Cor ynebacterium diphtheriae,Staphylococcus aureus, sarcinae, Bacillus proteus, andSalmonella typhi; and the essential oil has an antiviraleffect against influenza viruses.2

CLINICAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH Snake bite: In one report, 30 patients with snake bite were

treated with a topical application of Pei Lan, with markedimprovement of 8 cases within 2 days, 12 cases within 3days, and 10 cases within 4 days. The treatment protocolwas to first remove the snake venom, clean the affectedarea, and apply fresh herbal paste of Pei Lan topically. Theherbal paste was removed and re-applied every 2 to 3 days.3

AUTHORS' COMMENTSPei Lan and Huo Xiang (Herba Agastache) are both acridlind aromatic, and dispel dampness and summer-dampness, and awaken the Spleen. These herbs are frequently'used together to treat dampness accumulation in themiddle jiao that manifests in nausea, vomiting, heavysensations of the limbs, fatigue and possibly some exterior symptoms. Pei Lan has a mild exterior-relieving function. It is best for retention of dampness and turbiditymanifesting in chest oppression and a sweet taste in thebouth with profuse thick and sticky saliva. By contrast,'Huo Xiang more effectively disperses dampness in thebiddle jiao manifesting as nausea, vomiting and a thick,greasy tongue coating.References1. Chang Yong Zhong Yao Cheng Fen Yu Yao Li Shou Ce (A Handbook

of the Comp IilS ition and Pharmacology of Common Chin eseDrugs), 1994; 12561 257

2. Zhong Yao Tong Ba o (Journal of Chin ese Herbology), 1983; 8(6):303. Guang Xi Zhong Yi Yao (Guangxi Chinese Medicine and

Herbology), 1985; 4:43


13/20

Pinyin Name: Sha RenLiteral Name: "sand seeds"

(Fructus Amomi)

Alternate Chinese Names: Suo Sha Mi, Chun Sha RenOrigina l Source: Yao Xing Ben Cao (Materia Medica of

Medicinal Properties) by Zhen Quan in 600 A.D.English Name: amomum, villous amomum fruitBotanical Name: Amomum villosum Lour. (Yang Chun

Sha); Amomum xanthioides Wall. (Suo Sha)Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus AmomiProperties: acrid, warm, aromaticChannels Entered: Spleen, Stomach

CHINESE THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS1. Regulates Oi. Dissolves Dampness.

Strengthens the SpleenAccumulation of dampness: Acrid, warm and aromatic,Sha Ren (Fructus Amomi) treats disorders characterized bySpleen and Stomach qi stagnation accompanied by anaccumulation of dampness. Sha Ren not only dispelsdampness in these organs, it also restores their normaltransportation and transformation functions. Damp accumulation in the middle jiao is characterized by epigastricand abdominal distention and pain, lack of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. Sha Ren is often used with tonic herbs tooffset their possible side effect of indigestion.

Spleen and Stomach qi stagnation: use Sha Ren with MuXiang (Radix Aucklandiae).

Spleen and Stomach qi stagnation with indigestion: usethis herb with Zhi Shi (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) andBai Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae).

Food stagnation with indigestion (acid regurgitationwith rotten food smell): combine it with Lai Fu Zi(Semen Raphani), Shan Zha (Fructus Crataegi) and ZhiShi (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus).

Accumulation of dampness in the middle jiao: use ShaRen with Cang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis), Hou Po(Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) and Bai Dou Kou(Fructus Amomi Rotundus).

Spleen and Stomach deficiency: use it with Ren Shen(Radix Ginseng) and Bai Zhu (Rhizoma AtractylodisMacrocephalae).

2. Warms the Middle. Stops DiarrheaDiarrhea: Sha Ren is warm and is thus most suitable for

Chinese Medical '}ferbology and Pharmacology

Cold, damp diarrhea: use Sha Ren with Gan Jiang (RhizomaZingiberis) and Fu Zi (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata).

3. Stabilizes Pregnancy ..;: __Sha Ren calms the fetus and s.tabilizes pregnancy. It iscommonly used to t ~ e a t bleeding, abdominal pain, severenausea and vomiting, and restless fetus associated withan unstable pregnancy.

Bleeding and abdominal pain during pregnancy: use ShaRen (Fructus Amomi) individually.

Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: add BanXia (Rhizoma Pinelliae).

Restless fetus: use this herb with Bai Zhu (RhizomaAtractylodis Macrocephalae) and Su Geng (Caulis Perillae).

