ArmedConflictLocation&EventDataProject(ACLED)

Codebook

TableofContentsIntroductionandBriefDescription.....................................................................................................3DefinitionsofACLEDEventandSub-eventTypes.......................................................................6ViolentEvents................................................................................................................................................7Battles...........................................................................................................................................................7Explosions/Remoteviolence..............................................................................................................9Violenceagainstcivilians...................................................................................................................11

DemonstrationEvents..............................................................................................................................12Protests......................................................................................................................................................12Riots.............................................................................................................................................................13

Non-ViolentActions..................................................................................................................................14Strategicdevelopments......................................................................................................................14

ImportantNotesRegardingEventTypeCodes.............................................................................16ACLEDActors...................................................................................................................................................18ActorNames,TypesandInterCodes.................................................................................................19InterCode1:StateForces....................................................................................................................20InterCode2:RebelGroups..................................................................................................................21InterCode3:PoliticalMilitias...........................................................................................................21InterCode4:IdentityMilitias............................................................................................................22InterCode5:Rioters..............................................................................................................................23InterCode6:Protesters........................................................................................................................23InterCode7:Civilians...........................................................................................................................24InterCode8:External/OtherForces...............................................................................................24

Interactioncodes........................................................................................................................................24EventGeography...........................................................................................................................................28Spatialprecisioncodes.............................................................................................................................28

EventTime........................................................................................................................................................30Timeprecisioncodes................................................................................................................................30

NotesandReportedFatalities...............................................................................................................31Notes................................................................................................................................................................31Reportedfatalities......................................................................................................................................31

InformationSources...................................................................................................................................33RelationshipstoOtherDatasets..........................................................................................................34Termsofuseandattributionpolicy..................................................................................................35Termsofuse.................................................................................................................................................35AttributionPolicy.......................................................................................................................................35

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IntroductionandBriefDescriptionTheACLEDproject codes reported informationon the type,agents, location,date, and

other characteristics of political violence events, demonstrations and select politically

relevant non-violent events. ACLED focuses on tracking a range of violent and non-

violent actions by political agents, including governments, rebels, militias, identity

groups,politicalparties,externalactors,rioters,protestersandcivilians.Thefulllistof

thecolumnsinACLEDisavailableinTable1below.

ACLEDconcentrateson:

• Trackingrebel,militiaandgovernmentactivityovertimeandspace;

• Recordingviolentactsbetweenandacrossnon-stategroups, includingpolitical

andidentitymilitias;

• Recordingpoliticalviolencebyunnamedagents, asviolentgroupsmayremain

unnamedforstrategicreasons;

• Recordingattacksonciviliansbyallviolentpoliticalagents;

• Distinguishing between territorial transfers of military control from

governments(andtheiraffiliates)tonon-stateagentsandviceversa;

• Collectinginformationonriotingandprotesting;and

• Trackingnon-violent ‘strategicdevelopments’ representingcrucial junctures in

periods of political violence (e.g. recruitment drives, peace talks, high-level

arrests).

ACLEDdataarederived fromawide rangeof local, regionalandnational sourcesand

theinformationiscollectedbytraineddataexpertsworldwide.Anupdatedoverviewof

ACLED’scurrentcoverageisavailableontheACLEDwebsite.

ACLED data are available to the public and are released in real-time. Data can be

downloaded through the data export tool on the ACLED website or can be accessed

throughtheAPI(amanualisavailableonline).Curateddatafiles–suchasregionaldata

files,oraggregatecountry-yearfiles–canalsobeaccessedonlineontheACLEDwebsite.

FurtherinformationonACLED’scodingchoicesareavailableonthemethodologypage

oftheACLEDwebsite.

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Table 1: ACLED Data Columns ColumnName Content

ISO Anumericcodeforeachindividualcountry

EVENT_ID_CNTY An individual identifier by number and country acronym

(updatedannually)

EVENT_ID_NO_CNTY Anindividualnumericidentifier(updatedannually)

EVENT_DATE Theday,monthandyearonwhichaneventtookplace

YEAR Theyearinwhichaneventtookplace

TIME_PRECISION A numeric code indicating the level of certainty of the date

codedfortheevent

EVENT_TYPE Thetypeofevent

SUB_EVENT_TYPE Thetypeofsub-event

ACTOR1 Thenamedactorinvolvedintheevent

ASSOC_ACTOR_1 ThenamedactorassociatedwithoridentifyingACTOR1

INTER1 AnumericcodeindicatingthetypeofACTOR1

ACTOR2 Thenamedactorinvolvedintheevent

ASSOC_ACTOR_2 ThenamedactorassociatedwithoridentifyingACTOR2

INTER2 AnumericcodeindicatingthetypeofACTOR2

INTERACTION A numeric code indicating the interaction between types of

ACTOR1andACTOR2

REGION Theregionoftheworldwheretheeventtookplace

COUNTRY Thecountryinwhichtheeventtookplace

ADMIN1 The largest sub-national administrative region in which the

eventtookplace

ADMIN2 Thesecond largestsub-nationaladministrativeregion inwhich

theeventtookplace

ADMIN3 The third largest sub-national administrative region in which

theeventtookplace

LOCATION Thelocationinwhichtheeventtookplace

LATITUDE Thelatitudeofthelocation

LONGITUDE Thelongitudeofthelocation

GEO_PRECISION Anumeric code indicating the level of certaintyof the location

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codedfortheevent

SOURCE Thesourceoftheeventreport

SOURCESCALE Thescale(local,regional,national,international)ofthesource

NOTES Ashortdescriptionoftheevent

FATALITIES The number of reported fatalities which occurred during the

event

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DefinitionsofACLEDEventandSub-EventTypesACLED collects and codes reported information on political violence, demonstrations

(rioting andprotesting) and selectnon-violent, politically important events. It aims to

capture the modes, frequency and intensity of political violence and opposition as it

occurs.

Political violence is defined as the use of force by a groupwith a political purpose or

motivation.ACLEDrecordspoliticalviolencethroughitsconstituentevents,theintentof

which is to produce a comprehensive overview of all forms of political disorder,

expressed throughviolenceanddemonstrations,withinandacrossstates.Apolitically

violent event is a single altercationwhere often force is used by one ormore groups

toward a political end, although some non-violent instances – including protests and

strategicdevelopments–areincludedinthedatasettocapturethepotentialpre-cursors

orcriticaljuncturesofaviolentconflict.

The fundamentalunitofobservation inACLED is theevent. Events involvedesignated

actors – e.g. a named rebel group, a militia or state forces.1 They occur at a specific

namedlocation(identifiedbynameandgeographiccoordinates)andonaspecificday.

Researchers work to ensure that the most specific location and time possible are

recorded.ACLEDcurrently codes for six typesof events and twenty-five typesof sub-

events,bothviolentandnon-violent,thatmayoccurduringaperiodofpoliticalviolence

anddisorder.Table2displaysACLED’seventandsub-eventtypes.

1Withthesoleexceptionof‘unidentifiedarmedgroups’andgenericcategoriesincludingrioters,protesters,andcivilians.

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Table 2: ACLED Event Types

General EventType Sub-EventType

Violentevents

Battles

ArmedclashGovernmentregainsterritoryNon-stateactorovertakesterritory

Explosions/Remoteviolence

ChemicalweaponAir/dronestrikeSuicidebombShelling/artillery/missileattackRemoteexplosive/landmine/IEDGrenade

ViolenceagainstciviliansSexualviolenceAttackAbduction/forceddisappearance

DemonstrationsProtests

PeacefulprotestProtestwithinterventionExcessiveforceagainstprotesters

Riots ViolentdemonstrationMobviolence

Non-violentactions

Strategicdevelopments

AgreementArrestsChangetogroup/activityDisruptedweaponsuseHeadquartersorbaseestablishedLooting/propertydestructionNon-violenttransferofterritoryOther

ViolentEvents

Battles

ACLEDdefinesabattleas“aviolentinteractionbetweentwopoliticallyorganizedarmed

groups at a particular time and location.” Battles can occur between armed and

organisedstate,non-state,andexternalgroups,andinanycombinationtherein.Thereis

nofatalityminimumnecessaryforinclusion.

