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Version 1: 14th July 2017 © SHALL Enterprises Ltd

Army Lists Assyria and Babylon

Contents Early Zhou Chinese 1122 BC to 722 BC Early Urartian 860 BC to 747 BC Philistine 1100 BC to 732 BC Phrygian 850 BC to 676 BC Dark Age Greek 1100 BC to 650 BC Early Iranian 836 BC to 625 BC Syro-Hittite 1100 BC to 901 BC Later Hebrew 800 BC to 586 BC Hebrew 1000 BC to 801 BC Cimmerian 750 BC to 630 BC Phoenician 1000 BC to 332 BC Urartian 746 BC to 585 BC Early Arab 1000 BC to 301 BC Neo-Assyrian Empire 745 BC to 681 BC Mannain 950 BC to 610 BC Kushite Egyptian 732 BC to 656 BC Libyan Egyptian 945 BC to 720 BC Lydian 687 BC to 540 BC Later Syro-Hittite 900 BC to 700 BC Later Sargonid Assyrian 680 BC to 609 BC Chaldean Babylonia 900 BC to 627 BC Saitic Egyptian 664 BC to 525 BC Later Vedic Indian 900 BC to 530 BC Assyrian Babylonia 652 BC to 648 BC Later Elamite 890 BC to 539 BC Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 BC to 539 BC Assyrian 883 BC to 745 BC Median Empire 620 BC to 550 BC

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Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder.

There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted, and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any

bases are downgraded all in the TuG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled.

Where allies are allowed they must conform to the following rules:

1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. They must take UGs sufficient to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list being used. 3. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. 4. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest.

Historical Introduction The 12th century BC saw the collapse of the Mycenaean and Hittite civilisations and the decline of Egypt. The Mycenaean world entered a dark age. The Greek world was disrupted by an internal migration, the Dorian movement. The Dorians were illiterate Greeks who migrated as far south as Crete and Rhodes. The Hittite empire was replaced by Phrygians and Luvians (Carians and Lycians) in Anatolia. The surviving states Most of the successors of Ramesses III were a lacklustre lot and the Egyptian empire began to become unstitched in the reign of Ramesses XI (1103 to 1070 BC). The Kushites broke away around 1080 BC,

Assyria however was doing rather well. Under the reign of Tiglath-Pileser I they reached the Mediterranean in the west and conquered Babylon. This success was only temporary and they were overrun by the Aramean tribes. Soon the Assyrians occupied little more than their own heartland. The Aramean, Phrygian and Luvian states are referred to as Syro-Hittite.

Palestine now enters recorded history. The Philistines had originated as Sea Peoples, possibly settled by the Egyptians. They elbowed aside the native Canaanites and occupied the interior as far as the Jordan. The Hebrew tribes that occupied the highlands could eventually establish their own


independent kingdom and were able to establish a capital on the former Canaanite settlement of Jerusalem. After David and Solomon two kingdoms emerged, Judah that occupied Jerusalem and its environs and Israel.

Egypt during this period had been unable to stop large numbers of Libyan tribesmen from settling in the Delta and Nile valley. The two main tribes were the Meshwesh and the Libu. In around 945 BC an Egyptian of Libyan descent established himself as Pharaoh and a new era referred to as Libyan Egyptian started.

The ninth century BC witnessed a new Assyrian expansion. Some of the Syro-Hittite states were conquered and territories including Israel and the Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon were paying tribute. The Phoenicians established a trading empire across the Mediterranean and went on to found colonies, most notably Carthage in North Africa.

To the north of Assyria the state of Urartu emerges. To the north of Urartu, the Cimmerians appear from the Pontic steppe and threaten both Urartu and the Phrygian kingdoms. Next to Urartu in north west Iran were the Mannaians. Other tribes including the Medes and Persians appear on the Iranian plateau. Beyond Babylon the state of Elam also emerges from the dark age.

In 745 BC, the Assyrian kingdom is once again invigorated with the ascension of Tiglath-Pileser III. The Assyrians defeat the Urartians and conquer both Babylon and Damascus. They conquer much of the Fertile Crescent and obtain vassalage from most of their neighbours. In Egypt, the Kushites advance southwards and overthrow the Libyan dynasties. The Kushites are however unable to resist the Assyrians who establish a puppet king as Pharoah.

In 702 BC, the Cimmerians defeat and kill the Assyrian king Sargon II. They invade and conquer Phrygia and weaken the kingdom of Urartu with their constant attacks. They however overextend themselves in invading Lydia and are themselves defeated. This leaves the Lydians as the major power in Western Anatolia.

In the seventh century BC, the Assyrian empire tears itself apart with civil wars. A coalition of Medes, Scythians and Babylon overthrow the Assyrians destroy Nineveh in 612 BC. The Medes seize much of the north whilst the Babylonians seize the Assyrian heartland and under Nebuchadnezzar II control was in full control of Babylonia, Assyria, Phoenicia, Israel, Palestine, northern Arabia, and parts of Asia Minor. Nebuchadnezzar II died in 562 BC and a succession of weak kings followed. The scene was set for Cyrus the Great of Persia to seize the Median Empire, capture Babylon and establish the Achaemenid Persian empire.


A note on chronology The first completely reliable date in history is 763 B.C. In the tenth year of Ashur Dan III a solar eclipse was observed and recorded. Modern astronomers can calculate the date to 763 B.C. For events after this date the evidence from Assyria and Babylon can be cross-referenced with Greek historians to provide precise dating. Before this event, it is not possible to date events precisely.

These lists use the traditional chronology. An alternative chronology of the ancient Near East was developed by English Egyptologist David Rohl and other researchers. It is best known from the book “A Test of Time” published in 1995. Problems with the chronology in the Egyptian Third Intermediate Period led to the proposal to bring forward conventional dating of earlier periods by up to 350 years.

The new chronology is not widely accepted in academic circles. It introduces as many problems as it solves. It does highlight that the traditional chronology contains issues, particularly during the Third Intermediate Period. It is also likely that the “Dark Ages” period between 1100 BC and 800 BC may be shorter than the traditional chronology might suggest.

1 Dates0-2 Terrain1-3 Camp

Min

Mandatory Optional Max

Experienced 8 4,6Bow 18

Experienced 0 4,6Bow Half

Experienced Half 4,6Bow All

- 0 6,8- 8

- 12 6,9- 48

Experienced 6 Bow 24

- 0 6,9- 24

Experienced 0 Bow 12

- Combat ShyTribal Loose

-----

1/3 ArchersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected -

- Combat ShyFormed Loose

Lu troops comprising

2/3 Warriors with dagger-axe

INFANTRYPoor Protected - - -

Tribal Loose

1/3 ArchersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected -

Tsu troops comprising

2/3 Warriors with dagger-axe

INFANTRYAverage Protected - Melee Expert -

Formed Loose

------

Tiger guard (huben) infantryINFANTRY

Superior Protected - Melee Expert -Drilled Loose

From 1000 BC

Replace two-horse with four-horse chariots

BATTLE CHARIOTSSuperior Protected - - Melee Expert

Formed Loose

- -Formed Loose

Before 1000 BC

Replace two-horse with four-horse chariots

BATTLE CHARIOTSSuperior Protected - - Melee Expert

Formed Loose

Two-horse chariotsLIGHT CHARIOTS

Superior Protected -

UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Early Zhou ChineseArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1122 B.C. to 722 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Early Zhou Chinese- 6 6,8,9- 18



Historical NotesThe Zhou dynasty followed the Shang dynasty. The military control of China by the royal house (Ji) lasted from around 1046 until 771 BC. The Zhou kings enfeoffed their fellow warriors and relatives created large domains of land. Individuals were assigned as rulers of these domains. This decentralised system contributed to the longevity of the Zhou dynasty which survived to be replaced by the Qin dynasty. Over time, this decentralized system became strained as the familial relationships between the Zhou kings and the regional dynasties weakened. In 771 BC the Marquis of Shen joined with Zeng and teh Quanrong barbarians to sack the capital Hao. The capital was moved eastward to Wangcheng, marking the transition from "Western Zhou" to "Eastern Zhou". The Eastern Zhou was characterized by an accelerating collapse of royal authority, although the king's ritual importance allowed over five more centuries of rule.