Unstable pregnancy due to Kidney deficiency: combine itwith Sang Ji Sheng (Herba Taxilli), Du Zhong (CortexEucommiae) and Xu Duan (Radix Dipsaci).

DOSAGE3 to 6 grams. Sha Ren should be added last to the decoction, as prolonged cooking destroys its effectiveness. Thefresh herb has a stronger function than the dried herb toregulate qi, reduce distention, and relieve pain. Salt-friedSha Ren functions more effectively to descend qi, calmthe fetus, and stop frequent urination or diarrhea.

CAUTIONS I CONTRAINDICATIONS Sha Ren is contraindicated in patients with yin

deficient heat. Oral ingestion of Sha Ren is sometimes associated with

allergic reactions'!addressing cold and damp accumulation in the middle CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONjiao manifesting as diarrhea. Essential oils (a-thujene, alloocimene, ocimene,

371


14/20

~ - e l e m e n e , ~ - c a r y o p h y l l e n e , ~ - b e r g a m o n t e n e , ~ - f a r n e sene, humulene, santalol, palmitic acid), sap on ns, zinc,. ) 2copper, lfoIi.

ir.PHARMACpLOGICAL EFFECTS Gastrointestinal: In laboratory studies, decoction of Sha

Ren at a low concentration has a stimulating effect on theintestines of rats and rabbits. On the other hand, decoction at a high concentration has an inhibiting effect.Clinically, Sha Ren is commonly used to relieve bloating,spasms, and pain.3

Antiplatelet: Oral administration ofSha Ren at 0.6 to 1.2glkg in rabbits is associated with a mild antiplatelet effect15,30,60 and 90 minutes after ingestion.4

CLINICAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH Nausea: Eleven patients with nausea were treated orally

with 2 grams of powdered Sha Ren three times daily, withgood results.5

Peptic ulcer disease:' In one study, 43 patients with gastric or duodenal ulcers were treated effectively using ShaRen in powdered form. The treatment protocol was togive 1.5 grams twice daily for 1week, and 1.5 grams oncedaily for another week. The patients were given one dayof rest between the two courses of treatment. The studyreported significant improvement in symptoms such asepigastric pain, abdominal distention, and acid reflux.6

HERB-DRUG :-INTERACTION Anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs: Sha Ren has

antiplatelet action, and should be used with caution inpatients who take anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications. Though this potential interaction has not beendocumented, this herb may potentiate the effect of drugssuch as warfarin. [Note: Examples of anticoagulantsinclude heparin, warfarin (Coumadin) and enoxaparin(Lovenox); and examples of antiplatelets include aspirin,dipyridamole (Persantine), and clopidogrel (Plavix).]7

TOXICOLOGYIn one study, oral administration of decoction of Sha Renat 25 glkg in 10 mice for 3 days showed no signs of toxi-

3n

city and caused no fatalities. In another study, no abnormalities were observed in liver and kidney functions following oral administration of Sha Ren decoction in 10rats at 1.62 glkg for 30 days.8

SUPPLEMENT J ; 1 . : : . . ~ / .Ii')r1=-;t Sha Ren Ke (Pericarpium Amomi) , first

cited in Ben Cao Gang Mu (Materia Medica) by Li ShiZhen in 1578 A.D., is derived from the shell of the samefruit as Sha Ren. The taste, properties and functions ofSha Ren Ke are similar to but weaker than those of ShaRen. Sha Ren Ke is more suitable for less severe cases of qistagnation in the middle jiao manifesting in epigastricand abdominal fullness, distention and poor appetite.The recommended dosage of Sha Ren Ke is 3 to 5 grams.

AUTHORS' COMMENTShere are four herbs that are commonly used to stabilize

pregnancy,'each having a particular influence:. ISha Ren (Fructus Amomi) regulates qi and calms

restless fetus in the presence of qi stagnation and middleJiao deficiency.

fDu Zhong (Cortex Eucommiae) is most suitable to treat~ t l e s s fetus caused by deficiency of the Kidney and Liver.