Although the term “battle”may be used here to describe various kinds of encounters

betweenparties–e.g.“theceasefireisbroken”–battlesmustbeviolenteventsinvolving

at least twoarmedandorganizedactors.One-sided interactions–e.g. reportsofshots

fired into the air without a target – are categorized as ‘Strategic developments’ (see

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below).Violenceagainstunarmedciviliansiscategorizedas‘Violenceagainstcivilians’,2

although civilians can also be harmed as “collateral damage” in ‘Battles’ or

‘Explosions/Remote violence’ events. When harmed in the event of a battle or

explosions,aseparatecivilian-specificeventisnotrecorded,butthefatalities,ifany,are

aggregatedinthe“Fatalities”column.

Thespecificelementsofthatdefinitionthereforeareasfollows:

(1) Aviolentinteractionistheexchangeofarmedforce,ortheuseofarmedforce

atclosedistance,betweenarmedgroupscapableof inflictingharmuponthe

opposingside.

(2) Organized armed groups are collective actors assumed to be operating

cohesivelyaroundanagenda,identity,orpoliticalpurpose,usingweaponsto

inflict harm. These groups frequently have a designated name and stated

agenda.

The following sub-event types are associated with the ‘Battles’ event type and are

designated according to the outcome of the battle event: ‘Armed clash’, ‘Government

regainsterritory’,and‘Non-stateactorovertakesterritory’.

Armedclash

If armed, organized groups engage in a battle, and no reports indicate a change in

territorialcontrol,thecorrectsub-eventtypeisan‘Armedclash’.

Non-stateactorovertakesterritory

When a non-state actor wins control and/or subdues government forces, and/or has

won territory inwhich they cannowactwith impunity and are regarded as having a

monopoly of force within that territory, ‘Non-state actor overtakes territory’ is the

correctsub-eventtype.Short-livedterritorialexchangesthatdonot last formorethan

onedayarecodedas‘Armedclash’.

Incaseswheregovernmentandnon-stateforcesfightmanytimesinalocationbeforea

non-stategroupgainscontrol,onlythefinalterritorialacquisitioniscodedas‘Non-state

actorovertakes territory’.Allotherbattles in that locationarecodedas ‘Armedclash’.

2ContrarytopreviousversionsofACLED,violencetargetingpeacefulprotestersiscodedunderthenew‘Protests’eventtype,with‘Excessiveforceagainstprotesters’assub-eventtype.

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Thissub-eventcanalsobeusedtonotethetransferofcontrolfromonenon-stategroup

toanotherbyviolence.

Governmentregainsterritory

Thissub-eventtypeisusedtodescribecaseswheregovernmentforcesortheiraffiliates

fightingagainstcompetingstateforcesoragainstanon-stategroupregaincontrolofa

location.Thiscodeisonlyusedforre-establishmentofgovernmentcontrolandnotfor

dualnon-stateviolence.Short-livedterritorialexchangesthatdonotlastformorethan

onedayarecodedas‘Armedclash’.

Explosions/Remoteviolence

ACLEDdefines ‘Explosions/Remoteviolence’as “one-sidedviolentevents inwhich the

toolforengaginginconflictcreatesasymmetrybytakingawaytheabilityofthetargetto

respond”. The tools used in instances of ‘Explosions/Remote violence’ are explosive

devices, including, but not limited to, bombs, grenades, improvised explosive devices

(IEDs), artillery fire or shelling, missile attacks, heavymachine gun fire, air or drone

strikes, or chemical weapons. Suicide attacks implicating the use of bombs also fall

under this category.When any instance of ‘Explosion/Remote violence’ is reported in

the context of an ongoing battle, they aremerged and coded as a single battle event.

‘Explosions/Remoteviolence’canbewagedonbotharmedagentsoroncivilians.When

accounting for all attacks on civilians, explosions/remote violence with civilian targets

shouldbeincluded.

The following sub-event types are associated with the ‘Explosions/Remote violence’

event type: ‘Chemical weapon’, ‘Air/drone strike’, ‘Suicide bomb’,

‘Shelling/artillery/missileattack’,‘Remoteexplosive/landmine/IED’,and‘Grenade’.

Chemicalweapon

This sub-event type is codedwhenever chemicalweapons are used inwarfare in the

absence of any other engagement. ACLED considers chemical weapons all substances

listed in the Schedule 1 of the Chemical Weapons Convention, including sarin gas,

mustardgas,chlorinegas,andanthrax.Napalm,whitephosphorous,aswellasteargas

and other non-lethal crowd control substances, are not considered to be chemical

weaponswithinthissub-eventtype.

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Air/dronestrike

Thissub-eventtypeiscodedwheneverairordronestrikeshaveoccurredintheabsence

ofanyotherengagement.Pleasenotethatanyair-to-groundattacksfallunderthissub-

eventtype,includingattacksbyhelicoptersthatdonotinvolveanyexchangeoffirewith

forcesontheground.

Suicidebomb

Thissub-eventtypeiscodedwheneverasuicidebombingoccursintheabsenceofany

otherengagement(otherengagementcouldincludegunfireagainstotherarmedgroups

or civilians). It also includes suicide vehicle-borne improvised explosive device

(SVBIED)attacks.

Shelling/artillery/missileattack

Thissub-eventtypeiscodedwheneveralong-rangeartilleryormissilesystemisusedin

theabsenceofanyotherengagement.Italsoincludesattacksdescribedasshelling,the

useofartilleryeitherstand-aloneortankbased,mortars,orguidedmissiles.Planesshot

down by rockets or artillery fall under this sub-event type; unmanned drones shot

down,however,givennohumantargets,arecodedasaninterceptionunder‘Disrupted

weaponsuse’ (seebelow).Similarly,whileplanesshotdownusingrocketsorartillery

fallunderthissub-eventtype,aninterceptionofastrikeitself(suchasbytheIronDome

of Israel) are coded as ‘Disrupted weapons use’ as well given no human targeting.

Rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) are coded under the ‘Shelling/artillery/missile

attack’sub-eventtypeasopposedto‘Grenade’giventheirsimilaritiestoartillery.

Remoteexplosive/landmine/IED

This sub-event type is coded whenever remotely- or victim-activated devices are

detonated in the absence of any other engagement. Examples include landmines,

improvisedexplosivedevices(IEDs)whetheraloneorattachedtoavehicle,oranyother

sort of remotely detonated or triggered explosive. Unexploded ordinances (UXO) also

fallunderthiscategory.

Suicide vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (SVBIED) are coded as ‘Suicide

bomb’(seeabove),whilethesafedefusalofanexplosiveoritsaccidentaldetonationby

theactorwhoplantedit(withnoothercasualtiesreported)arecodedunder‘Disrupted

weaponsuse’(seebelow).

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Grenade

This sub-event type is used when a grenade or another explosive is thrown in the

absence of any other engagement. Events involving “crude bombs” (such as Molotov

cocktails, firecrackers,cherrybombs,petrolbombs,etc.)aswellas ‘stungrenades’are

not coded in this category but are included under either ‘Riots’ or ‘Strategic

developments’dependingonthecontextwheretheyoccurred.

Violenceagainstcivilians

ACLEDdefines ‘Violenceagainstcivilians’asviolenteventswhereanorganisedarmed

group deliberately inflicts violence upon unarmed non-combatants. By definition,

civiliansareunarmedandcannotengageinpoliticalviolence.Theperpetratorsofsuch

actsincludestateforcesandtheiraffiliates,rebels,militias,andexternal/otherforces.

Incaseswheretheidentityandactionsofthevictimsareinquestion(e.g.thetargetmay

beemployedasapoliceofficer),ACLEDdeterminesthatifapersonisharmedorkilled

whileunarmedandunable toeitheractdefensivelyorcounter-attack, this isanactof

‘Violenceagainstcivilians’.Thereisnominimumnumberofcivilianfatalitiesneededto

qualifyasanACLEDevent.