Troop NotesThe early Western Zhou supported a strong army, split into two major units: "the Six Armies of the West" and "the Eight Armies of Chengzhou". Although chariots had been introduced to China during the Shang dynasty from Central Asia, the Zhou period saw the first major use of chariots in battle. The heavy 4 horse chariot is a replacement for the lighter 2 horse variety. The SSu Ma Fa does indicate that the Shang ‘chariots for the new moon’ put speed first , but Zhou chariots the ‘source of their weapons” put excellence first.

Combat Shy -Formed Loose

SkirmishersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

ArchersINFANTRY


Infantry with short spear and shield

INFANTRYAverage Protected Short Spear - -

Formed Loose


1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin



- 0 6- 24- 24 6,8,9- 48

Unskilled 6 6,8,9Javelin 20Skilled 0 6Bow 6

- 0 6- 6


Experienced 0 6,9Sling 9

Best spearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Melee Expert -

Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear -

No command may have more than one TuG of best spearmen.Philistines may appear as vassal allies until 627 BC.

Egyptian allies - Libyan Egyptian - only from 734 BC (Any Professional)

Notes

Combat Shy -Skirmisher

AlliesAramaean allies - Syro-Hittite before 900 BC or Later Syro-Hittite from 900 BC (Any Instinctive)Phoenician allies - only from 1000 BC (Any Instinctive)

SlingersINFANTRY


ArchersINFANTRY


Hebrew mercenaries (only from 1006 BC to 1003 BC)

Average Protected Short Spear Melee Expert -Formed Loose

Formed LooseINFANTRY

Kharu archersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -

JavelinmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Formed Close

-Formed Close

- -Formed Loose

Formed CloseINFANTRY

ChariotsLIGHT CHARIOTS

Average Protected Short Spear

UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average

Name

Type

PhilistineArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1100 B.C. to 732 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Philistine

Troop NotesThe Phiilistines may have been established as garrison troops in Canaan by Ramases III. They gradually adopted Canaanite methods of warfare including the chariot. Infantry were equipped with shield, helmet and thrusting spear. Kharu was a region in Syria, renowned for archery.

Historical NotesThe Philistines are known primarily for their conflict with the Israelites described in the Bible. They appear to have originated as the Peleset, a tribe of Sea Peoples who may have originated in the Aegean. They occupied five city states, Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron and Gath.


1 DatesTerrain

1-3 CampMin


Experienced 0 4,6Javelin 6

- 4 4,6- 12- 48 6,8,9- 132- 0 6,8,9- 24

Unskilled 0 6,8,9

Javelin Up to half

Unskilled 6,8Javelin All



Cavalry (only from 900 BC)CAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -


The Greek dark ages or Geometric period (after the characteristic art) extended from around 1100 BC to the first evidence of the Greek city states in the 9th century BC. By 1050 BC all traces of Mycenean civilization disappear. During the 10th century the Greeks appear to have moved into sites on the Anatolian coast including Miletus and Ephesus. By the 9th century they appear in Cyprus amd at least one colony was established in Syria at Al Mina.The Archaic period which followed the Greek Dark Ages saw a massive increase in population and the establishment of the distincitive polis, the Greek city state.


NotesChariot warriors dismount as Tribal Loose, Superior, Protected, Short Spear.

Historical Notes

ArchersINFANTRY


JavelinmenINFANTRY


Regrade warriors as proto-hoplites (only from 725 BC)

Average Protected Long Spear - -Tribal Close

Tribal Loose

INFANTRY

Regrade warriors as swordsmen (only before 900 BC)

INFANTRYAverage Protected - Melee Expert -

Regrade warriorsINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - Integral ShootersTribal Loose

-Tribal Loose

- DismountableFormed Loose




UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Dark Age GreekArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1100 B.C. to 650 B.C.Sub-Generals Coastal, Mountains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Dark Age Greek

Chariots appear in Geometric period art but warriors appear to have usually dismounted to fight.Foot are depicted as fighting with sword and or javelins. Both chariot warriors and foot carried large but flimsy "Diplyon" shields. Other foot included unshielded warriors with bows. or javelins some of whom might have fought amongst the close fighters. The transition to hoplites appears to have started in the early 7th century where troops with hoplite shield, spear and javelins are shown alongside troops with Diplyon shields.

Troop Notes



Min




- 18 6,8,9- 96




Historical NotesThe Luwian, Aramaic and Phoenician speaking states that arose following the collapse of the Hittite Empire are referred to as Syro-Hittite. The Syro–Hittite states may be divided into two groups: a northern group where Hittite rulers remained in power, and a southern group where Aramaeans came to rule from about 1000 BC. These states were highly decentralised. Northern group kingdoms include Tabal, Kammanu, Hilakku, Quwe, Gurgum, Kummuh and Carchemish. The southern group kingdoms included Palastin, Bit Gabbari, Bit-Adini, Bit Bahiani, Pattin, Ain Dara, Bit Agusi, Hatarikka-Luhuti and Hamath.

Troop NotesChariots similar to the earlier period were used. The majority of Syro-Hittite infantry appear to have been lightly equipped.

CamelryCAMELRY

Average Unprotected - - -


Slingers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SkirmisherINFANTRY

SkirmishersINFANTRY


ArchersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Tribal Loose

-Tribal Loose

- -Formed Loose

Tribal LooseINFANTRY


Superior Protected Short Spear

UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Syro-HittiteArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1100 B.C. to 901 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Mountains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics



Min


Experienced 0 4Bow 4



- 6 6,8- 12

Unskilled 16 6,8,9Javelin 64




-----

SkirmishersINFANTRY


United Monarchy under David (to 968 BC)

Chariots Superior Protected Short Spear - -

United Monarchy under Solomon (from 969 BC) or Israel

Judah

Chariots Superior Protected

Formed Loose

Chariots Superior Protected Short Spear -

Aramaean allies - Later Syro-Hittite - Israel in 853 BC (Any Instinctive)

Allies

Phoenician allies - Israel in 853 BC (Any Instinctive)

SkirmisherSlingers Average Unprotected -

Combat Shy -Tribal Loose

SkirmisherINFANTRY

Combat Shy -

ArchersINFANTRY


SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Gibborim (not Israel) Average Protected Short Spear Melee Expert -Formed Loose

INFANTRY

Formed LooseLIGHT CHARIOTS

-Formed Loose

Short Spear - -

LIGHT CHARIOTS

LIGHT CHARIOTS

UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (Judaean ally for Israel 867 BC to 850 BC) Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

HebrewArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1000 B.C. to 801 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Mountains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Hebrew

Before 1000 BC the zone of foothills behind the coastal plain of the southern Levant was relatively unpopulated. Favourable climatic conditions resulted in the unification of the biblical kingdom of Israel. Jersusalem appears to have been a Canaanite ciry state recognising Egyptian overlordship. The collapse of Egyptian control in the area led to the growth of Israel, the Hebrew language emerging as a dialect of Canaanite.A united monarchy appeared under Saul and David. At the death of Solomon (approximately 925 BC) led to the split into the kingdoms of Israel and Judah.