Huang Qin (Radix Scutellariae) calms restless fetus'caused by heat.i Zhu (Rhizoma Atractyl0dis Macrocephalae) treatsrestless fetus from Spleen qi deficiency.References1. Jiang Su Zhang Yi Za Zhi (Jiangsu Journal of Chinese Medicine),

1983; (10):4422. Chang Yang Zhang Yaa Cheng Fen Yu Yaa Li Shau Ce (A Handbookof the Composition and Pharmacology of Common ChineseDrugs), 1994; 1393-1398

3. Zhang Yaa Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1998; 326:3274. Zhang Yaa Yaa Li Yu Lin Chuan (Pharmacology and Clinical

Applications of Chinese Herbs), 1990; 6(5):325. Zhang Yaa Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1998; 326:3276. Fu Jian Zhang Yi Yaa (Fujian Chinese Medicine and Herbology),

1983; (6):367. Chen, J. Recognition & prevention of herb-drug interactions, Medical

Acupuncture, Fall!Winter 1998/1999; volume la /number 2; 9-138. Fu Jian Zhang Yi Yaa (Fujian Chinese Medicine and Herbology),

1985; (1):44


15/20

Pinyin Name: Bai Dou KouAlternate Chinese Names: Dou KouLiteral Name: "white cardamon"Original Source: Ben Cao Shi Yi (Omissions from the

[Classic of the) Materia Medica) by Chen Cang-Qiin 741 A.D.

English Name: amomum, cardamonBotanical Name: Amomum kravanh Pirre ex Gagnep.

(Bai Dou Kou); Amomum compactum Soland exMaton (Zhao Wa Bai Dou Kou)

Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Amomi RotundusProperties: acrid, warm, aromaticChannels Entered: Lung, Spleen, Stomach

CHINESE THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS1. Regulates Qi . Dissolves Dampness.

Strengthens the StomachAcrid, aromatic and warm, Bai Dou Kou (Fructus AmomiRotundus) moves the qi and dissolves dampness from theinterior and exterior. Accumulation of dampness in theinterior, or the middle jiao, prevents the Spleen andStomach from performing their normal transportationand transformation functions, leading to epigastric andabdominal fullness, distention and poor appetite.

Accumulation of dampness in the middle jiao: use BaiDou Kou with Cang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis), Hou Po(Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) and Chen Pi(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae).Some exterior syndromes, namely damp-heat febrile disorders, are sometimes complicated by an accumulationof dampness. If there is more dampness than heat,patients will experience chest congestion, lack ofappetite, and a feeling of heaviness in the body andextremities. If there is more heat than dampness, patientsmay experience persistent fever, thick, yellow tonguecoating and dysuria.

Exterior syndrome with more dampness than heat: useBai Dou Kou with Xing Ren (Semen ArmeniacaeAmarum), Yi Yi Ren (Semen Coicis) and Hou Po (CortexMagnoliae Officinalis).

Exterior syndrome with more heat than dampness: combine this herb with Huang Qin (Radix Scutellariae), HuaShi (Talcum), and Zhu Ling (Polyporus).

2. Warms the Stomach. Relieves Nausea

ing, and other conditions characterized by cold in theStomach. It is safe for pregnant women and for infantswith such conditions.

Nausea and vomiting: use it with Ban Xif! (RhizomaPinelliae) and Huo Xiang (Herba Agastache).

Vomiting in infants; treat by using the powder of BaiDou Kou, Sha Ren (Fructus Amomi) and Can Cao (RadixGlycyrrhizae) .

DOSAGE3 to 6 grams. Bai Dou Kou should be ground into powderand added towards the end of decocting, as prolongedcooking destroys its effectiveness. The decoction shouldbe served immediately, while warm, for maximum effect.Since essential oils of Bai Dou Kou are quite volatile, dryfrying the herb significantly decreases its potency.

CAUTIONS I CONTRAINDICATIONS Use of Bai Dou Kou is contraindicated in patients with

yin or blood deficiency.CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Essential oils (l,8-cineol, a-terpineol, a-pinene,pinene, humalene,caryophyllene, mycene, p-cymene,humalene epoXide,sabinene, limonene, terpinene-4-01,myrtenol); sapoi?'in, starch. 1,2

PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS Gastrointestinal: Administration of Bai Dou Kou is

associated with increased secretion of gastric acid,increased intestinal peristalsis, and decreased vomiting. 3

Bai Dou Kou warms the Stomach, dispels cold, and SUPPLEMENTrelieves nausea. It treats abdominal pain, nausea, vomit - ali. I EJ i t *- Bai Dou Kou Ke (Pericarpium

373

I IenII Ia:::w::z::~Z~CIenenCiQ..:&CCCICo.)

~:&CIa:::CC


16/20

Amomi Rotundus), first cited in Ben Cao Gang Mu(Materia Medica) by Li Shi-Zhen in 1578, is derived fromthe shell of Bai Dou Kou (Fructus Amomi Rotundus).Bai Dou Kou Ke has similar properties and functions tothose of Bai Dou Kou, but is not as warm in thermalproperty and milder in potency. Bai Dou Kou Ke is mostsuitable for dampness accumulation and qi stagnation ofthe chest and abdomen manifesting in a stifling sensation of the chest and poor appetite. Common dosage forBai Dou Kou Ke is 3 to 5 grams.