‘Violence against civilians’ includes attempts at inflicting harm (e.g. beating, shooting,

torture, rape, mutilation, etc.) or forcibly disappearing (e.g. kidnapping and

disappearances)civilianactors.

Thefollowingsub-eventtypesareassociatedwiththe ‘Violenceagainstcivilians’event

type:‘Sexualviolence’,‘Attack’,and‘Abduction/forceddisappearance’.

Sexualviolence

Thissub-eventtypeisusedwhenanyindividual(regardlessofgender)istargetedwith

sexualviolence. ‘Sexualviolence’ isdefined largelyasanyactionthat inflictsharmofa

sexualnature.Thismeansthatitisnotlimitedtosolelypenetrativerape,butwouldalso

includeactionslikepublicstripping,sexualtortureofmen,etc.

Attack

This sub-event type is used when civilians are targeted with any violence by an

organisedarmedactor.Attacksofsexualnaturearecodedas‘Sexualviolence’.

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Abduction/forceddisappearance

This sub-event type is used when an actor engages in the abduction or forced

disappearance of civilians, without reports of further violence. If fatalities or serious

injuriesarereportedasaconsequenceoftheforceddisappearance,theeventiscodedas

‘Attack’instead.

Note that this sub-event type does not cover state-sanctioned arrests, unless they are

reported to have been conducted extra-judicially. By contrast, non-state groups can

never engage in arrests, and their activity engaging in “arresting” is typically coded

usingthissub-eventtype.3

DemonstrationEvents

Protests

Aprotestisdefinedasapublicdemonstrationinwhichtheparticipantsdonotengagein

violence, though violence may be used against them. Events include individuals and

groups who peacefully demonstrate against a political entity, government institution,

policy, group, tradition, businesses or other private institutions. Events that are not

coded as protests are symbolic public acts such as displays of flags or public prayers

(unless they are accompanied by a demonstration), protests in legislatures such as

parliamentarywalkoutsorMPsstayingsilent,strikes(unlesstheyareaccompaniedbya

demonstration), and individual acts such as self-harm actions (e.g. individual

immolationsorhungerstrikes).

Protesters are noted by generic terms (e.g. ‘Protesters (Country)’); if representing a

group,thenameofthatgroupisrecordedintherespectiveassociatedactorcolumn.

The following sub-event types are associatedwith the ‘Protests’ event type: ‘Peaceful

protest’,‘Protestwithintervention’,and‘Excessiveforceagainstprotesters’.

3Inrarecaseswherenon-stategroupsareabletoabletomaintainsomelevelof judicial/penalsystem,theywouldalsobeabletoengagein ‘Arrests’,andtheseactionswouldnotbecodedas‘Abduction/forced disappearance’ and would instead be coded under the ‘Arrests’ sub-eventtype.

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Peacefulprotest

This sub-event type is used when demonstrators are engaged in a protest while not

engaginginviolenceorotherformsofriotingbehaviourandarenotfacedwithanysort

offorceorengagement.Interactiontermshereinclude:60,66,or67.

Protestwithintervention

Thissub-eventtypeshouldbeusedwhenindividualsareengagedinapeacefulprotest

during which there is an attempt to disperse or suppress the protest without

serious/lethalinjuriesbeingreportedorthetargetingofprotesterswithlethalweapons.

Additionally, this sub-event type should cover any instance where armed groups or

rioters interact with peaceful protesters without resulting in serious/lethal injuries.

Interactiontermshereinclude:16,26,36,46,56,68.

Excessiveforceagainstprotesters

Thissub-eventtypeshouldbeusedwhenindividualsareengagedinapeacefulprotest

and are targeted with violence by an actor leading to (or if it could lead to)

serious/lethalinjuries.Interactiontermshereinclude:16,26,36,46,56,68.

Riots

‘Riots’ are violent events where demonstrators or mobs engage in disruptive acts,

includingbutnot limited to rock throwing,propertydestruction, etc.Theymay target

other individuals, property, businesses, other rioting groups or armed actors. Rioters

arenotedbygenericterms(e.g.‘Rioters(Country)’);ifrepresentingagroup,thenameof

thatgroupisrecordedintherespective‘Associatedactor’column.Riotersmaybeginas

peaceful protesters, or may be intent on engaging in spontaneous and disorganized

violence from thebeginningof theiractions.Contrary toarmedgroups, riotersdonot

usesophisticatedweaponssuchasguns,knivesorswords.“Crudebombs”(e.g.Molotov

cocktails,petrolbombs,firecrackers)maybeusedinriotingbehaviour.

The following sub-event types are associated with the ‘Riots’ event type: ‘Violent

demonstration’and‘Mobviolence’.

Violentdemonstration

This sub-event type is usedwhen a group of individuals engages in a demonstration

involving violence. Examples of rioting behaviour include vandalism; road-blocking

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using barricades, burning tires, or other material; other types of violent and/or

destructivebehaviourarealsoincludedhere.

Mobviolence

This sub-event type isusedwhenriotersviolently interactwithother rioters, another

armed group or civilians, outside of demonstrations and without the use of lethal

weapons like guns, knives, swords, etc. Amob is defined as “a large crowd of people,

especially one that is disorderly and intent on causing trouble or violence.”Note that

this type of violence can also include (unarmed or crudely armed) vigilante mobs

clashingwithotherarmedgroupsorattackingcivilians.Vigilantegroupsthataremore

thancrudelyarmedarenotconsideredtobespontaneousmobsandratherareassumed

tobeorganizedandwouldhencenotbeincludedhere.

Non-ViolentActions

Strategicdevelopments

Thiseventtypecapturescontextuallyimportantinformationregardingtheactivitiesof

violent groups that is not itself recorded as political violence, yet may trigger future

eventsorcontributetopoliticaldynamicswithinandacrossstates.Theinclusionofsuch

eventsislimited,asitspurposeistocapturepivotaleventswithincampaignsofpolitical

violence.Theytypicallyincludeadisparaterangeofevents,suchasrecruitmentdrives,

looting,incursions,aswellasthelocationanddateofpeacetalksandthearrestsofhigh-

rankingofficialsorlargegroups.Whileitisrareforfatalitiestobereportedasaresultof

suchevents,theycanoccurincertaincases–e.g.thesuspiciousdeathofahigh-ranking

official,accidentaldetonationofabombresultinginthebomberbeingkilled,etc.

The following sub-event types are associatedwith the ‘Strategic developments’ event

type: ‘Agreement’, ‘Arrests’, ‘Change to group/activity’, ‘Disrupted weapons use’,

‘Headquartersorbaseestablished’,‘Looting/propertydestruction’,‘Non-violenttransfer

ofterritory’,and‘Other’.

Agreement

This sub-event type is used to record any sort of agreement between different actors

(such as governments and rebel groups). Examples include peace agreements/talks,

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ceasefires, evacuation deals, prisoner exchanges, negotiated territorial transfers,

prisonerreleases,surrenders,repatriations,etc.

Arrests

This sub-event type is usedwhenever state forces or other actors exercising de facto

control over a territory either detain a particularly significant individual or engage in

massarrests.

Changetogroup/activity

This sub-event type is used to code significant changes in the activity or structure of

armed groups. It can cover anything from the creation of a new rebel group or a

paramilitarywing of the security forces, “voluntary” recruitment drives,movement of

forces or anyothernon-violent securitymeasures enactedby armedactors.This sub-

event type can also be used if an armed group is absorbed into a different (existing)

armedgrouportotracklarge-scaledefections.

Disruptedweaponsuse

This sub-event type is used to capture all instances in which an event of

‘Explosions/Remote violence’ is prevented from occurring, orwhenever armed actors

seize significant caches of weapons. It includes the safe defusal of an explosive, the

accidental detonation of explosives by the alleged responsible of planting it, the

interception of explosives in the air, as well as the seizure of weapons or weapon

platforms such as jets, helicopters, tanks, etc. Note that in caseswhere a group other

than the onewhoplanted an explosive is attempting to render an explosive harmless

anditgoesoff,this iscodedundertheeventtype ‘Explosions/Remoteviolence’,asthe

explosivehasharmedsomeoneotherthanthegroupthatplantedit.