Troop NotesChariots initially appear to have been captured or imported from Egypt.

Historical Notes


1 Dates0-1 Terrain

0-3 CampMin




- 0 4,6- 6- 24 6,8,9- 90- 6,8- Any





JavelinmenINFANTRY


Chariots (from 740 to 490 BC)

BATTLE CHARIOTSSuperior Protected Short Spear - -

Cavalry (from 740 BC) Average Protected Short Spear -

Phoenicia is a classical Greek term for the major Canaanite port towns. They were organised into city-states , most notable of which were Tyre, Sidon, Anrad and Berytus. Culturally they were similar to other Canaanites. The Phoenicians also had a significant influence in Cyprus. They traded extensively across the Mediterranean, silver hoards dated before 800 BC include silver originating in Sardinia and Spain. The Persians conquered Phoenicia in 539 BC. They prospered by providing fleets for Persian kings. A rebellion in Sidon in 350 or 349 BC was crushed by Artaxerxes III.Phoenician cultured disappeared in the Hellenistic period but flourished in Carthage until destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC.


Skirmisher

Historical Notes

SlingersINFANTRY


SkirmishersINFANTRY


Archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Tribal Loose


Regrade spearmen as hoplites (from 650 BC)

INFANTRYAverage Protected Long Spear - Orb/Square

SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

-Formed Loose

- -Formed Loose

Formed LooseCAVALRY

Chariots (before 740 BC)LIGHT CHARIOTS


UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any InstinctiveFlexible; Poor, Average or after 350 BC Superior

Name

Type

PhoenicianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1000 B.C. to 332 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Coastal

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Phoenician

Phoenician troops were identiial to Canaanite troops. Later they were influenced by the Greek style of warfare.

Troop Notes



Min



Unskilled 0 6Javelin 18


Experienced 0 6,8,9Bow 18




Historical NotesThis list covers all dry-steppe or desert nomads or semi-nomads.

Troop NotesDepictions of camel-riders show them equipped with bows.


NotesMinima for foot do not apply to entirely mounted ally contingents.

Skirmishing slingersINFANTRY



Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY


Skirmishing archersINFANTRY


- -Tribal Loose

ArchersINFANTRY


WarriorsINFANTRY


- -Tribal Loose

Best WarriorsINFANTRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Camel ridersCAMELRY


Early ArabArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1000 B.C. to 301 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Desert

UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin



Experienced 4,6Bow All

- 4 4,6- 12

Experienced 0 4,6Bow Any


- 24 6,8,9- 72




JavelinmenINFANTRY


Upgrade chariots (from 750 BC)


Cavalry Average Protected Short Spear -

Assyrian allies - only from 745 BC - Neo Assyrian then Later Sargonid (Any Professional)

Zikirtu allies - Early Iranian only from 800 BC (Any Instinctive)

Aramean allies - Syro-Hittite before 900 BC or Later Syro-Hittite from 900 to 700 BC (Any Instinctive)Assyrian allies - only from 895 to 894 BC (Any Professional)

Urartian allies - only from 800 BC (Any Instinctive)Cimmerian allies - only from 745 BC (Any Instinctive)


Skirmisher

Allies

SkirmishersINFANTRY


ArchersINFANTRY


Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear - Integral ShootersTribal Loose

Formed FlexibleINFANTRY

Reclassify cavalry (from 750 BC)

CAVALRYAverage Unprotected - - -

Upgrade cavalry (from 800 BC)

CAVALRYAverage Protected - - -

Formed Loose

-Formed Loose

- -Formed Loose

Formed LooseCAVALRY



UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

MannaianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 950 B.C. to 610 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Mountains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Mannaian

Mannaians used chariots, cavalry and infantry. Chariots had two crew, an archer and driver. Cavalry were equipped with spears but may have adopted the bow under the influence of their neighbours and the Cimmerians. Infantry used spears, shields and side arms. Archers are also depicted.

Historical NotesThe Mannaians lived in north west Iran and were neighbours to the Urartian and Assyrian empires. The kingdom began to flourish around 850 BC. Around 800 BC they came into conflict with Urartu. Between 750 to 730 BC the Mannaians expanded as Urartu and Assyria were engaged in conflict. In 716 BC king Sargon II of Assyria seized the capital Izirtu. In 705 BC the Cimmerians killed Sargon II and migrated to the east and west of Mannae. In 676 BC the Mannaians revolted against Esarhaddon of Assyria. The Medes conquered the remnants of Mannae in 616 BC.

Troop Notes



Min


Skilled 4 4,6Bow 16

- 0 4,6- 6- 0 6,8- 8- 8 6,8,9- 36


- 0 6,8- 16




Libu, Palestinian or Bedouin javelinmen

INFANTRYAverage Unprotected - Combat Shy -

CavalryCAVALRY


Royal Guard Superior Protected Short Spear Melee Expert

The Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt was founded by Shoshenq I in 945 BC. He was descended from Meshwesh immigrants, Libyans that had been settled in the Nile delta. This brought stability to the country. In around 830 BC Shoshenq III lost control of Middle and Upper Egypt and henceforth the dynasty only controlled Lower Egypt. The Twenty-third dynasty controlled Upper and Middle Egypt but this kingdom quickly fragmented into local city states. The kingdoms fell to the Kushites in 732 BC who had reunited the entire country by 720 BC.

An internal Meshwesh ally general can only command Meshwesh. An internal Libu ally general must command all and only Libu.

Historical Notes


Skirmisher

Notes

Libu or Nubian archersINFANTRY


Egyptian archersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -Drilled Loose

Egyptian close fighters Poor Protected Short Spear - -Drilled Close


LibuINFANTRY


"Invincible" MeshweshINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Melee Expert -Formed Close

-Drilled Close

- -Drilled Loose




UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (Up to 1 Libu, up to 2 Meshwesh) Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Libyan EgyptianArmy Commander Any Professional 945 B.C. to 720 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Professional Coastal, Standard

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Libyan EgyptianTroop NotesDuring the Third Intermediary Period the Egyptians came to rely less on native troops and more on settled immigrants, in particular the Meshwesh and the Libu. These Libyans were to form a national militia in the Saitic period. Egyptian infantry used round shields and two light spears. Other troops are represented with helmets, a single spear and a short sword.



Min



Experienced 0 4,6Bow Up to half

Experienced Half 4,6Bow All


- 0 4,6- 6



- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6,8- 18- 18 6,8,9- 32





Regular spearmenINFANTRY


Upgrade chariots with 3 crew (before 800 BC)


Upgrade chariots with 3 crew (from 800 BC)

Superior Protected Short Spear -


SlingersINFANTRY


INFANTRY

SkirmishersINFANTRY


Tribal LooseMilitia spearmen Average Protected Short Spear

Archers Average Unprotected -

- -Formed Loose


- -

Best spearmenINFANTRY


Camel ridersCAMELRY

Average Unprotected - - -Tribal Loose

Cavalry Average Unprotected - - -Formed Loose

Formed LooseCAVALRY

CavalryCAVALRY


Palace chariots (only from 750 BC)

BATTLE CHARIOTSSuperior Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert

Formed Loose

-Formed Loose

- -Formed Loose

Formed LooseBATTLE CHARIOTS

Chariots with 2 crewLIGHT CHARIOTS


UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Later Syro-HittiteArmy Commander Any Instinctive 900 B.C. to 700 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Plains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Later Syro-Hittite

During the ninth and eighth centuries BC 3 and 4 crew chariots were introduced, probably drawn by 4 horses. 2 crew chariots also seem to have been used. Cavalry equipped with spears and mounted archers were used. Camelry were adopted by some states. Infantry used round shields and spears. Archers were also used.

