army final.docx
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Introduction:
The Indian Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of India. They consist of
the Army, Navy and Air Force, supported by Paramilitary forces[4]
(Assam Rifles, Indian Coast
Guard and Special Frontier Force) and various inter-service institutions such as the Strategic Forces
Command.
The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The Indian Armed Forces
are under the management of theMinistry of Defence (MoD), which is led by the Union Cabinet Minister of
Defense.
As of 2010, the Indian Armed Forces have a combined strength of 1.32 million active personnel and 1.15
million reserve personnel. In addition there are 2.28 million paramilitary personnel making it one of
the world's largest military forces in terms of personnel.
The Indian defense budget was US$41 billion during FY2012, at about 1.9% of GDP, with additional
spending on infrastructure in border areas and for paramilitary organizations.
The Indian armed forces are undergoing rapid modernization, with investments in such areas as a missile
defense system and a nuclear triad. India's arsenal includes nuclear weapons with a triad of delivery
mechanisms. In 2010, India was the world's leading arms importeraccounting for 9% of global imports
and ranked among the top ten in arms export. Israel, Russia and the United States are the primary
suppliers to India's armed forces. The countrys capital expenditure for defense equipment may
reach US$112 billion between 2010 and 2016. Since 1962, the IAF has maintained close military relations
with Russia, including cooperative development on programs such as the Fifth Generation Fighter
Aircraft (FGFA) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA).
As of 2011, the major military operations of the Indian armed forces have included the Indo-Pakistani
wars of 1947, 1965 and 1971, the Sino-Indian War, the 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish, the Kargil War, and
the Siachen conflict among others.
Inception of Indian Army:
Upon independence and the subsequent Partition of India in 1947, four of the ten Gurkha regiments were
transferred to the British Army. The rest of the British Indian Army was divided between the newly created
nations of Republic of India and Republic of Pakistan. The Punjab Boundary Force, which had been
formed to help police the Punjab during the partition period, was disbanded, and Headquarters Delhi and
East Punjab Command was formed to administer the area.
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History:
History ofIndian Army is pregnant with real and true accounts of extraordinary heroism and valour and can
be traced back to the ancient periods in India. The earliest mention of Indian Army is found in the ancient
texts and scriptures, including the Vedas and the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. The History of Indian
Army emphasises that Indians have not taken to the science of warfare recently and their fighting traditions
are not merely 200 years old. There are several glorious instances of large scale operations undertaken inancient times backed by a definite military science based on brilliant strategy and tactics. During the ancient
period, when Dharma played such a dominating role in the daily routine of a person, Warfare had to be
undertaken frequently. The epitome ofDharma Yuddha, as it was originally known as, is to be found in the 2
Indian epics namely Ramayana and Mahabharata. No base means were used and the dignity of man as a
warrior, victor and vanquisher was maintained always.
History of Indian Army during British Rule
History ofIndian army during British rule depicts that it became more structured. Although India has been
ruled over by several foreign kingdoms but her interests and borders were always secured by the sons of
the soil. Even under the British rule, the revolt against the colonisers was initiated by men in uniform.
During the reign of the emperors, the loyalty of the soldiers laid with their kings and during later periods,
this entire concept underwent sea changes. This mainly occurred due to the rise of the concept of nation.
Under the British rule, the army was organised completely on a foreign pattern, designed to suit their endsin the country and to fight their battles in other countries that were as far as China and Europe.
Contemporary History of Indian Army
Modern India has witnessed several valorous soldiers who have laid down their lives for their motherland.
The names of such warriors have been immortalised in the history of Indian army. Whether in the Indo-
China Conflict or theKashmir attacks, Indian military history states, with pride, that their troops have
always successfully forced the invaders to retreat. In fact, whenever the outsiders have tried to disturb the
harmony and peace of India, the Indian army has marched to the battleground and vanquished the
trespassers.
History of Indian Army shows that since ancient times a conventional method of warfare was followed.
Hence the structure, strength and the policies differed in the various empires, but what remained unaltered,
was the undeterred bravery with which the courageous men faced their foes. Indian Army that is well
regarded as the epitome of chivalry, gallantry and intrepidity, is the subcontinent`s guardian against all
kinds of intrusions.
The Indian army assures and makes certain that every civilian can assuredly retreat to slumber whilst they
are guarding the border of the nation round the clock, with their lives.
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Personnel:
Component Active Reserve
Indian Army 1,129,900 960,000
Indian Navy 58,350 55,000
Indian Air Force 127,200 140,000
Indian Coast Guard 9,550
Paramilitary Forces 1,300,586 987,821
Military Operations:
The Indian Armed Forces is the overall unified military of the Republic of India encompassing the Indian
Army, the Indian Air Force, the Indian Navy, the Indian Coast Guard and various other inter-service
institutions. The President of India serves as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. With an
estimated total active force of 1,325,000 personnel, India maintains the world's third largest armed forces.