Headquartersorbaseestablished

This sub-event type is used when a violent group establishes a permanent or semi-

permanentbaseorheadquarters.Therearefew,ifany,caseswhereoppositiongroups

other than rebels can also establish a headquarters or base (e.g. AMISOM forces in

Somalia).

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Looting/property destruction

This sub-event type is used when organised armed groups engage in looting or

seizing goods or property other thanweapons orweapon systems (inwhich case the

sub-eventtype‘Disruptedweaponsuse’shouldbeused).Thiscanoccurduringraiding

or after the capture of villages or other populated places by armed groups that

occur withoutreportedviolence.

Non-violent transfer of territory

This sub-event type is used in situations inwhich rebels, governments, or affiliates

ofbothacquirecontrolofalocationwithoutengaginginaviolentinteractionwith

anothergroup.Rebelsestablishingcontrolofalocationwithoutanyresistanceisan

exampleofthisevent.

Other

Thissub-eventtypeisusedtocoveranysignificantdevelopmentthatdoesnotfall

intoany of the other ‘Strategic developments’ sub-event types. Examples include

theoccurrenceofacoup, thedisplacementofcivilianpopulationasa resultof

fighting,orthediscoveryofmassgraves.

ImportantNotesRegardingEventTypeCodesOne or more events can occur in the same location on the same day. If two

events between the same actors in the same location are reported, they are typically

notedasasingleaggregateevent.Forexample:

(1) arebelgroupfightswithgovernment forces ina townandwinscontrol.Rebel

artillerystrikesarereportedthroughouttheday.Inthiscase,onlyasinglebattle

eventbetweentherebelsandthegovernmentforcesisrecorded;

(2) on the same day, demonstrators stage peaceful protests and also engage in

clasheswiththesecurityforces.Inthiscase,asinglerioteventisrecorded.

ACLED researchersdonot ‘double count’ events. For example, if civilians arekilled in

thecontextofabattle,thentheirreportedfatalitieswillbeaddedtothetotalnumberof

fatalitiesreportedfortheeventandthiswillbenotedinthe‘NOTES’section,butitwill

notconstituteaseparateevent. Inbattleevents,civiliansarenevercodedasassociate

actorsasbothpartiesareassumedtoengageinviolence.

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Further, ifanattack–suchasanairstrike- ismeanttotargetmilitants,butdoesalso

hurt civilians, civilians are coded as associate actors, and again the fatalities, if

mentioned,areaggregatedtogether.Incaseswhereabombingoccurswithavagueand

unspecifiedmilitarytarget(e.g.abombingoccursinacitythathassomemilitantsinit,

ratherthananareacontrolledandactivelyusedbymilitants),butciviliansarethemain

groupaffected,theywillbecodedinthe‘ACTOR2’column.Militantsmayappearinthe

‘ASSOC_ACTOR_1’and‘ASSOC_ACTOR_2’columns.

However,ifanothereventtypeinvolvingdifferentactorsoccurs,it iscodedseparately.

Hence,itispossibletohavemultipleevents--involvingdistinctactors--occurinthesame

locationonthesameday.Forexample,ifarmedviolencepurposelytargetsciviliansand

isseparatelyreportedonthesamedayandlocationofabattle,twoeventsarecodedto

accuratelycapturethebattleandthedistinctcivilianattack.

Inmostcases,aneventrequirestwoactors,notedincolumns ‘ACTOR1’and‘ACTOR2’.

However, event types ‘Explosions/Remote violence’, ‘Riots’, ‘Protests’, and ‘Strategic

developments’canincludeone-sidedevents.Ifmorethantwoactorsarereported,only

themost important engagement is coded, and the additional groupsmay be coded as

associated actor depending on the context (for example, police forces intervening to

disperserioters).TheorderofactorshasnomeaningintheACLEDsystem,barringcases

of‘Violenceagainstcivilians’,inwhichthevictimisalwayscodedasActor2.

Coding detail: The event and sub-event types as noted above will appear in

‘EVENT_TYPE’ and ‘SUB_EVENT_TYPE’ columns for each event.

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ACLEDActorsACLED recognizes a range of actors including state forces, rebels, militias, identity

groups,demonstrators,civilians,andexternalandotherforces.

In ACLED, politically violent actors include government forces and its affiliates, rebel

groups,militias,externalorprivateforces(e.g.UNmissions)andotherpoliticalgroups

who interact over issues of political authority (e.g. territorial control, government

control, access to resources, etc.). All organised actors have an official name4 and a

politicalpurpose,anduseviolenceforpoliticalmeans.Forinclusionasagentsofpolitical

violence,organizationsmustbecohesiveandnotassembledforsingleevents,withthe

exceptionofriotsandprotests.Further,theeventsoforganizationsmustbeconnected

to each other as a means to achieve a larger political purpose. This necessary and

sufficientdefinitionofactorsallowsfortheestablishmentofcampaignsandtrajectories

ofmovements.Protesters,riotersandciviliansareactorswhoseinclusiondeviatesfrom

the organization and armed group rules. Rioters and protesters involve spontaneous,

atomic acts of organization that may, or may not, continue beyond a discrete event.

Civiliansarethosewhodonotactivelychoosetobeinvolvedinanevent.

Thenameofeachactorisnotedinthe ‘ACTOR1’and‘ACTOR2’columnsofthedataset.

The group type is recorded in the ’INTER1’ and ‘INTER2’ columns, while their dual

engagementisnotedinthe‘INTERACTION’column.

The ‘ASSOC_ACTOR_1’and ‘ASSOC_ACTOR_2’columnsrecordtheassociatedgroupsfor

specificeventsaswellastheidentityofspecificactors.Intheformercase,anassociated

groupmay be allies in actions, like two armed organized groups that are engaging in

attacks against a common enemy. In the latter case, the ‘ASSOC_ACTOR_1’ and

‘ASSOC_ACTOR_2’columnsmayrecordadditionalinformationconcerningthevictimsof

anattackorthesocio-politicalaffiliationofdemonstratorsorethno-religiousidentityof

acivilianvictim.An ‘Explosions/Remoteviolence’event that is intended foranarmed,

organized group, but also affects civilians,will have both groups noted – the primary

4Barringthe“unidentified”category.

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actorwillbetheostensiblyintendedtarget,whilecivilians(thecollateraldamageinthis

case)wouldbetheassociatedactor.5

ActorNames,TypesandInterCodes

ACLED records the recognized name of groups as reported, whenever possible. In

exceptionalcircumstancesdescribedindetailbelow,thenameofagroupisgeneratedto

reflecttheiroriginsandcomposition.

Eachnamedactor isalsodesignatedasa typeoforganization.Thereare thousandsof

individually named groups within the ACLED dataset, and the Inter code groups

organizations by whether they have similar organizational structures, goals and

practices. Group type designates all groups into one of eight ACLED categories and

assignsanumberinthe‘INTER’columntothatcategorization.

Thesecategoriesofferawaytodistinguishbetweenactorsanddeterminehowpatterns

ofactivityconformtogoalsandorganizations.ACLEDdoesnotuseapatternofactivity

todesignatewhatkindofagentagroupis:itspecificallyobservesthegoalsandstructure

of an organization, where possible, its spatial dimension and its relationships to

communities.

Assuch,theIntercodeofagroupcanchangeovertime.Forexample,ifarebelgroupis

successfulinoverthrowingaregimeorsecedingfromastate,itsarmedagentsmaythen

becomethearmedwingofapoliticalpartywithinthenewregimestructure(thiswould

beachangeinIntercodefrom2to3,e.g. theImbonerakuremilitia inBurundi)orthe

governmentforcesofthenewstate(thiswouldbeachangeinIntercodefrom2to1,the

SPLArebelsinSudanturnedintoSouthSudan’sstateforces).