Phoenician allies - only from 900 BC to 722 BC (Any Instinctive)

Historical NotesThis list covers the Aramaean and Neo-Hittite successor kingdoms of Syria and Cilicia. These states fell to the onslaught of Assyria and Urartu.

Troop Notes

AlliesIsraelite allies - Hebrew before 800 BC or Later Hebrew - from 800 BC to 722 BC (Any Instinctive)



Min



Experienced 4,6Bow Any

- 0 4,6- 8- 0 6,8- 8


- 0 8,9,10- 30


AlliesElamite allies - from 890 to 640 BC (Any Instinctive)

Upgrade chariots with three crew


Chaldean or Aramean Cavalry

Average Protected Short Spear -

Babylonian troops were influenced by Assyria but mostly consisted of Aramean and Chaldean troops.

Historical NotesAdad-nirani II of Assyria twice attacked and defeated Shamash-mudaamiq of Babylon. For nearly 300 years Babylon was dominated by the Assyrians. The Assyrians forced Babylon into vassalage. On occasion Assyrian kings ruled Babylon directly. In 780 BC Babylon was seized by the Chaldeans, but the Babylonian king Nabonaasar overthrew the Chaldean usurpers in 748 BC. With the accession of Tiglath-Pilaser III Babylon came under renewed attack, sacked and reduced to vassalage. In 729 BC Babylon was ruled directly. In 721 BC the Babylonians revolted under a Chaldean leader with Elamite support. Sennacherib sacked Babylon after it was seized by an Elamite king. A puppet king was overthrown with Elamite support forcing the Assyrian king Esarhaddon to rule Babylon personally. Brutal Assyrian civil wars led to the Babylonian ruler Nabopolassar founding the Neo-Babylonian empire.

Troop Notes

SkirmishersINFANTRY


Levy Poor Unprotected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose


ArchersINFANTRY


Guard infantryINFANTRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

-Formed Loose

- -Formed Loose

Formed LooseCAVALRY



UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Chaldean BabyloniaArmy Commander Any Instinctive 900 B.C. to 627 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics



Min


- 0 2- 4


- 0 6,8- 12


- 0 8,9,10- 20



Vedic troops don't appear to have changed greatly from earlier periods. Elephants were used to link the mounted troops on the flanks to the infantry in the centre.

NotesHeroic charioteers dismount as Formed Loose, Superior, Protected, 2-H Cut-Crush.

Heroic charioteersLIGHT CHARIOTS

Superior Protected - - Dismountable

Swordsmen Average Protected - Melee Expert

Historical NotesThe Kuru kingdom declined after its defeat by the non-Vedic Salva tribe. The political centre of Vedic culture shifted east, into the Panchala kingdom on the Ganges. By 600 BC the Videha kingdom became one of the major political and cultural centers. Towards the end of the Vedic period Videha appears to have been part of the Vriji confederation and absorbed in the Magadha empire.

Troop Notes

SlingersINFANTRY


Skirmishers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher


FollowersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - - -

ArchersINFANTRY


-Formed Close

Shove -Tribal Loose


ElephantsELEPHANTS

Average Protected -

UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Later Vedic IndianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 900 B.C. to 530 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Plains, Jungle

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics



Min


Skilled 0 4Bow 4




Experienced 0 6,8

Bow 32


- 0 6,8,9- 9


Historical Notes

2-horse chariotsLIGHT CHARIOTS

Superior Protected Short Spear - -

Elamite cavalry Average Unprotected - -

During this period Elan was generally allied with Babylon and helped to resist Assyrian influence. The Elamites were defeated by Sargn II and later by his son Sennacherib. Elamite attacks on Assyria abd Babylon were defeated and civil war further weakened the kingdom. In 640 BC the Assyrian Ashurbanipal captured Elam and annexed the country. Elam remained fragmented among different small kingdoms until captured by the Medes by 587 BC.


AlliesBabylonian allies - Chaldean Babylonian before 626 BC or Neo-Babylonian Empire from 626 BC (Any Instinctive)Arab allies (Any Instinctive)

SkirmishersINFANTRY


SpearmenINFANTRY


Archers Average Unprotected - - -Formed Loose

Formed Loose

INFANTRY

Archers behind long-shield spearmen (only after 660 BC)

INFANTRYAverage Unprotected Short Spear Pavise Combat Shy

Archers riding kallapani chariots

INFANTRYAverage Unprotected - Dismountable -

Formed Loose

-Formed Flexible

- -Formed Loose

Formed LooseCAVALRY

4-horse chariots (only after 740 BC)

BATTLE CHARIOTSAverage Protected -

UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Later ElamiteArmy Commander Any Instinctive 890 B.C. to 539 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Mountains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Later ElamiteTroop NotesElam continued to rely on its archery. Kallapani were troops on fast carts, each cart carrying several archers to support true chariots or cavalry. Chariots were pulled by mule-type horses. Cavalry were unarmoured, carrying a bow, spear and sword. Ashurbanipal records that in defeating the Elamites he carried off men of the bow and the shield. The Persians may have acquired the concept of Sparabara from the Elamites.


1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin


Skilled 0 4,6Bow 6

Skilled 8 4,6Bow 16

Skilled 4,6Bow Up to half

Unskilled 4 4,6Bow 6

- 8 6,8- 24- 0 6,8,9- 48- 0 8,9,10- 10




SkirmishersINFANTRY


Sha shepe chariotsLIGHT CHARIOTS


Upgrade chariots to 3-crew Superior Protected Short Spear -

Aramean or Neo-Hittite allies - Later Syro-Hittite (Any Instinctive)

AlliesSkirmisher

Slingers Average Unprotected -


SkirmisherINFANTRY

Combat Shy -

ArchersINFANTRY


LevyINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Hupshu or sabe Average Protected Short SpearIntegral

Shooters-

Tribal Loose

Drilled CloseINFANTRY

Ashsharittu or huraduINFANTRY

Average Protected Short SpearIntegral

ShootersMelee Expert

Cavalry CAVALRY


-Drilled Loose

- -Drilled Loose

Drilled LooseBATTLE CHARIOTS

Palace chariotsLIGHT CHARIOTS

Exceptional Protected Short Spear

UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

AssyrianArmy Commander Any Professional 883 B.C. to 745 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Professional Standard

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Assyrian

Troop NotesAssyrian armies of this period were a development from earlier periods. The army consisted of a chariotry provided by a land-owning nobility and some regular elite chariotry of the king. Cavalry developed out of the chariotry and in this period appears to have operated in pairs consisting of a mounted archer and a mounted spearman. Infantrty consisted of better trained regular infantry supported by conscripted peasants. Light troops were supplied by conquered regions.