The First Kashmir War
Tensions between India and Pakistan began to boil over, almost immediately after independence. The first of
the three wars fought between India and Pak broke out over the then princely state of Kashmir. The
Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir was not showing any interest in signing a treaty either with India or
Pakistan and as a result, an impatient Pakistan sponsored a `tribal` invasion of parts of Kashmir. Soon after
that incident, Pakistan also sent in its troops to capture Kashmir. Afraid of the incidence, the Maharaja Hari
Singh appealed to India and also to the Governor General, Lord Mountbatten and sought help. However, it
was pointed out to him that India saw no reason to do so. Under pressure, he signed the Instrument of
Accession (agreement) and Kashmir was unilaterally merged with India. Though the decision got approval
from Britain, Pakistan never accepted it and immediately after this, Indian troops were airlifted into
Srinagar. The Indian soldiers initially faced tough opposition from the invaders and were also driven back.
An intense war engaged across the state and former comrades found themselves fighting each other. Both
India and Pakistan made some territorial gains and also suffered significant losses. One-third part ofKashmir was captured by the Pakistani troops and that part is known as Azad-Kashmir, at present. An
apprehensive UN sponsored peace was sent back by the end of 1948 and the Indian and Pakistani soldiers
were facing each other directly on the Line of Control. Since then, the Line of Control has been the division
line between India and the Pakistani held Kashmir.
Goa, Daman and Diu Operation (1961)
This operation was held in 1961 with a view to clear the Portuguese people from the three places of Goa,
Daman and Diu. Though India got its Independence in 1947, those three areas were being captured by the
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Portuguese till 1961. The Indian government did request the Portuguese people to empty the areas
repeatedly till 1961 and the Portuguese had refused the request every time. To this, the government of
India ordered a small group of trusted military troops to evacuate the Portuguese territories and secure
them. The operation was named as the Goa Operation, 1961. The Portuguese soldiers were soon stormed by
the Indian soldiers and unable to bear the assault, the Portugal government signed a treaty with India. It
also restrained its control over the small territories, which formally became part of the Indian Union.
The Indo-China Conflict- 1962
The Indian Police posts had been pushed forward into territory claimed by the Chinese Government, since
1959 and there had been some small scale clashes between India and China for that reason. The small
clashes soon became bigger and India and China engaged with each other in a fierce war. The Indian
government insisted that the border ran along the "traditional" watershed, in effect the McMahon Line and
China challenged this. After the attempts of making peace by discussions remained fruitless, the Indian
government ordered the Indian soldiers to move to the Thagla Plain near the border between Bhutan and
Arunachal Pradesh, in 1962. The border formed part of the watershed, though it was some three miles to
the north of the McMahon line. The tensions between the two countries increased when India came to know
that the Chinese government had constructed a road through Aksai Chin which India claimed. The Chinese
soldiers made a surprise attack on the Indian soldiers in September 1962 by using aero planes. Surprised
and angered with this incident, the then Prime Minister of India, Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru issued an order on
October 12, and asked the soldiers to evacuate the Chinese from Aksai Chin.
However, the Chinese Army soon made a double-way attack on India through both the North-West and
North-East parts of the border on October 20 and also entered the disputed Aksai Chin region along with
Arunachal Pradesh in numbers. After invading into the area, the Chinese government called on the Indian
government for negotiation. However, none of the countries could get into any peaceful agreement or
settlement and China unilaterally withdrew their troops from the territory they had occupied. There are
some disputes about the reasons for the withdrawal, as India claims that logistical problems and diplomatic
support from the US forced China to do so. On the other hand, China states that it was returning to the
borders that it had diplomatically claimed. The dividing line between the Indian and Chinese forces was
positioned the Line of Actual Control. The Indian government also set up a review committee for
determining the causes for India`s defeat. The report apparently showed faults much of India`s armed
forces command and especially the executive government for failures on several fronts. The Ministry of
Defence at the time of the war was headed by the then defence minister Krishna Menon.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
This war took place primarily for Pakistan, as the
Pakistani dictator General Ayub Khan initiated it by
launching Operation Gibraltar in August 1965. He
though that the Indian leadership would still be
recovering from the 1962 war with China and would not
be able to deal effectively with such a military force.
The General also had some intelligence reports that
claimed that the people of Kashmir would also support
the Pakistani war effort. However, his calculation was
proved to be totally a wrong one, as no such rebellion
took place in Kashmir and India responded almostimmediately with armoured regiments. The Indian Army
was well organised for both countering enemy entrance
and throwing them across the border. In the beginning,
the Indian Army met with considerable success in the
northern sector. India soon became able to capture three important mountain positions in Kashmir, after
launching extended artillery barrages against Pakistan.