Certain types of violent agents may appear to fall outside of this categorization, but

ACLEDhasdesignedtheseclassificationstoflexiblyfittheuniverseofagentsoperating

in conflict. For example, militant religious organizations can have various goals (e.g.

Taliban), includingovertaking thestate, influencingpoliticalprocessesandsupporting

5 While civilians are coded as an associated actor when they are collateral damage in‘Explosions/Remote violence’ attacks, they are not coded as such in ‘Battles’ events. This isbecauseeventsundertheformerinvolveone-sidenotengaginginanyviolencewithinthecourseof theevent; in ‘Battles’ events,both side,bydefinition, areengaging inviolence, and itwouldhencebeincorercttodenotethatcivliansareassociatedwitheithersidehere.

20

regional political elites, and engaging in communal contests over access to religious

sites. In choosing to categorize actors as rebels, militias, communal organizations,

protesters, etc.,ACLEDdoesnotallow for “insurgents”or “terrorists”as typesofagents.

Manyviolentorganizationsmayuseinsurgencytacticsorcommitactsagainstcivilians

with intended high fatality levels as part of their violent repertoire. Instead, ACLED

considersthegoalandorganizationofeachgrouptobethebasisfortheirclassification.

InterCode1:StateForces

Stateforcesaredefinedascollectiveactorsthatarerecognisedtoperformgovernment

functions, includingmilitary andpolice, over a given territory.Government actors are

named by ACLED as a series of separate regimes rather than a uniform body (e.g.

Congo/Zaire(1965-1997),DemocraticRepublicofCongo(1997-2001),andDemocratic

Republic of Congo (2001-2019) as opposed to Congo/Zaire (1962-present)). As the

strength,capacityandpoliciesofgovernmentscanvarywidelyfromoneregimetothe

next,ACLEDdesignatesgovernmentsbytheirleadingregimes.Thisenablesresearchers

tocapturethedifferencesingovernmentinvolvementandreactiontoviolence.

Asmilitariesandpoliceforcesareadirectarmofthegovernment,theseactorsarenoted

as ‘Military Forces of State (20xx-20xx)’ or ’Police Forces of State (20xx-20xx)’.6

Mutinies of militaries are coded as ’Mutiny of Military Forces of State (20xx-20xx)’.

Variousunitsofthesestateforcesarecodeddistinctlyaswell–suchas‘PoliceForcesof

India(2014-)AssamRifles’or‘PoliceForcesofthePhilippines(2016-)Anti-IllegalDrugs

SpecialOperationsTaskForce’–giventhatsuchunitscanengageindistinctpatternsof

behaviour; pro-government militias with indirect links to the state are not included

under‘stateforces’heregiventheirdeliberatedistancefromformaltiestothestate.

It is important tonote that thisclassificationofstate forcesdoesnot imply legitimacy,

butratheracknowledgesthedefactoexerciseofstatesovereigntyoveraterritory.This

iswhy, in a limited number of cases, ACLED records government actors in stateswith

limitedornorecognitionas‘stateforces’;thesestatesarenotrecordedseparatelyinthe

‘COUNTRY’column,but theirgovernment forcesarecodedasdistinctstateactors.For

6 Branches of themilitary or police forces are coded as, for example, “Military Forces of State(20xx-20xx)SpecialPresidentialDivision”.

21

example,the’MilitaryForcesofSomaliland(1991-)’arecodedthoughtheir‘COUNTRY’

ofactivityisnotedasSomalianotSomaliland.

In caseswhere theauthorityof agovernment is severely challenged,orwhere twoor

moregroupshaveaclaimtobethegovernment(withanassociatedmilitary),adistinct

choiceismadeabouthowtoproceedwithcoding–oftenresultinginbothforcesbeing

codedas‘stateforces’.Forexample,therearecompetingstateforcescodedasactivein

Libyafrom2014onwardsorinYemenfrom2015onwards.7

InterCode2:RebelGroups

Rebel groups are defined as political organizations whose goal is to counter an

established national governing regime by violent acts. Rebel groups are named

according to the title they publicly use to represent themselves. The designation as a

rebel group means that the group has a stated political agenda for national power

(eitherthroughregimereplacementorseparatism),areacknowledgedbeyondtheranks

of immediate members, and use violence as their primary means to pursue political

goals.

Rebelforcesareknownbyaspecificchosenname,thegroupsareopenandtransparent

about their intentions and leadership; they typically operatewithin and across states,

andconductactivityagainstthecentralgovernmentsandtheirassociates.Rebelgroups

oftenhavepredecessorsandsuccessorsduetodiverginggoalswithintheirmembership.

If splinter groups or factions within a group emerge, these are recorded as distinct

actors.

In cases where aggregate groups are contesting the government, we often use an

overarching name rather than factions (e.g. Hutu Rebels active in Burundi; Southern

MuslimSeparatistsactiveinThailand;OppositionRebelsinSyria).

InterCode3:PoliticalMilitias

Politicalmilitias are amore diverse set of violent actors,who are often created for a

specificpurposeorduringaspecifictimeperiod(i.e.JanjaweedlargelyactiveinSudan)

andforthefurtheranceofapoliticalpurposebyviolence.Politicalmilitiasarerecorded

by their stated name. These organizations are defined by their political goals of 7ExamplesofsplitstatesincludeLibyafrom2014onwardsandYemenfrom2015onwards.

22

influencingand impacting governance, security andpolicy.However, thesegroupsare

notseekingtheremovalofanationalpower,butaretypicallysupported,armedby,or

allied with a political elite and act towards a goal defined by these elites or larger

political movements. Political militias operate in conjunction, or in alliance, with a

recognized government, governor, military leader, rebel organization, political party,

businesselite,oroppositiongroup.Whereasoppositionpartieswilloftenhaveamilitia

arm, groups such as the Sudanese Janjaweed or Serbian Tigers are pro-government

militias thatworkas supplements to governmentpoweryetmaintain indirect links to

suchpower.

Thesegroupsarenot subsumedwithin the categoryofgovernmentoropposition,but

arenotedasanarmed,distinct,yetassociated,winggiventheirpurposefulindirectties

to thestate.Thesepoliticalmilitiasmaybeassociatedwithdefinedethnic, regionalor

other identitycommunities,but theyalsooperateoutsideofethnichomelandsand for

goals other than the promotion of ethnic interests and as such are coded as ‘political

militias’ as opposed to ‘identitymilitias’ (moreon that below).TheMungiki ofKenya,

WarVeteransGroup in Zimbabwe, andMayi-Mayi ofDR-Congo are examples of these

groups.

In some cases, an “unidentified armed group” perpetrates political violence. These

groupsoftenoperatelikepoliticalmilitiasastheycanbeusedbyelitesundertheguise

ofanonymity.Theuseof theUAGcategory isdue to tworeasons: the first is a lackof

informationaboutthegroupfromreportsreceived;however,thesecondreasonmaybe

morecommon:groupsbenefit frombeingunidentifiedtothelargerpublic,astheycan

pursue violent actions without liability. Their activity is coded using the name

‘UnidentifiedArmedGroup(Country)’.8

InterCode4:IdentityMilitias

ACLEDincludesabroadcategoryof “identitymilitias” thatsignifiesarmedandviolent

groupsorganizedaroundacollective,commonfeature includingcommunity,ethnicity,

region, religion or, in exceptional cases, livelihood. Therefore, for ACLED’s purposes,

identitymilitiasincludethosereportedas“tribal”,“communal”,“ethnic”,“local”,“clan”, 8An “UnidentifiedArmedGroup” is codedwith Interaction3, unless they are an “UnidentifiedMilitary” (a rare case that has an interaction of ‘1’ of ‘8’, depending on the context) or“UnidentifiedEthnic/Communal/Clan/TribalMilitia”whichisnotedasa‘4’,asdiscussedbelow.

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and“religious”and“caste”militias.Eventsinvolving“identitymilitias”areoftenreferred

toas“communalviolence”astheseviolentgroupsoftenactlocally,inthepursuanceof

localgoals,resources,power,security,andretribution.