AUTHORS' COMMENTSiBai Dou K;; F r u c t ~ Amomi Rotundus) and Rou Dou,Kou (Semen Myristicae) both warm the middle jiao andregulate qi. They are both suitable for deficiency and coldpf the Spleen and Stomach with qi stagnation, causing

p t o m s such as epigastric and abdominal fullness andpain, diarrhea, and vomiting.

'Bai Dou Kou regulates qi and relieves nausea and vomiting. It is used more commonly to dry middle jiao damp-

Cao Guo (Fructus Tsaoko)...

CHINESE THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS1. Warms the Middle Jiso, Dries Dampness

Accumulation of cold and damp in the middle jiao: CaoGuo (Fructus Tsaoko) treats abdominal coldness and

374

ness and relieve abdominal fullness and poor appetite. fRou Dou Kou is also an astringent and stops chronic diar

(especially early morning diarrhea caused by Spleen:and Kidney yang deficiencies).

Bai Dou Kou (Fructus Amomi Rotundus), Rou DouKou (Semen Myristicae), and Cao Dou Kou (Semen:Alpiniae' Katsumadai) have similar pinyin names, butdifferent functions. To avoid confusion, they should notbe abbreviated as Dou Kou."

fBai Dou Kou regulates qi, dissolves dampness, andstrengthens the Stomach

IRou Dou Kou binds the intestines and stops diarrhea. ICao Dou Kou warms the middle jiao and dries dampness.

References1. Chang Yang Zhong Yao Xian Dai Yan fiu Yu Lin Chuan (Recent

Study & Clinical Application of Common Traditional ChineseMedicine ), 1995; 248-249

2. Xian Dai Ben Cao Gang Mu (Contemporary Materia Medica),2000; 823

3. Zhong Yao Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1998; 248:249

1f-* 4?-*-Pinyin Name: Cao GuoLiteral Name: "grass fruit"Original Source: Yin Shan Zheng Yao (Correct Guide to

Eating and Drinking)English Name: tsaoko fruitBotanical Name: Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire '

(Cao Guo)Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus TsaokoProperties: acrid, warm, aromaticChannels Entered: Spleen, Stomach

pain, abdominal fullness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,and greasy tongue coating.

Accumulation of damp and cold (more damp) in themiddle jiao: use Cao Guo with Cang Zhu (Rhizoma


17/20

' 7 ; 1 l C ~ O Guo (Fructus Tsaoko)Atractylodis), Hou Po (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis)and Huo Xiang (Herba Agastache).

Accumulation of cold and damp (more cold) in the middle jiao: add Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus Evodiae) and Gan Jiang(Rhizoma Zingiberis).

2. Treats MalariaWarm and drying, Cao Guo treats malaria characterizedby cold and dampness.

Malaria: use it with Chang Shan (Radix Dichroae), BingLang (Semen Arecae), and Zhi Mu (Radix Anemarrhenae).

DOSAGE3 to 6 grams. Frying Cao Guo with Sheng Jiang (RhizomaZingiberis Recens) increases its effectiveness to warm theinterior, dispel cold, and relieve pain.

CAUTIONS I CONTRAINDICATIONS Warm and drying, Cao Guo consumes body fluids and

thus is contraindicated in patients with yin deficiency orblood deficiency.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONGeraniol. 1,2

CH3 CH3

H 3 C ~ O HGeraniol

Chinese !Medical '}{erbology and Pharmacology

PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS Respiratory: Components isolated from Cao Guo have

demonstrated antitussive, expectorant, and antiasthmatic effects.3 Antibiotic: Preparations of Cao Guo inhibit the growthof some bacteria and pathogenic fungi.4

TOXICOLOGYThe LD50 for geraniol is 4.8 g/kg in rats via oral administration, and 50 mg/kg in rabbits via intravenous injection.5

AUTHORS' COMMENTSCao Guo has effects similar to but slightly weaker thanCao Dou Knu (Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai).References1. Zhi Wu Yao You Xiao Cheng Fen Shou Ce (Manual of Plant

Medicinals and Their Active Constituents), 1986: 427,498,833,8342. The Merck Index 12th edition, Chapman & HalllCRCnetBASE/Merck,