However, by the end of the month Pakistan had made progress in areas such as Tithwal, Uri and Punch and
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India had lost considerable number of troops and tanks having captured the Haji Pir Pass eight kilometers
inside Pakistani territory. Pakistan then launched Operation Grand Slam on 1st September, and invaded into
the Chamb-Jaurian sector. With an objective of taking revenge on Pakistan, the Indian Army`s 15th Infantry
Division crossed the International Border on the Western Front on 6th September. However, the war
eventually proved to be a deadlock (draw) and the ceasefire on 23rd September was followed by talks in
Tashkent (brokered by the Soviet Union), where Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan
agreed to withdraw to virtually all pre-war positions.
Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971
In the year of 1971, the Indian Army got engaged in a war with Pakistan in Bangladesh, with a view to make
Bangladesh free from Pakistani invasion. The Pakistani Lt. Gen, A. A. K. Niazi had signed the instrument of
surrender on 16th December and surrendered his forces to Lt. Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora, to end the war.
India actually helped the rebellious people of East Pakistan, after it was forced to interfere as an estimated
10 million Bangladeshi refugees fled to India. Unlike the 1965 war, this time decisive change was effected.
East Pakistan became successful to break away with Indian intervention and became the independent state
of Bangladesh. This gave a huge relief for India, as it no longer had to worry about a two-front war and also
could concentrate its armed firepower against West Pakistan and the PRC.
The Indian army achieved a decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971, under the command of Lt General J. S.
Aurora and also took over 90,000 prisoners of war in the Bangladesh liberation war. The Indian Armybecame successful to block Pakistan`s invasion attempts even on the western front and it captured more
than 2,000 sq. miles of Pakistan held territory, on a counter attack. The tensions between India and
Pakistan were a bit calmed after the Indo Pak War of 1971. Though there was some periodically threatening
to break out into full-scale war, nothing serious happened between the two countries for a long period.
However, there were two occasions in the recent years, when India and Pakistan exchanged fires with each
other in 1999 and 2002.
The Kargil Operation in 1999
This operation was one of the most recent ones among the military operations of Indian Army and it took
place in mid 1999. During that time, the Kashmiri rebellious groups and Pakistan military personnel took
control of some deserted, but strategic, Himalayan heights in Indian administered Kashmir. All those areas
were either been vacated by the Indian army during the onset of bad weather conditions, or not occupied on
the presumption that it would be madness, for Pakistan, to risk men in such a manner. However, with thehelp of Pakistani army, the `Mujahideen` became successful to take control of several key areas like the
heights overlooking the vital Srinagar Leh highway, Batalik, Dras and the strategic Tiger Hill.
In the mean time, the Indian Navy also got ready for an attempted blockade of Pakistani ports to cut off
supply routes. At this, the Pakistan government started to face a lot of pressure from the international
community and the President of the United States, Bill Clinton soon asked Pakistan for "a full and complete
withdrawal without pre-conditions" from Kargil. Clinton also warned Pakistan that "there could be no quid
pro quo, no hint that America was rewarding Pakistan for its aggression, nor for threatening its nuclear
power at India". Being isolated internationally, Pakistan`s then Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif requested US
President Bill Clinton to stop the Indian counter attack. However, America actually wanted Pakistan to admit
its violation of law and withdraw behind the LoC.
After continuing a full-fledged war for a period of two months, the Indian troops gradually regained virtuallyall lost territories, though it had to pay quite a heavy price. However, it is believed that much heavier
damages were inflicted on Pakistani`s army, particularly on its Northern light infantry. Most of the fighting
came to a gradual halt, following the Washington accord on July 4, where Sharif agreed to withdraw the
Pakistan backed troops. However, some of the militants still did not wish to retreat, and the United Jihad
Council head for fifteen Jihadi groups operating in Kashmir rejected Nawaz Sharif`s plan for stopping the
war, instead of deciding to fight on. To this, the Indian army soon launched its final attacks in the last week
of July. As soon as the last of these "Jihadists" in the Drass sub sector had been cleared, the fighting ceased
on 26th July. The Indian Army celebrates the day as the Kargil Vijay Diwas (Victory Day), since then. India
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had assumed control of all territory south and east of the Line of Control, as it was established in December
1972 as per the Shimla pact, by the end of the Kargil war.
Services of Indian Armed Forces:
There are three major services offered by Indian Armed Forces:
1. Indian Army
2. Indian Navy
3. Indian Air Force
Indian Army:
The Indian Army is the land based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces.
According to the IISS, in 2010 the army had a strength of 1,129,900 active personnel and 960,000 reserve
personnel, making the Indian Army the world's largest standing volunteer army.
Its primary mission is to ensure the national security and defence of the Republic of India from external
aggression and threats, and maintaining peace and security within its borders. It also conducts humanitarian
rescue operations during natural calamities and other disturbances.