Anarmedgroup claiming tooperateonbehalf of a larger identity communitymaybe

associatedwiththatcommunity,butnotrepresentit(i.e.LuoEthnicMilitiainKenyaor

FulaniEthnicMilitia inNigeria).Recruitmentandparticipationarebyassociationwith

theidentityofthegroup.Identitymilitiasmayhaveanotedroleinthecommunity,such

as the long-term policing units common among Somali clans. When an unidentified

groupthatisarmedperpetrateslocalpoliticalviolence,theiractivityiscodedusingthe

name ‘UnidentifiedCommunalMilitia(COUNTRY)’9 in the ‘Actor’columns,anda“4” in

the interaction – rather than as an “Unidentified Armed Group’ with “3” in the

interactioncolumnsgiventhelocalizednatureoftheiractivity.

InterCode5:Rioters

Riotersare individualsor ‘mobs’whoeitherengageinviolenceduringdemonstrations

orinspontaneousactsofdisorganisedviolence,andarenotedbyageneralcategoryof

‘Rioters(Country)’. If a group is affiliated or leading an event (e.g. ZANU-PF political

party), the associated group is named in the respective associated actor category.

Riotersarebydefinitionviolent,yetareunarmed(orcrudelyarmedatmost)andnot

organized mobs, and may engage in a wide variety of violence, including property

destruction, engaging with other armed groups (e.g. security forces, private security

firms,etc.)orinviolenceagainstunarmedcivilians.

InterCode6:Protesters

Protestersarepeaceful, unarmed demonstrators10, noted by a general category of

‘Protesters (Country)’; if a group is affiliated or leading an event (e.g. MDC political

party), the associated group is named in the respective associated actor

category.Although protesters are nonviolent, they may be the targets of violence by

othergroups(e.g.securityinstitutions,privatesecurityfirms,orotherarmedactors).

9Or‘UnidentifiedCasteMilitia’,‘UnidentifiedClanMilitia’,etc.dependingonthecountry-context.10 Though non-violent, protestersmay engage in disruptive behaviour like burning effigies orshoe-throwing.

24

InterCode7:Civilians

Civilians,inwhatevernumberorassociation,arevictimsofviolentactswithinACLEDas

they are, by definition, unarmed and, hence, vulnerable. They are noted as ‘Civilians

(CountryX)’.Somenormallyarmedactorsmaybecodedasciviliansiftheyaretargeted

withviolence insituationswhere theyarecaughtunarmed.Examples includeoff-duty

state soldiers targeted in their home or members of armed groups subject to

violence/executionwhileimprisoned.

InterCode8:External/OtherForces

Smallcategoriesof“other”actorsincludeinternationalorganisations,stateforcesactive

outside of their main country of operation, private security firms and their armed

employees,andhiredmercenariesactingindependently.Theyarenotedbytheirname

and actions. Themilitary forces of states are coded as ‘other’ when active outside of

theirhomestate(e.g.themilitaryofKenyaactiveinSomalia).

Interactioncodes

Thejoinedinteractioncodeisthecombinationofthetwo‘INTER’codesassociatedwith

the two main actors. Single actor type codes are recorded in ‘INTER1’ and ‘INTER2’

columns, and thecompoundednumber is recorded in the ‘INTERACTION’ column.For

example, if a country’s military fights a political militia group, and the respective

‘INTER1’and‘INTER2’codesare“1”and“3”,respectively,thecompoundedInteraction

isrecordedas“13”.

Interactionnumbersarealwaysthesmallestpossiblenumber(forexample,37instead

of73),regardlessoftheorderof‘ACTOR1’and‘ACTOR2’.Interactioncodesarerecorded

for all events, including non-violent activity. For one-sided events, the empty second

actorcategoryiscodedas“0”.Ifanon-violentrebeleventoccurswhereonly‘INTER1’is

noted with a “2”, “20” is coded in the ‘INTERACTION’ column. Only the main actors

recordedinthe‘ACTOR1’and‘ACTOR2’columnsarethebasisfortheinteractioncodes.

Thefollowinginteractioncodestranslateto:

10- SOLEMILITARYACTION (e.g. base establishment by state forces; remote violence

involvingstatemilitarywithnoreportedcasualties;non-violentmilitaryoperations)

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11-MILITARY VERSUSMILITARY (e.g.military in-fighting; battles between amilitary

andmutinousforces;arrestsofmilitaryofficials)

12-MILITARYVERSUSREBELS(e.g.civilwarviolencebetweenstateforcesandarebel

actor)

13- MILITARY VERSUS POLITICAL MILITIA (e.g. violence between state forces and

unidentifiedarmedgroups;violencebetweenpoliceandpoliticalpartymilitias)

14-MILITARYVERSUSCOMMUNALMILITIA(e.g.militaryengagementwithacommunal

militia)

15- MILITARY VERSUS RIOTERS (e.g. suppression of a demonstration by police or

military)

16-MILITARYVERSUSPROTESTERS(e.g.suppressionofademonstrationbypoliceor

military)

17-MILITARYVERSUSCIVILIANS(e.g.staterepressionofcivilians;arrestsbypolice)

18-MILITARYVERSUSOTHER (e.g. inter-state conflict; stateengagementwithprivate

securityforcesoraUNoperation;strategicdevelopmentsbetweenaregimeandtheUN

oranotherexternalactor)

20- SOLE REBEL ACTION (e.g. base establishment; remote violence involving rebel

groupswithnoreportedtarget;accidentaldetonationbyarebelgroup)

22-REBELSVERSUSREBELS(e.g.rebel in-fighting;violencebetweenrebelgroupsand

theirsplintermovements)

23-REBELSVERSUSPOLITICALMILIITA (e.g. civilwarviolencebetween rebels anda

pro-governmentmilitia;violencebetweenrebelsandunidentifiedarmedgroups)

24- REBELS VERSUS COMMUNAL MILITIA (e.g. violence between rebels and local

securityproviders)

25-REBELSVERSUSRIOTERS(e.g.spontaneousviolenceagainstarebelgroup;aviolent

demonstrationengagingarebelgroup)

26-REBELSVERSUSPROTESTERS(e.g.violenceagainstprotestersbyrebels)

27- REBELSVERSUS CIVILIANS (e.g. rebel targeting of civilians [a strategy commonly

usedincivilwar])

28-REBELSVERSUSOTHERS(e.g.civilwarviolencebetweenrebelsandanalliedstate

military;rebelviolenceagainstaUNoperation)

26

30- SOLEPOLITICALMILITIAACTION (e.g. remote violence by an unidentified armed

group with no reported target; accidental detonation by a political militia; strategic

arsonasintimidationbyapoliticalparty)

33-POLITICALMILITIAVERSUSPOLITICALMILITIA(e.g.inter-eliteviolence)

34-POLITICALMILITIAVERSUSCOMMUNALMILITIA(e.g.violencebetweencommunal

militia and an unidentified armed group; violence between political militia and local

securityproviders)

35-POLITICALMILITIAVERSUSRIOTERS(e.g.violentdemonstrationagainstapolitical

party;spontaneousviolenceagainstapoliticalparty)

36-POLITICALMILITIAVERSUSPROTESTERS(e.g.peacefuldemonstrationengaginga

politicalparty)

37- POLITICALMILITIA VERSUS CIVILIANS (e.g. out-sourced state repression carried

out by pro-government militias; civilian targeting by political militias or unidentified

armedgroups)

38-POLITICALMILITIAVERSUSOTHERS(e.g.violencebetweenprivatesecurityforces

andunidentifiedarmedgroups;violencebetweenpro-governmentmilitiaandexternal

statemilitaryforces)

40- SOLE COMMUNAL MILITIA ACTION (e.g. destruction of property by a communal

militia;establishmentofalocalsecuritymilitia)

44-COMMUNALMILITIAVERSUSCOMMUNALMILITIA(e.g.intercommunalviolence)

45- COMMUNAL MILITIA VERSUS RIOTERS (e.g. violent demonstration against an

identitymilitia;spontaneousviolenceagainstanidentitymilitia)