20003. Zhi Wu Yao You Xiao Cheng Fen Shou Ce (Manual of Plant

Medicinals and Their Active Constituents) , 1986: 427,498,833,834.4. Chang Yong Zhong Yao Cheng Fen Yu Yao Li Shou Ce (A Handbook

of the Composition and Pharmacology of CommonDrugs), 1994; 1376:1377

5. Zhi Wu Yao You Xiao Cheng Fen Shou Ce (Manual of PlantMedicinals and Their Active Constituents), 1986: 427,498,833,834

Cao Dou Kou (Semen Alpiniae KatsumadaO

Pinyin Name: Cao Dou KouLiteral Name: "grass cardamom"Original Source: Ming Yi Za Zhu (Miscellaneous Records

of Famous Physicians) by Tao Hong-Jing in 500 A.D.English Name: katsumadai, katsumada galangal seedBotanical Name: Alpinia katsumadai Hayata (Cao

DouKou)Pharmaceutical Name: Semen AJpiniae KatsumadaiProperties: acrid, warm, aromaticChannels Entered: Spleen, Stomach

375

nc:aa::w::c(l:Iz~QenenCia..:::Iiic:cQc.J!;i:::IiiQa::c:c


18/20

Chapter 5 - JIromatic 'Damp-'Dissolving '}ferbs' i : , : ~ ;%1;1;'Cao Dou Kou (Semen Alpiniae KatsumadaO

CHINESE THERAPEUTIC ACTIONSWarms the Middle Jiao, Dries DampnessCao Dou Kou (Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai) treats accumulation of cold and dampness in the middle jiao characterized by abdominal coldness and pain, vomitus ofdear liquids, lack of appetite, loose stools and a white,greasy tongue coat.

Accumulation of cold and damp in the middle jiao: useCao Dou Kou with Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus Evodiae) andGao Liang Jiang (Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum).

Accumulation of damp in the middle jiao: use it withCang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and Hou Po (CortexMagnoliae Officinalis).

Chronic diarrhea due to deficiency and cold: add RouGui (Cortex Cinnamomi), Gan Jiang (RhizomaZingiberis), and Rou Dou Kou (Semen Myristicae).

Nausea and vomiting due to accumulation of coldphlegm: combine this herb with Ban Xia (RhizomaPinelliae), Chen Pi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) andSheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens).

DOSAGE3 to 6 grams in decoction. Cao Dou Kou should be addedat the dose of cooking, as prolonged cooking destroys itseffectiveness.

CAUTIONS I CONTRAINDICATIONS Cao Dou Kou is contraindicated in patients who have yinor blood deficiencies.

376

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONEssential oil, alpinetin, 7-hydroxy-S-methoxyflavanone,cardamonin,2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxychalcone. 1

PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS Antibiotic: Decoction of Cao Dou Kou has an inhibitory

effect in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillusdysenteriae, and E. coli.2

Gastrointestinal: A low dose of a Cao Dou Kou decoction has a stimulating effect on the intestines, while alarge dose of the decoction has an inhibiting effect.3

AUTHORS' COMMENTSCao Dou Kou (Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai), Bai DouKou (Fructus Amomi Rotundus), and Rou Dou Kou(Semen Myristicae) have similar pinyin names, but different functions. To avoid confusion, they should not beabbreviated as "Dou Kou ."

Cao Dou Kou warms the middle jiao and dries dampness. Bai Dou Kou regulates qi, dissolves dampness, and

strengthens the Stomach Rou Dou Kou binds the intestines and stops diarrhea.

References1. Chang Yang Zhong Yao Xian Dai Yan Jiu Yu Lin Chuan (Recent

Study & Clinical Application of Common Traditional ChineseMedicine) , 1995; 249

2. Zhong Yao Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1998; 328:3293. Ibid.


19/20

Chinese !Medical '}ferbology and Pharmacology.:t;. ~ " - } . ~ " : . , ~ ) : '"l'" -\. ........chapter 5 ~ u m m a r ' y

- Aromatic Damp-Dissolving HerbsName SimilaritiesCang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis)

DifferencesStrongly dries dampness, strengthens the Spleen,dispels wind-dampness

Hou Po (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis)Strong aromaticproperties to drydampness Regulates qi, breaks stagnation, relieves bloating and

distention, descends Lung qi to relieve dyspneaHuo Xiang (Herba Agastache) Dissolve dampness, Dissolves dampness from middle jiao, stops vomiting,

relieve summer-heat releases exteriorPei Lan (Herba Eupatorii)Sha Ren (Fructus Amomi) Invigorate qi

circulation,Bai Dou Kou (Fructus Amomi Rotundus) dissolve dampnessCao Guo (Fructus Tsaoko) Dry dampness,Cao Dou Kou (Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai) warm middle jiao