The Indian Army came into being when India gained independence in 1947, and inherited most of the
infrastructure of the British Indian Armythat were located in post-partition India. The Indian Army is a voluntary
service and although a provision for military conscription exists in the Indian constitution, it has never been
imposed. Since independence, the army has been involved in four wars with neighboring Pakistan and one with
the People's Republic of China. Other major operations undertaken by the army include Operation
Vijay, Operation Meghdoot and Operation Cactus. Apart from conflicts, the army has also been an active
participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions.
Mission:
The Indian Army provides that "The Indian Army is the land component of the Indian Armed Forces which
exists to uphold the ideals of the Constitution of India. As a major component of national power, alongside the
Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force, the roles of the Indian Army are as follows:
Primary: Preserve national interests and safeguard sovereignty, territorial integrity and unity of India
against any external threats by deterrence or by waging war.
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Secondary: Assist Government agencies to cope with proxy war and other internal threats and provide
aid to civil authority when requisitioned for the purpose.
Major Exercises:
Operation Brasstacks
Operation Brasstacks was launched by the Indian Army in November 1986 to simulate a full-scale war on the
western border. The exercise was the largest ever conducted in India and comprised nine infantry, three
mechanised, three armoured and one air assault division, and included three armoured brigades. Amphibious
assault exercises were also conducted with the Indian Navy. Brasstacks also allegedly incorporated nuclear
attack drills. It led to tensions with Pakistan and a subsequent rapprochement in mid-1987.
Operation Parakram
After the 13 December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament, Operation Parakram was launched in which tens
of thousands of Indian troops were deployed along the Indo-Pakistan border. India blamed Pakistan for backing
the attack. The operation was the largest military exercise carried out by any Asian country. Its prime objective
is still unclear but appears to have been to prepare the army for any future nuclear conflict with Pakistan, which
seemed increasingly possible after the December attack on the Indian parliament.
Operation Sanghe Shakti
It has since been stated that the main goal of this exercise was to validate the mobilisation strategies of
the Ambala-based II StrikeCorps. Air support was a part of this exercise, and an entire battalion of paratroops
parachuted in during the conduction of the war games, with allied equipment. Some 20,000 soldiers took part in
the exercise.
Exercise Ashwamedha
Indian Army tested its network centric warfare capabilities in the exercise Ashwamedha. The exercise was held
in the Thar desert, in which over 300,000 troops participated. Asymmetric warfare capability was also tested by
the Indian Army during the exercise.
Operation Sudarshan Sakthi
It took place at Baundi village, 40 km. south east of Barmer in Rajasthan on December 6, 2011.The Exercise,
helmed by southern army command and the south western air command, seeks to build synergy between the
army and the air force in a network centric environment.
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Future Developments:
Futuristic Infantry Soldier As a System (F-INSAS) is the Indian Army's principal modernization program
from 2012 to 2020. In the first phase, to be completed by 2012, the infantry soldiers will be equipped with
modular weapon systems that will have multi-functions. The Indian Army intends to modernize all of its 465infantry and paramilitary battalions by 2020 with this program.
India is currently re-organising its mechanised forces to achieve strategic mobility and high-volume
firepower for rapid thrusts into enemy territory. India proposes to progressively induct as many as
248 Arjun MBT and develop and induct the Arjun MKII variant, 1,657 Russian-origin T-90S main-battle
tanks (MBTs), apart from the ongoing upgrade of its T-72 fleet. The Army recently placed an order for
4,100 French-origin Milan-2T anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs). Defence ministry sources said the Rs
592-crore (approximately US$120 million) order was cleared after the 2008 Mumbai attacks, with the
government finally fast-tracking several military procurement plans.
The Army gained the Cabinet Committee on Security's approval to raise two new infantry mountain
divisions (with around 15,000 combat soldiers each), and an artillery brigade in 2008. These divisions were
likely to be armed with ultralight howitzers. In July 2009, it was reported that the Army was advocating a
new artillery division, said defence ministry sources. The proposed artillery division, under the Kolkata-
based Eastern Command, was to have three brigadestwo of 155mm howitzers and one of the Russian
"Smerch" and indigenous "Pinaka" multiple-launch rocket systems.
The Indian Army plans to develop and induct a 155mm indigenous artillery gun within the next three and a half
years.
Indian Navy:
The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the armed forces of India. The President of Indiaserves as the
Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), usually a four-star officer in the rank of
Admiral, commands the Navy.
Though the primary objective of the navy is to secure national maritime borders, India also uses its navy to
enhance its international relationsthrough joint exercises, port visits and humanitarian missions, including
disaster relief. In recent years, the Indian Navy has undergone considerable modernisation to replace ageing
equipment currently in service, this is often seen as part of "India's drive" to become a fully fledged blue-water
navy. The 17th century Maratha warrior king Maharaja Shivaji Raje Bhosale is regarded as the Father of Indian
Navy.