46-COMMUNALMILITIAVERSUSPROTESTERS (e.g.peacefuldemonstrationengaging

anidentitymilitia)

47- COMMUNAL MILITIA VERSUS CIVILIANS (e.g. civilian targeting, especially in the

contextofintercommunalviolence)

48- COMMUNAL MILITIA VERSUS OTHER (e.g. external state military engaging in

violenceagainstacommunalmilitia)

50-SOLERIOTERACTION(e.g.1-sidedviolentdemonstration;spontaneousarson)

55-RIOTERSVERSUSRIOTERS(e.g.2-sidedviolentdemonstrationinwhichbothsides

engageinviolence)

56- RIOTERS VERSUS PROTESTERS (e.g. 2-sided demonstration in which only 1 side

engagesinviolence)

27

57- RIOTERS VERSUS CIVILIANS (e.g. violent demonstration in which civilians are

injured/killed;spontaneousviolenceinwhichciviliansaretargetedbyamob)

58- RIOTERS VERSUS OTHERS (e.g. mob violence against regional or international

operation)

60-SOLEPROTESTERACTION(e.g.1-sidedpeacefulprotest)

66-PROTESTERSVERSUSPROTESTERS(e.g.2-sidedpeacefulprotest)

67-PROTESTERSVERSUSCIVILIANS(e.g.peacefulprotestersengagingcivilians)

68- PROTESTERS VERSUS OTHER (e.g. peaceful demonstration engaging private

securityforces)

78-OTHERACTORVERSUSCIVILIANS(e.g.regionalorinternationaloperationtargeting

civilians;privatesecurityforcestargetingcivilians)

80- SOLE OTHER ACTION (e.g. strategic developments involving international or

regionaloperations;remoteviolencebyexternalmilitaryforceswithnoreportedtarget;

non-violentexternalmilitaryoperations)

Furthernotesoninteractions

a) Civilianscannotattackotherciviliansorengageinviolence

b) An ethnic identitymilitia is associatedwith a direct ethnic community and no

other identifier. For example, the Turkana, Pokot, ormany Somalimilitias are

describedasarmedunitsforethnicgroupcontestandprotection.

c) For ACLED’s purposes, identity militias include those reported as “tribal”,

“communal”,“ethnic”,“local”,“clan”,and“religious”and“caste”militias.

Codingdetail: In thedataset, agroup’snamewill appear in theActor 1 orActor2

column. Associated actors in the event to Actor 1will appear in ‘ASSOC_ACTOR_1’

column, and associated actors forActor 2will appear in ‘ASSOC_ACTOR_2’ column.

Each Actor 1 and Actor 2 category has a corresponding ‘INTER1’ and INTER2’

category, respectively. If an event has two actors, both Inter 1 and Inter 2 are

recordedinreferencetobothactors;ifaneventhasonlyoneactor,Inter1isrecorded

alongwitha0(inreferencetotherebeingnoActor2).Theinteractioncodesreferto

themainactors,andnotassociatedactors.

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EventGeographyThereareuptosixdifferenttypesofspatialinformationrecordedforeachACLEDevent:

1. thecontinentalsub-regioninwhichtheeventoccurred;

2. thecountryinwhichtheeventoccurredanditsassociatedISOcode;

3. thenameofthefirst,secondandthirdleveladministrativezonesthatthespecific

location is found in according to GIS-based assessments and updated

administrativecodes;

4. thenameofthespecificlocationofanevent;

5. thegeographiccoordinatesofthatspecificlocation;and

6. aspatialprecisioncode.

Themost specific location for an event is sought for eachACLED code, usingmultiple

sourcestotriangulatebetterlocationinformation.

Spatialprecisioncodes

If the report notes a particular town, and coordinates are available for that town, the

highest precision level “1” is recorded. If the sourcematerial notes that activity took

place ina smallpartof a region, andnotesageneral area, a townwithgeoreferenced

coordinatestorepresentthatareaischosenandthegeo-precisioncodewillnote“2”for

“part of region”. If activity occurs near a town or a city, this same precision code is

employed.Ifalargerregionismentioned,theclosestnaturallocationnotedinreporting

(like“borderarea”,“forest”or“sea”,amongothers)ischosentorepresenttheregion–

oraprovincial capital isused ifnoother informationat all is available–and isnoted

withprecisionlevel“3”.NoACLEDeventisassociatedwiththe“country”asthesmallest

locationunitavailable.

29

When events occur in neighbourhoods of large cities and distinct

neighbourhood/district coordinates are available, these are used to identify the sub-

urbanarea.This location iscodedas: “CityName[hyphen]districtname”(e.g. ‘Mosul-

Old City’) in the ‘LOCATION’ column. If information about the specific

neighbourhood/districtisnotknown,thelocationiscodedatthecitylevel(e.g.‘Mosul’).

In both cases, geo-precision 1 is used. The hyphenate feature allows for users to

aggregateeventsbycityifneeded.

Coding detail: The columns that provide spatial information include ‘REGION’,

‘COUNTRY’, ‘ADMIN1’ (administrative unit that corresponds to provincial level, or

similar);‘ADMIN2’(administrativeunitthatcorrespondstocountylevel,orsimilar);

‘ADMIN3’ (administrative unit that corresponds to district level, or similar);

‘LOCATION’ (the village or town name); ‘LATITUDE’ (in decimal degrees);

‘LONGITUDE’(indecimaldegrees);and‘GEO_PRECISION’(codedaseither1,2,or3).

30

EventTimeThreeformsoftemporalinformationarefoundineachACLEDcode:

1. thedateofeachevent;

2. theyear;and

3. thetemporalprecision.

Dates are a necessary component of each ACLED event. ACLED events are atomic as

eventsarecodedbyday;ifamilitarycampaigninanareastartsonMarch1,1999and

lastsuntilMarch5,1999withviolentactivityreportedoneachday,thisiscodedasfive

differenteventsinACLED,withadifferentdateforeachentry.Thisepisodewouldnot

be entered as a single campaign of violence. This allows ACLED to record the exact

numberofactivedays.Eventswhichsourcematerialnoteoccurredinthespaceofthree

months – like long-runningprotests – are only coded for thedays inwhich reported

activitytookplace(notas90+days).Thisavoidsover-countingeventoccurrence.

Timeprecisioncodes

Ifsources includeanactualdateofanevent,a timeprecisioncodeof“1” isentered. If

sourcesnote that an eventhappenedduring a specificweekor in theweekend, “2” is

notedinthetimeprecisionfieldandthemiddleofthatweek(oroftheweekend)isused

as thereferencedate. If sourcesnoteonly thatanevent tookplacewithinaparticular

month,withoutreference to theparticulardate, themonthmid-point ischosenunless

the beginning or end of themonth is noted (inwhich case, the first and last date are

used,respectively)and“3”isnotedasthetimeprecisionlevel.ACLEDdoesnotinclude

eventswithlesstemporalinformation.

Codingdetail:DatesarerecordedasDay,Month,Year.Timeprecisionisrecordedas

1,2or3.

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NotesandReportedFatalitiesNotes

The ‘NOTES’ column records any additional important details surrounding the event.

Notesarekept short toonly report significantdetails about the specific event. In rare

cases,additionalrelevantinformationisaddedtoprovidecontexttotheevent.

Reportedfatalities

EventscodedbyACLEDdonothavetomeetaminimumfatalitylevelforinclusion.ACLED

onlycodesestimated fatalitieswhenreportedbysourcematerials. Itcannotverify the

numbers reported from sources and does not use fatalities as the basis for event

inclusion.Fatalitydataare typically themostbiased,and leastaccurate, componentof

any conflict data. They are particularly prone tomanipulation by armed groups, and

occasionally the media, which may overstate or underreport fatalities for political

purposes. As such, all figures recorded by ACLED should be treated as ‘reported

fatalities’.