Historical NotesAfter the death of Tiglath-Pileser I in 1076 BC, Assyria was in comparative decline for the next 150 years. Beginning with the campaigns of Adad-nirari II, Assyria again became a great power. The next king, Ashurnasirpal II (883 to 859 BC), embarked on a vast program of expansion. Ashurnasirpal II introduced a policy of mass deportation of conquered people which was followed by his successors. Ashurnasirpal's son, Shalmaneser III ruled for 35 years. He fought against Urartu and then marched an army against an alliance of Aramean states headed by Hadadezer of Damascus and including Ahab, king of Israel, at the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC. Shalmaneser took the neo Hittite state of Carchemish in 849 BC, and in 842 BC, marched an army against Hazael, King of Damascus, besieging the city and forcing tribute, but not taking it. In 841 BC, he also brought under tribute Jehu of Israel, and the Phoenician states of Tyre, and Sidon.The last four years of Shalmaneser's life were disturbed by the rebellion of his eldest son Ashur-nadin-aplu. This was quashed with difficulty by Shamshi-Adad V, Shalmaneser's second son, who succeeded him upon his death in 824 BC. The long and bitter civil war had allowed the Babylonians to the south, the Medes, Mannaians, the Persians, the Arameans, and the Syro-Hittites in the west to largely shake off Assyrian rule. During this period, Urartu took the opportunity to reassert its influence on the region. Assyrian fortunes were recovered by Adad-nirari III (806 BC to 783 BC) before Assyria entered a period of stagnation before the ascent of Tiglath-Pileser III in 745 BC.



Min



- 4 4,6- 16- 16 6,8,9- 120- 0 8,9,10- 10



AlliesMusasirian allies - Mannaian from 746 to 619 VC(Any Instinctive)Neo-Hittite and Arameaean allies - Later Syro-Hittite (Any Professional)

Historical Notes

CavalryCAVALRY



Urartu was a kingdom centred on Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands. It is mentioned as early as 1274 BC as one of the states of Nairi, a loose confederation of small kingdoms. It emerges in the mid-ninth century as a powerful rival of Assyria which lay to the south. Urartu expanded whenever Assyria was under weak rulers or fighting civil wars. It reached its greatest extent in the mid-eighth century when it encompassed present-day Armenia and the southern part of present-day Georgia and the sources of both the Euphrates and Tigris.

Troop NotesThe Assyrians prized the Urartian horses. Urartian chariots were similar to Assyrian designs but lighter with only 2 horses and 2 crew. Urartian cavalry were the strength of the army. Infantry were spearmen equipped with round shields and helmets. Archers were also used.

Javelinmen Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SkirmisherINFANTRY

SkirmishersINFANTRY


Levied troopsINFANTRY


-Formed Loose

- -Formed Loose




UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Provincial generals - Any Instinctive Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Early UrartianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 860 B.C. to 747 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Mountains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics



Min



Experienced 4,6Javelin Any

- 6 4,6- 12






Historical Notes

Upgrade chariotsBATTLE CHARIOTS

Superior Protected - - -

Cavalry Average Protected Short Spear -

Troop Notes

During the 8th century BC, the Phrygian kingdom with its capital at Gordium in the upper Sakarya River valley expanded into an empire dominating most of central and western Anatolia and encroaching upon the larger Assyrian Empire to its southeast and the kingdom of Urartu to the northeast. Midas may have been a king of Phrygia. The Phrygian kingdom was overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders in the seventh century BC.

Little is known about Phrygian armies. They appear to have consisted of chariotry, cavalry, spearmen and archers similar to neighbouring states.


AlliesCimmerian allies - only from 750 BC (Any Instinctive)Urartian allies - Early Urartian before 746 BC - Urartian from 746 BC (Any Professional)

JavelinmenINFANTRY


SlingersINFANTRY


Archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SkirmisherINFANTRY

Light cavalryCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - Cantabrian

SpearmenINFANTRY


-Formed Loose

- -Formed Loose

Formed LooseCAVALRY

Phrygian chariotsLIGHT CHARIOTS


UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

PhrygianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 850 B.C. to 676 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Plains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics



Min





- 12 6,8,9- 72



Troop Notes

AlliesCimmerian or Scythian allies (Any Instinctive)Mannaian allies - only from 669 BC (Any Instinctive)

Notes

Horse archersCAVALRY


Upgrade horse archers Average Unprotected - -

The cavalry were influenced by the Cimmerians and Scythians.

Spearmen and archers may be combined in a TuG of 6 or 9 comprising front rank spearmen and 2 rear ranks of archers.

Historical NotesThis list covers the early Iranian states including the Medes, Zikirtu, Andia and Parsua. According to Herodotus, Median spearmen, archers and cavalry originally fought intermixed. Parsua was influenced by neighbouring Elam.

Skirmishers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher


ArchersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat shy

SpearmenINFANTRY


-Formed Flexible

- Melee ExpertFormed Loose

Formed FlexibleCAVALRY

Nobles and followersCAVALRY


UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Early IranianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 836 B.C. to 550 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Plains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin




Experienced Bow Any

- 6 6,8- 12





Combat Shy -

Skirmishers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Allies

Skirmisher

Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear - -

Archers Average

Israel

2-horse, 3-crew chariots Superior Protected Short Spear - -

Judah

Formed Loose

2-horse, 3-crew chariots Superior Protected Short Spear -

Egyptian allies - Saitic Egyptian - only from 650 BC (Any Professional)

Egyptian allies - Libyan Egyptian - only from 721 to 720 BC (Any Professional)Philistine allies - From 721 BC to 671 BC (Any Instinctive)

Egyptian allies - Kushite Egyptian - only from 719 BC to 664 BC (Any Instinctive)Phoenician allies - only from 702 BC (Any Instinctive)

INFANTRY

SlingersINFANTRY


Tribal LooseUnprotected -


INFANTRY

-----

Gibborim (not Israel)INFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Melee Expert -Formed Loose

Regrade to 4-horse chariots (from 702 BC)

BATTLE CHARIOTSSuperior Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert

Formed Loose

-Formed Loose

BATTLE CHARIOTS

BATTLE CHARIOTS

UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Later HebrewArmy Commander Any Instinctive 800 B.C. to 586 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Mountains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Later Hebrew

Israel appears as a significant chariot power. Gibborim were a military caste descended from David's place guard.

Historical NotesThe northern kingdom of Israel was conquered by Shalmaneser V in 722 BC. The southern kingdom of Judah with its capital at Jerusalem was conquered by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon in 586 BC.

Troop Notes


1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin






Experienced 0 6,8,9Javelin 18




The Cimmerians probably originated on the Pontic Steppe and invaded Anatolia by crossing the Caucasus. They are first mentioned in Assyrian annals in 714 BC when they assisted Sargon II to defeat the kingdom of Urartu. They also seemed to have occupied Mannaian territory. In around 696 or 695 BC they conquered Phrygia. In 679 BC they invaded Assyrian territory but were defeated by Esarhaddon of Assyria. They were defeated again by Ashurbanipal. In 654 or 652 BC they invaded Lydia killing the Lydian king Gyges. Ten years later they captured Sardis and raided some of the Greek cities in Ionia. There success was short-lived and they were expelled by Alyathes II. This defeat marked the end of Cimmerian power.

Horse archersCAVALRY


Upgrade horse archers Average Unprotected - -


AlliesLowland Thracian allies - only from 680 to 675 BC (Any Instinctive)

Historical Notes

SlingersINFANTRY


ArchersINFANTRY


Light horse archers Average Unprotected - - -Skirmisher

Tribal LooseCAVALRY

Foot spearmenINFANTRY

Poor Protected Short Spear - -

Foot archersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - - Combat shyTribal Loose

-Formed Flexible

- Melee ExpertFormed Loose

Formed FlexibleCAVALRY

Nobles and followersCAVALRY


UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Mobile; Poor or Average

Name

Type

CimmerianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 750 B.C. to 630 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Plains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Cimmerian

The Cimmerians were a classic horse archer army with a best equipped nobility.