Mildly releases the exteriorWarms the middle jiao to treat diarrhea due tocoldness, stabilizes the fetusDissolves dampness in the middle and upper jiaos,most suitable for initial stages of vomitingDries dampness, treats malariaStrengthens the Spleen and Stomach

General Characteristics of Aromatic Damp-Dissolving Herbs:Taste: acrid, bitterThermal property: warm and dryingChannels entered: Spleen and StomachTherapeutic actions: dissolve dampness, eliminate damp-heat, harmonize the Spleen andStomach

These aromatic herbs regulate qi, dissolve dampness, and strengthen the Spleen. They are mainlyused to treat dampness obstructing the middle jiao, summer-dampness, damp-heat and othersymptoms related to disharmony of the Spleen and Stomach.Cang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and Hou Po (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis), strongest in drying dampness, are the chief herbs used for dry dampness obstructing the middle jiao. They areoften used together for synergistic effects.

Cang Zhu is one of the most important herbs to dry dampness as it is useful in treatment ofboth external and internal disorders. It induces perspiration and treats external conditions characterized by accumulation of wind-damp in the muscle and skin level, such as bi zheng (painfulobstruction syndrome). Internally, it dries dampness, strengthens the Spleen and dispels dampness obstructing the middle jiao. It can be combined with bitter and cold herbs like Huang Bai(Cortex Phellodendri) to treat damp-heat in the lower jiao. Also, this herb brightens the vision andtreats cataracts, glaucoma and night blindness.

Hou Po disperses stagnation and relieves epigastric and abdominal fullness and distention. Ittreats cold accumulation, obstruction by dampness, food stagnation and qi stagnation that areindividually or jointly causing bloating, fullness and distention. It regulates qi, warms the middlejiao. and disperses fullness caused by cold accumulation with qi stagnation. It redirects Lung qi torelieye dyspnea, cough and phlegm.Huo Xiang (Herba Agastache) and Pei Lan (Herba Eupatorii) dissolve dampness and relievesummer-heat.

377


20/20

Chapter 5 - ~ r o m a t i c Vamp-Vissolving '}{erbs" : ~ l t ~ 1 < ; t ' ~ ~ ' \ i ~ ~ : ; \ - : W < : \ : / ; $ ~ ~ f ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ r : % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r ' " , : ~ , ..fiJi C apter 5 summar'y

Huo Xiang is warm, and more strongly dries dampness. It also harmonizes the Stomach to relievevomiting. When used topically, Huo Xiang treats dermatological disorders, such as fungal infection.

Pei Lan is neutral and mostly used to treat damp-heat accumulation in the middle jiao thatimpairs Spleen function. It also has a mild function to release the exterior.Sha Ren (Fructus Amomi) and Bai Dou Kou (Fructus Amomi Rotundus) regulate qi, dissolvedampness and treat dampness obstructing the middle jiao accompanied by Spleen and Stomachqi stagnation.

Sha Ren more strongly relieves diarrhea due to cold in the Spleen, and stabilizes the fetus.Bai Dou Kou more effectively stops vomiting caused by cold and dampness accumulation in the

middle jiao.Cao Guo (Fructus Tsaoko) and Cao Dou Kou (Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai) warm the middle jiaoand dry dampness, and treat cold and dampness in the Spleen and Stomach.

Cao Guo more strongly dries dampness, and treats malaria.Cao Dou Kou, acrid and aromatic, strengthens the Spleen.HERBS FROM OTHER FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES WITH DAMP-DISSOLVING FUNCTIONSNameBai Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)Bian Dou (Semen Lablab Album)ChetiPI c a r p i u ! ? Citri Reticulatae)Shi Chang Pu (Rhizoma Acori)Xiang Ru ( H e r b a E l s h o l t z i a e seu Moslae)Zhang Nao (Camphora)

...

....., ,.Functional CategoryTonic tIerbs (Chapter1 7)Tonic Herbs (Chapter 17)Qi:Regulating Herbs (Chapter 8Orifice-Opening Herbs (Chapter 16)Exterior'.. Releasing \ ~ a l ! r fSubstances for Topical Application (Chapter 20)

Aromatic Damp-Dissolving Herbs.pdf

Documents

Transcript of Aromatic Damp-Dissolving Herbs.pdf