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Equipments:
Ships
Aircraft carriers
The Indian Navy presently has one aircraft carrier in active service, the INS Viraat. The carrier is planned for
decommissioning after the induction of the first domestically builtVikrantclass aircraft carrier. The Indian Navy
will also induct the Russian-built INS Vikramaditya, expected some time during 2012.
Amphibious vessels
The Indian Navy has an Amphibious transport dock of the Austin class, re-christened as INS Jalashwa in Indian
service. Besides, it also maintains a fleet of landing ship tanks and other landing craft. It is expected that four
LPD amphibious assault ships are to be constructed along with eight landing craft vessels.
Destroyers and frigates
The Indian Navy currently operates theDelhiandRajputclass guided-missile destroyers.
The Delhiand Rajputclass destroyers will be replaced by the next-generation Kolkata class (Project 15A
destroyers). Seven vessels are expected to be commissioned starting in 2012. In 2011, the Indian government
gave the go-ahead for an additional 4 Project 15B destroyers (upgraded Kolkata class Project 15A destroyers).
The core frigate classes currently in service are the Shivalik class frigates, of which 2 are in service and
3 Talwar class frigates. The last vessel of the Shivalikclass (project 17) is undergoing sea trials and is expected
to be commissioned some time in 2012. Furthermore seven Project 17A class frigates (improved Shivalikclass
project 17 frigates) are on order and India recently closed a deal with Russia to construct three more Talwar
class frigates. The first of which is expected to enter service in early 2013. The older Brahmaputra
class and Godavari class frigates will systematically be replaced one by one as new ships are brought into
service over the next decade. The last remaining Nilgiri class frigate (a variant of the British Leander class) is
soon to be decommissioned as it is replaced by the last Shivalikclass (project 17) frigate this year.
Submarines
The Indian Navy operates a sizable fleet of Sindhughosh and Shishumar class submarines. India has started
construction of six Scorpne class submarineswith MESMA, the submarines will have air-independent
propulsion. These submarines will join the Indian Navy starting from the second half of 2015. India issued a
request for information for another six submarines in 2011.
In 1988, India acquired an ex-Soviet Charlie class nuclear powered guided missile submarine with eight
Ametist (SS-N-7 Starbright) anti-shipping missile launchers on a 3-year lease. In the Indian Navy, the vessel
was commissioned as the INS Chakra, and the submarine was manned by an Indian crew. Upon expiration of
the lease term in 1991, the submarine was returned to Russia and joined the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy.
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India paid US$2 billion for the completion of two Akula-II class submarines which were 4060%
completed. Three hundred Indian Navy personnel were trained in Russia for the operation of these submarines.
India has finalized a deal with Russia, in which at the end of the lease of these submarines, it has an option to
buy them. The first submarine is named INS Chakra and was handed over to India on 23 January 2012. India's
indigenously designed and builtnuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines of the Arihant class are expected
to be commissioned starting some time during 2012. The lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant, was launched
for sea-trials on 26 July 2009 in Visakhapatnam. The Navy plans to have six SSBN's in service some time
during the next few decades.
Corvettes
The Indian Navy currently operates theKora,Khukri,VeerandAbhayclass corvettes.The next-
generation Project 28 and Project 28A class of corvettes are expected to be commissioned, starting sometime
during 2012. The Navy also plans to introduce stealthy trimaran vessels that can be modified according to
mission requirements.
Fleet tankers
The Indian Navy currently operates five replenishment tankers and one has been launched. They are the Jyoti
Class Tankers, INS Aditya (A59) and the newDeepak class fleet tankers. The Deepak class tankers will be the
mainstay of the replenishment fleet until the 1st half of the 21st century.
Future of Indian Navy:
The design of a 65,000 ton aircraft carrier called Indigenous Aircraft Carrier II (IAC-II)is currently underway and
if ordered is expected to be delivered to the Navy by 2017.
After ordering six Scorpne submarines as part of Project 75, the Indian Navy is now on the look out for six
next-generation submarines in a project worth over 50,000 crore (US$10 billion).
Indian Air Force:
The Indian Air Force is the air arm of the Indian armed forces. Its primary responsibility is to secure
Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during a conflict. It was officially established on 8 October 1932
as an auxiliary air force of the British Raj and the prefix Royalwas added in 1945 in recognition of its services
during World War II. After India achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, the Royal Indian Air
Force served the Dominion of India, with the prefix being dropped when India became a republic in 1950.
Since independence, the IAF has been involved in four wars with neighbouring Pakistan and one with the
People's Republic of China. Other major operations undertaken by the IAF include Operation Vijay- the
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invasion of Goa, Operation Meghdoot, Operation Cactusand Operation Poomalai. Apart from conflicts, the IAF
has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions.
In its publication the Military Balance 2010, International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) estimates that the
Indian Air Force has a strength of 127,000 active personnel and operated around 1,380 aircraft. However,
various reliable sources provided notably divergent estimates of its strength over the years.