Troop Notes



Min



- 4 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 10


- 16 6,8- 48- 0 6,8,9- 72- 0 8,9,10- 10



Musasirian allies - Mannaian (Any Instinctive)

JavelinmenINFANTRY


Royal army cavalryCAVALRY


Provincial cavalry Average Protected Short Spear Melee Expert

Median allies - Early Iranian only from 714 to 621 BC (Any Instinctive)Neo-Hittite and Arameaean allies - Later Syro-Hittite - only before 729 BC (Any Instinctive)

Median allies - Median Empire - only from 620 to 585 BC (Any Instinctive)Cimmerian allies - only from 680 BC to 640 BC (Any Instinctive)


Skirmisher

Allies

SkirmishersINFANTRY




Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

Drilled LooseINFANTRY

Royal Army spearmenINFANTRY


Cimmerian mercenariesCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - -Formed Flexible

-Formed Loose

- -Formed Loose

Drilled LooseCAVALRY

Royal army chariotsLIGHT CHARIOTS


UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Provincial generals - Any Instinctive Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average

Name

Type

UrartianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 746 B.C. to 585 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Mountains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


UrartianHistorical NotesIn 714 BC, the Urartu kingdom suffered heavily from Cimmerian raids and the campaigns of Sargon II. The main temple at Mushashir was sacked, and the Urartian king Rusa I was crushingly defeated by Sargon II at Lake Urmia. Rusa's son Argishti II (714 to 685 BC) restored Urartu's position against the Cimmerians, however it was no longer a threat to Assyria and peace was made with the new king of Assyria Sennacherib in 705 BC. This in turn helped Urartu enter a long period of development and prosperity, which continued through the reign of Argishti's son Rusa II (685 to 645 BC).After Rusa II, however, the Urartu grew weaker under constant attacks from Cimmerian and Scythian invaders. Late during the 7th century BC, Urartu was invaded by Scythians and Medes. In 612 BC, the Median king Cyaxares the Great together with Nabopolassar of Babylon and the Scythians conquered Assyria after it had been badly weakened by civil war. The Medes then took over the Urartian capital of Van towards 585 BC, effectively ending the sovereignty of Urartu.

Troop NotesUrartian armies may have been influenced by fighting the Cimmerians.


1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin


Skilled 0 4,6Bow 6

Skilled 4 4,6Bow 12



- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 6- 6 6,8- 12- 6 6,8- 16- 0 8,9,10- 50





LevyINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected Short Spear - -

ChariotsBATTLE CHARIOTS


Guard cavalry Superior Protected Short Spear -

INFANTRY

SkirmishersINFANTRY


Formed LooseElamite archers (only after 720 BC)


Archers Average Unprotected -

Integral Shooters

-Tribal Loose


- -

King's menINFANTRY


Regular infantryINFANTRY

Average Protected Short SpearIntegral

ShootersMelee Expert

Drilled Close

Guard infantry Superior Protected Short Spear Melee Expert -Drilled Close


Kallapani - mounted infantry

INFANTRYSuperior Protected Short Spear

Melee Expert, Dismountable

-

CavalryCAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Drilled Loose

-Drilled Loose

- -Drilled Loose


Palace chariotsBATTLE CHARIOTS

Exceptional Protected Short Spear

UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Neo-Assyrian EmpireArmy Commander Any Professional 745 B.C. to 681 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Professional Standard

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Neo-Assyrian EmpireExperienced 0 6,9

Sling 18Experienced 0 6,9

Javelin 9

Historical NotesWhen Tiglath-Pileser III ascended the throne civil war and pestilence were devastating the country. He invaded Babylonia and defeated its king Nabonassar. After subjecting Babylon to tribute, defeating Urartu and conquering the Medes, Persians and Neo-Hittites, Tiglath-Pileser III directed his armies into Aramea, of which large swathes had regained independence, and the commercially successful Mediterranean seaports of Phoenicia. He took Arpad near Aleppo in 740 BC after a siege of three years, and razed Hamath. Azariah, king of Judah had been an ally of the king of Hamath, and thus was compelled by Tiglath-Pileser to do him homage and pay yearly tribute. In 738 BC, Tiglath-Pileser III occupied Philistia and invaded Israel, imposing on it a heavy tribute. At the instigation of the king of Judah he attacked Damascus and forced tribute from the Arabs. In 729 BC he captured the Babylonian king and was crowned the King of Babylon. In 725 BC he died and was succeeded by Shalmaneser V. King Hoshea of Israel suspended paying tribute, and allied himself with Egypt against Assyria in 725 BC. This led Shalmaneser to invade Syria and besiege Samaria (capital city of Israel) for three years. Shalmaneser V died suddenly in 722 BC, while laying siege to Samaria, and the throne was seized by Sargon II, the Turtanu (General) who quickly took Samaria and carried the people of Israel into captivity. Sargon II led a series of campaigns against Elam, Babylon, Carchemish, Media, Parsua, Mannaia and Urartu. As a result of his victories Cyprus gave allegiance and Phrygia offered friendship. In 705 BC, Sargon was killed in battle while driving out the Cimmerians. He was succeeded by his son Sennacherib. In 701 BC the Egyptians, Judah and Phoenicians formed an alliance against the Assyrians. Sennacherib defeated them. In 694BC he attacked Elam. In retaliation the Elamites installed a new ruler in Babylon. It took four years to retake the city which was then deliberately flooded by opening the canals. In 681 he was murdered by his own son.

Troop NotesThe conquered provinces were organized under an elaborate bureaucracy, with the king at the head. Each district payed a fixed tribute and provided a military contingent. The Assyrian forces at this time became a professional standing army.

Philistine vassal allies - only after 732 BC (Any Instinctive)Egyptian vassal allies - Libyan Egyptian - only from 731 to 721 BC (Any Professional)Mannaian vassal allies - only after 720 BC (Any Instinctive)Phrygian allies - only after 704 BC (Any Instinctive)Cypriot allies - Phoenician - only after 704 BC (Any Instinctive)

Mede vassal allies - Early Iranian - only after 734 BC (Any Instinctive)

AlliesAramean or Neo-Hittite allies - Later Syro-Hittite - only before 710 BC (Any Instinctive)Israelite vassal allies - Later Hebrew - only after 742 BC (Any Instinctive)Arab vassal allies - Early Arab - only after 742 BC (Any Instinctive)


JavelinmenINFANTRY


SlingersINFANTRY



1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin



- 4 4,6- 20





Skilled 0 4,6Bow 6

- 0 4,6- 6- 0 6,8- 8


- -

Egyptian cavalry Average Protected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

Egyptian chariots Average

Only from 727 BC to 664 BC and an Egyptian sub-general is taken

CavalryCAVALRY


Archers Average Unprotected - -

Combat Shy -Drilled Loose

Egyptian archersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected -

CAVALRY

Egyptian close fightersINFANTRY

Poor Protected Short Spear - -Drilled Close

Drilled LooseProtected Short Spear

LIGHT CHARIOTS

Slingers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SkirmisherINFANTRY

ArchersINFANTRY


JavelinmenINFANTRY


Combat shyFormed Loose

- -Formed Loose


Kushite chariotsLIGHT CHARIOTS


UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Kushite EgyptianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 732 B.C. to 656 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Kushite Egyptian

- 6 6,8- 24

Unskilled 6 6,8Javelin 12


The Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt is also known as the Kushite Empire. The rulers originating in the Nubian Kingdom of Kush. They had been extending their influence into Egypt for twenty years when Piye invaded in 732 BC and defeated the combined might of several native Egyptian rulers. Piye made various unsuccessful attempts to extend Egyptian influence. In 720 BC he sent an army in support of a rebellion against Assyria but was defeated by Sargon II. Shabaka supported another uprising against the Assyrians but this was also defeated by Sargon II.In 671 BC Esarhaddon of Assyria, tired of attempts by Egypt to meddle, began an invasion.Taharqa was defeated, and Egypt conquered by Esarhaddon. Tarharqa fled to his Nubian homeland. Two years later he returned and seized control of Egypt as far north as Memphis. Ashurbanipal of Assyria sent a general with a small, well-trained army corps which easily defeated and ejected Taharqa from Egypt once and for all. A native Egyptian ruler, Psamtik I, was placed on the throne, as a vassal of Ashurbanipal of Assyria. He effectively united Egypt and when the Assyrian Empire began to tear itself apart was able to become independent.