The fatality number is found in the ‘FATALITIES’ column. If source reports differ or a

vague estimate is provided, the lowest number of fatalities is reported unless amore

reliable or corroborated estimate has become available. If reports mention “several”,

“many”,“few”orpluralfatalities,yettheexactnumberisunknown,“10”isrecordedas

the total.11 If a reportmentions “dozens”, this is recordedas “12” fatalities. If a report

mentions“hundreds”,thisisrecordedas“100”fatalities.Ifanotementions“massacres”,

adefaultnumberof100fatalitiesisrecorded.Ifthereisnoreferencemadetofatalities

in the report, or if it is unclear whether fatalities occurred at all (for example, when

“casualties”arementioned,which,bydefinition,means ‘injuriesand/or fatalities’), “0”

fatalitiesarerecorded.

When summarized fatalities are reported, but events occur across several days or in

multiplelocationssimultaneously(e.g.“12fatalitiesresultfromfightingoveraspanof3

days”),thetotalnumberoffatalitiesisdividedandthatfractionisrecordedforeachday

of the event (4 fatalities per battle day, in the example above). If an odd number

11 Or 3 if there is evidence that the number is lower than 10 – such as the bombing of amotorcycle, which could not have housed 10 individuals. Ten is chosen as this was theapproximateaveragefatalityrateacrossfataleventsforanearliersubsetofACLEDdata.

32

(including 1), the proportion of fatalities is divided by assigning the first day the

additionalfatalityanddistributedasevenlyaspossible.Suchdisaggregationoffatalities

isrecordedinthe’NOTES’column.

Codingdetail:ACLEDdoesnotuseafatalitythresholdforitsinclusionofevents.The

numberusedisconservative,inthatitisthemostreliable,smallestnumberreported

33

InformationSourcesACLEDtracksreportedpoliticalviolencefromfourmaintypesofsources:

1. local,regional,nationalandcontinentalmediareviewedonadailybasis;

2. reports from NGOs or international organisations used to supplement media

reporting;

3. selectedsocialmediaaccounts,includingTwitterandTelegram;and

4. information and data provided through partnerships with local conflict

observatoriesinhard-to-accesscases.12

ACLED researchers use thousands of distinct sources in more than twenty different

languages. The result is the most comprehensive and wide-reaching source material

presentlyusedindisaggregatedconflicteventcoding.EveryACLEDevent iscomposed

fromatleastonesource.Theirnamesoracronymarenotedinthesourcecolumn.With

theexceptionoflocalsourceswhoaimtoremainanonymous,thepublicationdetailsare

sufficienttoenableadatausertofindtheoriginalsourcenamewithease.Ifmorethan

twosourcesareused,themostthoroughreportiscited,orallarenotedinalphabetical

orderinthe‘SOURCE’column.Researchersmayoftenrefertomorethanonereportto

confirm the details of an event but will note the source with themost thorough and

unbiased information in the ‘SOURCE’column. If thateventhasadditional information

taken from more than one source, both report sources are noted in the ‘SOURCE’

column.

The ‘SOURCE SCALE’ columndescribeswhether the sources used for coding an event

operate at the local, subnational, national, regional, international, or at another level.

One scale over another does not guarantee more direct information, accuracy, or

legitimacy, but ACLED supports gathering and using local sourceswhenever possible.

ACLED has arrangements and partnerships with many local organizations for data

exchangeinpursuanceofthisgoal.

12Forsafetyreasons,somepartnersthatwishtoremainanonymousarenotedas‘LocalSources’inthe‘SOURCE’column.

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RelationshipstoOtherDatasetsThe conflicts coded in ACLED are generally compatible with other conflict data

collections. ACLED information may be joined with many, if not all, other conflict

datasetsby country, year, actoror specific locality.ACLEDdataare event data, andas

such, care should be given in joining its informationwith other datasets using different

unitsofanalysis(e.g.campaignsofviolenceinsteadofviolenteventsbyday).

AsACLED codes awide range of constituent events for periods and areas affected by

political violence and disorder, the information collected is far more numerous than

datasetsthatfocusonspecific formsofviolence(e.g.civilwar,terrorismasdefinedby

targeting of civilians by non-state actors alone, or those with fatality thresholds for

inclusion)oronlycampaignsofviolenceinsteadofevents.

Generally, ACLED disaggregates civilwars into their constituent events. However, the

thresholdforinclusionasanACLEDeventislowerthanmost“civilwar”datasets.Asa

result,ACLEDrecordssomeeventsthatarenotrecordedinotherdatasets.

Versions1-7of theACLEDdataset coveredAfrican states.Version8 expanded to also

includeSouthandSoutheastAsiaandtheMiddleEast.Codebooksforearlierversionsof

the ACLED dataset are available upon request. Following Version 8, ACLED moved

towardsasystemofupdatingeventswithcorrectionsandappendingsupplementaldata

asnecessaryinreal-timeandhencenolongerreleasesformal‘Versions’.

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TermsofuseandattributionpolicyTermsofuse

ACLEDdata are free and open to the public for non-commercial use on the condition

that the user follows the Attribution Policy as outlined below. Any commercial

application such as selling, licensing, sublicensing, or otherwise distributing the data,

analysis, codebook, or any auxiliarymaterials to third parties for profit constitutes a

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AttributionPolicyIf you are anon-commercial entity(e.g. non-profit, government, academic institution)

andseek touseACLEDdataand/oranalysis fornon-commercial/non-profitpurposes,

you are permitted to do so free of charge provided you follow the attribution policy

below.UseofACLEDdataand/oranalysisiscontingentuponobservationofthispolicy:

1. IfusingACLEDdatainanyway,directormanipulated,thedatamustbeclearly

acknowledged.Acknowledgementshouldinclude1)afootnotewiththefullcitation

which includesa/the link toACLED’swebsite (seebelow forexamples),2)in text

citation/acknowledgement, stating where the data you use are from and that

ACLED data are publicly available, and3)clear citation on any and all visuals

makinguseofACLEDdata;

2. Ifgeneratingadatafileforpublicorprivateuse,andpresentingthosedatato

anotherparty,theACLEDdataincludedmustbedirectlyacknowledgedinasource

column (ACLED’s full name and a link: Armed Conflict Location & Event Data

Project(ACLED);acleddata.com)

3. ToreferencetheACLEDcodebook,pleasecite:ACLED,(2019).“ArmedConflict

Location&EventDataProject(ACLED)Codebook.”

4. If using ACLED data in an academic paper or article, please cite:Raleigh,

Clionadh, Andrew Linke, Håvard Hegre and Joakim Karlsen. (2010). “Introducing

ACLED-ArmedConflictLocationandEventData.” JournalofPeaceResearch47(5)

651-660.

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5. If referring to figures or statistics published in ACLED analysis,

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paper, including the author(s), as follows:Hart, Tom, and Lauren Blaxter. (23

November 2018). “CeasefireDivisions: Violations of theTrucewithGaza Lead to

RisingPoliticalPressuresinIsrael.”ArmedConflictLocation&EventDataProject

(ACLED).Ifthepiecedoesn’thaveanauthorrecognized(oftenthecaseforpieces

onACLEDmethodology),youshouldincludeACLEDastheauthor.

6. If using ACLED data in a visual, graphic, map or infographic of your

own,pleaseattributethesourcedataprominentlyonthevisual itselforwithin

thekey/legend.

7. If you wish to reproduce or publish an image, graph ormap ACLED has

already published (rather than creating an original image using raw

data),pleasecitetheindividualanalysispieceorpaper,includingtheauthor(s),

as follows: Hart, Tom, and Lauren Blaxter. (23 November 2018). “Ceasefire

Divisions: Violations of theTrucewithGaza Lead toRisingPolitical Pressures in

Israel.”Figure1,ArmedConflictLocation&EventDataProject(ACLED).

Ifyouareacommercialentityoranon-commercialentityconductingcommercial

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usingACLEDdataand/oranalysisfornon-profitclientsand2)commercialmedia

outlets or journalists who are citing ACLED in work which is available to the

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they may use ACLED data and analysis but only for their work benefiting non-profit

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not possible to separate work for non-profit and for-profit clients, ACLED data and

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No user is permitted to use any ACLED data, analysis or content to develop, support,

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