Mission:
The IAF's mission is defined by the Armed Forces Act of 1947, Constitution of India and the Air Force Act of
1950, in the aerial battlespace, as:
Defence of India and every part thereof including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be
conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation.
Thus, the IAF has the primary objective of safeguarding Indian territory and national interests from all threats in
conjunction with the other branches of the armed forces by defending Indian airspace. The IAF provides close
air support to the Indian Army troops in the battlefield and also provides strategic and tactical airlift capabilities.
The IAF also operates the Integrated Space Cell together with the other two branches of the Indian Armed
Forces, the civilian Department of Space and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to utilize more
effectively the country's space-based assets for military purposes and to look into threats to these assets.
The Indian Air Force along with the other branches of the Indian Armed Forces provide assistance in disaster
relief such as during natural calamities by undertaking evacuation or search-and-rescue (SAR) operations and
air dropping relief supplies in affected areas. The IAF provided extensive assistance to relief operations during
natural calamities such as the Gujarat cyclone in 1998 and the Tsunami in 2004. The IAF also provides
assistance to other countries during relief activities such as Operation Rainbow in Sri Lanka.
Aircraft inventory:
Fighter and multi-role combat aircraft
The primary role of the fighter aircraft in the Indian Air Force inventory is to achieve and maintain air supremacyover the battle field. Air superiority fighters are fast and maneuverable aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air
combat with limited capability to strike ground targets. Multi-role aircraft on the other hand are capable of
conducting air-to air combat and ground attack with equal ease; sometimes within the same mission. This
ability of combining different operational tasks offers considerable cost-of-ownership benefits to the operators.
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The Sukhoi Su-30MKI is the IAF's primary air superiority fighter with the capability to conduct strike missions.
The IAF have placed an order for a total of 272 Su-30MKIs of which 146 are in service as of 2011.
The Mikoyan MiG-29 known as Baaz(Hindi for Hawk) is the IAF's dedicated air superiority fighter and forms
the second line of defence for the IAF after the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. The IAF operates 68 MiG-29s, all of which
are currently being upgraded to the MiG-29UPG standard.
The Dassault Mirage 2000, known as Vajra(Sanskrit for Thunderbolt) in Indian service, is the IAF's
primary multirole fighter. The IAF currently operates 51 Mirage 2000Hs which are currently being upgraded to
the Mirage 2000-5 standard.
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 serves as an Interceptor aircraft in the IAF. The IAF have phased out most of its
MiG-21s and plans to keep only 125 that have been upgraded to MiG-21 Bison standard. These aircraft will be
phased out between 2014 and 2017. The MiG-21s are planned to be replaced by the indigenously built HAL
Tejas.
Strike, attack and close support aircraft
These are military aircraft designed to attack targets on the ground. They are often deployed as close air
support for, and in proximity to, their own ground forces, requiring precision strikes from these aircraft.
The SEPECAT Jaguar known as Shamsherand the Mikoyan MiG-27 known as Bahadur(Hindi for Valiant)
serve as the IAF's primary ground attack force. The IAF currently operates 139 Jaguars and over 100 MiG-27s.
Airborne early warning aircraft
These aircraft are designed to detect and distinguish hostile aircraft. The system can be used to direct fighters
and strike aircraft to their targets and warn them of hostile enemy aircraft in the area.
The IAF currently operates the EL/M-2075 Phalcon AEW&C. A total of 3 such systems are currently in service,
with possible orders for 2 more.
Tanker aircraft
These aircraft are used for aerial refueling which allows IAF aircraft to remain airborne for longer periods,
hence enhancing their effective range. Aerial refueling also allows aircraft to take-off with greater payload (by
carrying less fuel during take-off). The IAF currently operates 6 Ilyushin Il-78MKIs for aerial refueling roles.
Transport aircraft
Transport aircraft are typically used to deliver troops, weapons, supplies and other military equipment to the
IAF field of operations. The IAF currently operate different types of transport aircraft for different roles.
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The IAF operates Ilyushin Il-76s known as Gajraj(Hindi for King Elephant) for military transport roles such as
strategic or heavy lift at all operational levels. The IAF currently operates 17 Il-76s. The Il-76s are to be
replaced by C-17 Globemaster IIIs.
The C-130J of the IAF is used by special forces for combined Army-Air Force operations. There are currently 6
C-130Js in service.
The Antonov An-32 known as Sutlejserves as medium transport aircraft in the IAF. The aircraft is also used in
bombing roles and para-dropping operations. The IAF currently operates 105 An-32s, all of which are being
upgraded.
The Hawker Siddeley HS 748 once formed the backbone of the IAF's transport fleet, but are now used mainly
for transport training and communication duties. The Dornier Do 228 serves as light transport aircraft in the
IAF. The IAF also operates Boeing 737sand Embraer ECJ-135 Legacy aircraft as VIP Transports. The IAF
operates aircraft for the President of India as well as thePrime Minister of India under the call sign Air IndiaOne.