Troop NotesKushite forces included archers, slingers, spearmen, chariotry and cavalry.

Historical Notes

AlliesLibyan Egyptian allies - only before 727 BC (Any Instinctive)

NotesAn Egyptian sub-general cannot command Kushite troops.

- -Formed Loose

SkirmishersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

Libu militia settlersINFANTRY


Only from 727 BC to 664 BC and Egyptian infantry are taken

Meshwesh militia settlersINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Melee Expert -Formed Close


1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 4,6- 6- 8 4,6- 18


- 16 6,8,9- 48- 0 6,8- 8


Experienced 0 6,8,9Javelin 9






Skirmishing archersINFANTRY


Provinicial cavalryCAVALRY

Average Protected Short SpearDevastating

ChargersDismountable

Scythian mercenaries Average Unprotected - -

INFANTRY

AlliesIonian Greek allies - Dark Age - before 650 BC or Classical Greek - from 650 BC (Any Instinctive)

SkirmisherSlingers Average Unprotected -

Skirmishing javelinmen Average Unprotected -

- CantabrianSkirmisher

SkirmisherINFANTRY

Combat Shy -

Phrygian or Paphlagonian light horse

CAVALRYAverage Unprotected -

Bithynians or ThraciansINFANTRY


Javelinmen Average Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose


Karian hoplites (only from 665 BC)

INFANTRYAverage Protected Long Spear

Shove, Shield Cover

Orb/Square

SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall -Tribal Close

-Formed Flexible

Devastating Chargers

DismountableFormed Loose

Formed LooseCAVALRY

Kings retainersCAVALRY


UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

LydianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 687 B.C. to 540 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Mountains, Plains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Lydian

Troop NotesThe strength of the army was in its cavalry which was equipped with spears.

NotesLydian cavalry dismount as Formed Loose, Protected, Short Spear of equivalent quality.

Historical NotesGyges of Lydia seized the throne in around 687 BC by assassinating the previous rule Candaules. He devoted himself to consolidating his kingdom and making it a military power. The capital was relocated from Hyde to Sardis. In around 654BC the Cimmerians invaded Lydia and sacked Sardis. Gyges was killled. At the start of the 6th century BC the Lydians came into conflict with the Medes who had conquered Assyria. After a war that had been going on for five years, a battle between the Medes and Lydians ended abruptly due to a solar eclipse on 28 May 585 BC. By the peace treaty, the river Halys was agreed to be the border between the two empires. In 546 BC the Lydian empire ended when Croesus attacked the Persian Empire of Cyrus II and was defeated.



Min







- 0 6,8- 8- 6 6,8- 16- 0 6,8- 24- 0 6- 6- 6 6,8- 24- 0 6,8,9- 18- 0 8,9,10- 20


- -Formed Loose

Mount best sab sharri as kallapani

INFANTRYAverage Protected Short Spear

Shield Cover, Dismountable

Integral Shooters

Qurubuti sha pithalliCAVALRY


Upgrade qurubuti sha pithalli (only after 668 BC)

Superior Fully Armoured Short Spear -

Combat Shy -Drilled Loose

Nash qashtiINFANTRY

Average Protected -

INFANTRY

DulluINFANTRY

Poor Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Drilled LooseSab sharri Average Protected Short Spear

Sha kutalli Average Protected Short Spear

Shield Cover, Shieldwall

Integral ShootersDrilled Close


Shield Cover Integral Shooters

Best sab sharriINFANTRY


Kisir sharrutiINFANTRY

Superior Protected Short SpearShield Cover,

ShieldwallIntegral Shooters

Drilled Close

Zuk shepe Exceptional Protected Short Spear Shield Cover Integral ShootersDrilled Close

Formed FlexibleINFANTRY

CimmeriansCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat shy

Armoured cavalryCAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Drilled Loose

-Drilled Loose


Melee ExpertDrilled Loose




UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Professional (only from 626 B.C.) Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Later Sargonid AssyrianArmy Commander Any Professional 680 B.C. to 609 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Professional (only before 626 B.C.) Standard

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Later Sargonid AssyrianExperienced 0 6,8

Bow 16Experienced 0 6,9

Bow 18Experienced 0 6,9

Sling 18Experienced 0 6,9

Javelin 18

Historical NotesIn 681 BC Sennacherib was successed by Esarhaddon. Esarhaddon had to defeat a rebellion south of Babylon instigated by the Elamites and Chaldeans. In 679 BC he had to drive off a Cimmerian invasion of Cilicia. Defeating the Scythians, Cimmerians and Medes he then turned his attention to Phoenicia. He raided Egypt in 673 BC and two years later launched a full invasion that ended the Kushite empire. He then defeated Urartu and expanded down the Persian gulf as far as Dilmun (Bahrain). This was Assyria's greatest territorial extent.Ashurbanipal inherited the throne in 668 BC and ruled for over 40 years. He continued to campaign in Egypt and installed a native Egyptian, Psamtik I, as a vassal king in 664 BC. However by 652 BC the Egyptian was independent. Ashurbanipal had to face a rebellion from his older brother Shamash-shum-ukin which lasted until 648 BC. Ashurbanipal set about punishing the Chaldeans, Arabs and Nabateans who had supported the revolt. Elam was invaded and Susa sacked. The state had been weakened and upon Ashurbanipal's death in 627 BC, the empire began to disintegrate rapidly. A series of bitter civil wars broke out involving a number of claimants to the throne. In 620 BC Nabopolassar finally captured Nippur, becoming master of Babylonia. In 616 BC Cyaxares, the Median king, made an alliance with Nabopolassar and with the help of the Scythians and Cimmerians attacked Assyria. Nineveh was destroyed after a long siege in 612 BC. Harran held out until 609 BC but an Assyrian Egyptian army was defeated by the Medes and Babylonians.

Troop NotesThe role of cavalry had reduced the role of chariots to a shock force. Four horse chariots carried a four man crew. The cavalry had improved and became increasingly armoured. The infantry consisted of a professional standing army supported by regular provincial troops.

- Combat Shy -Skirmisher

Tribal levy javelinmenINFANTRY


Philistine vassal allies - only before 627 BC (Any Instinctive)Persian allies - Early Iranian only from 641 to 628 BC (Any Instinctive)Egyptian allies - Saitic Egyptian only from 627 BC (Any Professional)Mannaian allies - only from 627 to 610 BC (Any Instinctive)

Tribal levy archersINFANTRY


Tribal levy slingersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected

AlliesMede vassal allies - Early Iranian only before 668 BC (Any Instinctive)Arab vassal allies - Early Arab only before 668 BC (Any Instinctive)Scythian allies - Early Scythian or Saka only before 627 BC (Any Instinctive)

Sab qastiINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Formed Loose



Min


Skilled 4 4,6Bow 10

- 0 4,6- 6


- 0 6- 6

Skilled 0 6Bow 6

- 0 6,8- 24- 12 6,8,9- 48




Nubian and other skirmishing archers


Egyptian cavalryCAVALRY


Horse archers (only from 620 BC)

Average Unprotected - -

Cyrenean Greek allies - only from 570 BC (Any Instinctive)

Allies

NotesThe ally general can only command Greek mercenaries.