Training aircraft
Training aircraft are used to develop piloting and nagivational skills in pilots and air crew.
The HAL HPT-32 Deepak is IAF's basic flight training aircraft for cadets. The HPT-32 was grounded in July
2009 following a crash that killed two senior flight instructors, but was revived in May 2010 and is to be fitted
with a parachute recovery system (PRS) to enhance survivability during an emergency in the air and to bring
the trainer down safely. The HPT-32 is to be phased out soon.
The IAF uses the HAL HJT-16 Kiran mk.I for intermediate flight training of cadets, while the HJT-16 Kiran mk.II
provides advanced flight and weapons training. The HAL HJT-16 Kiran Mk.2 is also operated by the Surya
Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT) of the IAF. The Kiran is to be replaced by theHAL HJT-36 Sitara.
The BAE Hawk Mk 132 serves as an advanced jet trainer in the IAF and is progressively replacing the Kiran
Mk.II. The IAF has begun the process of converting the Surya Kiran display team to Hawks. A total of 106 BAE
Hawk trainers have been ordered by the IAF of which 39 have entered service as of July 2010.
Helicopters
An important objective of the IAF is to support ground troops by providing air cover and by transporting men
and essential commodities across the battlefield. For this purpose the Air Force maintains a fleet of helicopters.
The HAL Dhruv serves primarily as a light utility helicopter in the IAF. In addition to transport and utility roles,
Dhruvs are also used as attack helicopters. 4 Dhruvs are also operated by the Indian Air
Force SarangHelicopter Display Team.
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The HAL Chetak is a light utility helicopter and is used primarily for training, rescue and light transport roles in
the IAF. The HAL Chetak is scheduled to be replaced by HAL's Advanced Light Helicopter.
The HAL Cheetah is a light utility helicopter used for high altitude operations. It is used for both transport and
search-and-rescue missions in the IAF.
The Mil Mi-8 and the Mil Mi-17 are operated by the IAF for medium utility roles. The Mi-8 is being progressively
replaced by the Mi-17. The IAF has ordered 80 Mi-17V-5s to replace and augment its existing fleet of Mi-8s and
Mi-17s, with an order for 59 additional helicopters to follow soon.
The Mil Mi-26 serves as a heavy lift helicopter in the IAF. It can also be used to transport troops or as a flying
ambulance. The IAF currently operates 4 Mi-26s.
The Mil Mi-35 serves primarily as an attack helicopter in the IAF. The Mil Mi-35 can also act as a low-capacity
troop transport. The IAF currently operates 2 squadrons of Mi-25/35s.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
The primary role of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is to provide aerial surveillance and reconnaissance.
UAVs can also be used as unmanned combat aircraft or pilotless target aircraft.
The IAF currently uses the IAI Searcher II and IAI Heron for reconnaissance and surveillance purposes. The IAI
Harpy serves as an Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) which is designed to attack radar systems. The
IAF also operates the DRDO Lakshya which serves as realistic towed aerial sub-targets for live fire training.
Future:
The number of aircraft in the IAF has been decreasing from the late 1990s due to retirement of older aircraft
and several crashes. To deal with the depletion of force levels, the IAF has started to modernize its fleet. This
includes both upgrade of existing aircraft, equipment and infrastructure as well as induction of new aircraft and
equipment, both indigenous and imported. As new aircraft enter service and numbers recover, the IAF plans to
have a fleet of 42 squadrons
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Nuclear Command Authority:
The Nuclear Command Authority (NCA) of India is the nodal agency for all command, control
and operational decisions regarding India's nuclear weapon stockpile.
On January 4, 2003, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) constituted the Political
Council and theExecutive Council of the NCA. The Executive Council, chaired by National
Security Advisor (NSA) gives the inputs to the Political Council, which authorises a nuclear
attack when deemed necessary. The Political Council is chaired by the Prime Minister, and
advised by the Executive Council, chaired by the NSA.
Their directives are to be operationalised by a new Strategic Forces Command under the control
of a Commander-in-Chief of the rank ofAir Marshal (or its equivalent) in charge of the
management and administration of the tactical and strategic nuclear forces.
The NCA may be seen as the first stage in the development of an effective and robustCommand
and Control(C2) andIndications-and-Warning (I&W) systems and infrastructure for its strategic
nuclear forces.
India is the first nuclear weapons country to have a no first use policy.
The current status of delivery systems for Indian nuclear weapons is unclear and highly
classified. India has developed and tested nuclear weapons that could be delivered on
the Prithvi and Agnimissiles, although its extent and operational preparedness in this respect
remains unclear. Since India probably had nuclear weapons prior to the availability of these
missiles, it is probable that the current Indian nuclear weapons inventory includes weapons
designed for delivery using aircraft. One or more of the following aircraft types might be used
for this purpose. There are no open-source reports suggesting which if any of these aircraft have
been equipped to deliver air-dropped atomic weapons. The MiG-27 and the Jaguar were
originally designed to perform ground attack missions, and would require only modest
modification to deliver nuclear weapons. The Indian Air Force also operates several other older
and less capable types of ground-attack aircraft which would seem rather less likely candidates
for delivering nuclear weapons. The MiG-29, Su-30 and Mirage 2000 were originally designed
to perform air-to-air combat missions, though they could potentially be modified to deliver air-
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dropped nuclear weapons. Plans are also on for the delivery of nuclear weapons via the Arihant
class submarine using the SLBM/SLCM Sagarika.
Ballistic Missiles:
A ballistic missile can be launched from land, from a silo, from mobile platforms on trucks or trains, fromsubmarine or ship, or from an airplane. The U.S., Russia, the UK, France, and China each also have missiles(SLBMs), that are launched from submarines underwater, at sea, or in port. After launch, a ballistic missilesarches up from one point, and lands at another point. All rockets, from fireworks to massive space launchers,carry both fuel and some form of oxygen. Because they do not burn oxygen from the air, ballistic missiles can flybeyond earths atmosphere. Long range ballistic missiles spend a majority of their flight time in the vaccum ofspace. Short-range ballistic missiles may because they can fly where there is little or no air resistance, they canreach speeds up to 20 or more times the speed of soundsome 15,000 miles per hour (7km/sec)speeds whichallow ballistic missiles to go between continents. A missile is called ballistic because, just as one would throw aball or spear, the rockets engine gives the missile an initial push, after which its flight is affected only by gravity.Ballistic missiles do not fly. They go up, and they come down.
a long-range missile that is propelled to high speed and may be guided for a part of its
flight, but is a free-falling object as it approaches its target.
Ballistic missiles can vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories
based on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges
of ballistic missiles
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Sagarika (Oceanic)
Started in the early 1990s, DRDO was reported to have developed a 300-km submarine-launched ballistic missile,Sagarika, based on the Prithvi. The program is reported to have started in 1992 and was originally reported to involve
adapting a ramjet engine to the missile to reduce the need for heavy oxidizers. In 1994 the periodical Flight
International reported that India's Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) had for the past two years been
engaged in designing a ramjet-powered, submarine-launched missile dubbed the Sagarika. Other reports state that
Sagarika was initially designed as a solid-fuelled version of the Prithvi. But the idea was shelved after the navy
indicated its preference for a cruise missile. India did not have a submarine configured for launching ballistic missiles.
Project K-15 Launcher
The Project K-15 launcher was designed and developed for testing of missiles. The system was been delivered to the
user in 2004 and mounted inside a pontoon. Design by analysis approach has been adopted for final configuration of
the launcher. The material used for launcher structure is high-strength-lowalloy (HSLA) steel. Sets of guide rails arebolted to the container to hold the launcher. Advanced fabrication technology has been used to ensure the desired
perpendicularity, parallesim and concentricity. A 2.3 m static seal, which restricts water ingress to the bottom of the
container, was designed and experimentally validated for extreme hydrostatic pressure.
K-15 Missile
DRDO is working on the K-15 SLBM, having tested it from submersible pontoon launchers, with the aim to integrate iton the indigenous nuclear submarines being built under the secretive ATV (advanced technology vessel) project.
Though not in the range of the over 5,000-km SLBMs in the arsenal of US, Russia and China, the 750-km range K-15
will accord India with the desperately-needed third leg of the nuclear weapon triad.
The K-15 missile has two stages fitted into its half-meter diameter body. It can carry a payload up to one ton and has
a maximum range of 700 km. The K-15 missile has a length of around 11 meters [other reports say only 7 meters],
larger than the 8.5-meters-long Prithvi short-range ballistic missile but smaller than the 15-meter-long Agni-1 ballisticmissile - both of which have a diameter of 1 meter, twice that reported for the K-15.
Shourya (Valor)
On 12 November 2008 India conducted the fourth successful test of its K15 Sagarika SLBM (Sea Launched BallisticMissile). This test was from a land-based missile silo. In the last few tests, the metal silo was being tested as well.
The K-15 seven ton has a 1,000 kilometer range, and a half ton payload. India test fired the submarine-launched
ballistic missile (SLBM) K-15 from a land-based launcher from Orissa. The land based version is named as 'Shourya'.
Nirbhay
In mid-2007 it was reported that India was developing a new medium-range, multi-platform missile, called the Nirbhay[Dauntless or Fearless], that was slated to be tested by end-2009. The missile, with a range of 1,000 km, was being
developed at the Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL), a unit of the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) under the defence ministry. The latest in the series of India's missile development programme,
the Nirbhay follows the Agni (I, II and III), the Prithvi (I and II), the Indo-Russian joint venture supersonic Brahmos,
Akash, Trishul and Nag.