SkirmisherLibyan javelinmen Average Unprotected -

Combat Shy -Formed Loose

SkirmisherINFANTRY

Combat Shy -

ArchersINFANTRY

Average Protected -

SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Formed Close

Greek mercenaries Average Protected Long SpearShove, Shield

CoverOrb/Square

Drilled Close

Drilled LooseINFANTRY

Guard archersINFANTRY

Average Protected - - -

Guard spearmenINFANTRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - -Drilled Close

Combat shyFormed Flexible

- -Drilled Loose

Formed LooseCAVALRY

Egyptian chariotsBATTLE CHARIOTS


UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Professional Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Saitic EgyptianArmy Commander Any Professional 664 B.C. to 525 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Professional Coastal, Standard

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Saitic EgyptianHistorical NotesPsamtik I appears to have been a member of the royal family in Sais, an Egyptian sub-kingdom of the Assyrians. After the kingdom was defeated, he fled to the Assyrian empire and returned to Egypt when the Assyrian king Assurbanipal drove the Kushite Egyptians south. He was placed as Pharoah by the Assyrians, but used the opportunity of the Assyrian civil wars in the 650s to become fully independent. He ruled for a total of 54 years. The dynasty (26th) were the last native dynasty to rule Egypt. In 570 BC Apries was overthrown by Ahmose II and fled to Babaylon. He returned with a Babylonian army in 567 BC but appears to have been defeated and killed. The last of the dynasty, Psamtik III succumbed to a Persian invasion led by Cambyses II in 525 BC.

Troop NotesThe main forces of Egypt at this time were provided by a warrior caste. They formed into separate dense blocks of spearmen and archers. Chariots now were drawn by 4 horses. Greek mercenaries were originally supplied by Gyges of Lydia but later recruited from Ionia and Caria.


1 Dates0-1 Terrain

CampMin



Skilled 0 4,6Bow 6


- 0 4,6- 8- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6,8- 16


- 0 8,9,10- 30


Arab allies - Early Arab (Any Instinctive)

SkirmishersINFANTRY


Babylonians chariotsBATTLE CHARIOTS


Rebel Assyrian cavalry Average Protected Short Spear -

Persian allies - Early Iranian (Any Instinctive)Elamite allies - Later Elamite (Any Instinctive)

Historical NotesShamash-shum-ukin was the eldest son of Esarhaddon. When the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal inherited the throne he held ritual power in Babylon. Friction grew between the two brother kings and in 652 BC Babylon rebelled. Babylon was supported by Chaldean and Aramean tribes, Persians, Arabs, Nabateans and Elam.

- -Tribal Loose

Skirmisher

Allies

LevyINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected Short Spear

Chaldean and Aramean infantry


Tribal Loose

Rebel Assyrian spearmen Average Protected Short Spear Shield Cover Integral ShootersDrilled Loose




Chaldean or Aramean Cavalry

CAVALRYAverage Protected Short Spear - -

Formed Loose

-Drilled Loose


Melee ExpertDrilled Loose


Rebel Assyrian chariotsBATTLE CHARIOTS


UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Assyrian BabyloniaArmy Commander Any Professional 652 B.C. to 648 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Professional Standard

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Assyrian BabyloniaTroop NotesIt is assumed that the army was a mix of Assyrian rebels and Babylonian troops.



Min





- 0 6,8- 8



- 0 8,9,10- 50


An ally general cannot command guard troops.

Guard cavalryCAVALRY


Chaldean and Aramean cavalry

Average Protected Short Spear -


AlliesMede allies - Median Empire - only in 618 BC (Any Instinctive)

Notes

Tribal levy archersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected -

LevyINFANTRY


Archers Average Unprotected - - Combat shyTribal Loose


Archers behind long-shield spearmen

INFANTRYAverage Unprotected Short Spear Pavise Combat Shy


Superior Protected Short SpearShield Cover,

Shieldwall-

Drilled Close

-Formed Loose

- Melee ExpertDrilled Loose




UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Professional Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Neo-Babylonian EmpireArmy Commander Any Professional 626 B.C. to 539 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Professional Standard

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Neo-Babylonian Empire

After the death of Assurbanipal of Assyria in 627 BC, Babylonia rebelled under Nabopolassar. In alliance with the Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians, they sacked the city of Nineveh in 612 BC. A Babylonian and Median army defeated the last Assyrian general Ashur-uballit II in 609 BC. The Babylonians possessed much of Assyria. Nebuchadnezzar II became king in 605 BC after the death of his father. He conducted successful military campaigns in Syria and Phoenicia, forcing tribute from Damascus, Tyre and Sidon. In 601 BC he fought a major but inconclusive battle against the Egyptians. In 597 BC, he invaded Judah and captured Jerusalem and deposed its king Jehoiachin. After an 18-month siege, Jerusalem was captured in 587 BC, and thousands of Jews were deported. By 572 Nebuchadnezzar was in full control of Babylonia, Assyria, Phoenicia, Israel, Philistinia, northern Arabia, and parts of Asia Minor. In 568 BC he invaded Egypt itself. Nebuchadnezzar II dieed in 562 BC and after three rulers in seven years. An Assyrian Nabonidus took the throne. He was an unpopular ruler and was overthrown by Cyrus the Great.

Historical Notes

Troop NotesNabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar II appear to have adopted some of the military systems of the Assyrians they conquered.



Min





Skilled 0Bow Up to half

- 16 6,8,9- 36



- 0 8,9,10- 10



Light horse archersCAVALRY


Armoured cavalryCAVALRY

Average Protected - - -

Cavalry Average Unprotected - -

Mannaian allies - only to 610 BC (Any Instinctive)

Allies

Cimmerian or Scythian allies - Early Scythian or Saka (Any Instinctive)Babylonian allies - Neo-Babylonian Empire (Any Instinctive)

SkirmisherSkirmishers Average Unprotected -

- -Tribal Loose

SkirmisherINFANTRY

Combat Shy -


Poor Unprotected Short Spear

AuxilariesINFANTRY


Archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Tribal Loose

Tribal CloseINFANTRY

SpearmenINFANTRY


Upgrade cavalryCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - -Formed Flexible

-Formed Flexible

- -Formed Loose

Formed LooseCAVALRY

Best cavalryCAVALRY


UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Median EmpireArmy Commander Any Instinctive 620 B.C. to 550 B.C.Sub-Generals Any Instinctive Mountains, Plains

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Median EmpireHistorical NotesCyaxares inherited the throne of Media after his father, Phraortes, was killed in battle against the Assyrians. Cyaxares defeated a Scythian invasion, reorganised the Median army and formed an alliance with King Nabopolassar of Babylon. These allies overthrew the Assyrian empire and destroyed Nineveh in 612 BC. After the victory the Medes occupied northern Mesopotamia. By 585 BC they had conquered Urartu and after a five year war had agreed the Halys river as a boundary with the Lydian empire. Cyaxares was succeeded by Astyages who ruled from 585 to 549 BC. Astyages was overthrown by the Persian Cyrus the Great, apparently with the support of some of the Median nobility. The joint rule of the Persians and Medians forged the foundation of the Achaemenid Persian empire.

Troop NotesAccording to Herodotus, Cyaxares introduced changes that separated the Median spearmen and archers.


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