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Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 1
Think-Pair-Share
Discuss with another student:Discuss with another student:
• What water contamination issues do you thinkWhat water contamination issues do you think about most often?
• What are the relative merits of bottled vs. tap water?ate
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 2
What water contamination issues do you think about most often?you think about most often?
• GermsGerms• Industrial pollution• Gastrointestinal water-borne illness – GiardiaGastrointestinal water-borne illness Giardia• Raw sewage• Pharmaceuticals• Pharmaceuticals• Chlorination
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 3
What are the relative merits ofbottled vs tap water?bottled vs. tap water?
• CostlyCostly• Clean? Taste?• UnregulatedUnregulated• Convenience• No germs?• No germs?• Wasteful packaging
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 4
Water Quality Standards & Factors
• 3 major types of contaminationP th– Pathogens
– Organic– Natural, mostly inorganicNatural, mostly inorganic
• Different standards for different situations– Stream water quality– Drinking water quality
• How are standards set?• How are standards set?• How do we determine if
something is hazardous?
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203
something is hazardous?
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How does EPA set MCL Standards?
1. The contaminant causes adverse health effects• Requires assessment of toxicity
• Animal vs. Human studies• Single vs Complex mixtures• Single vs. Complex mixtures• Acute vs. Chronic effects
2. Risk assessment and cost-benefit considerations
3. It is known to occur in drinking water
Primary vs. Secondary standardsTh ll th MCL th t th i kArizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203
The smaller the MCL, the greater the risk.6
Waterborne Pathogens
Pathogens – disease causing microbes
• Bacteria – E. coli; fecal coliforms• Protozoa – Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia• Viruses - hepatitis A, rotaviruses, and Norwalkp , ,
Waterborne pathogens are disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoans that are transmitted to people when they consume untreated or inadequatelythat are transmitted to people when they consume untreated or inadequately treated water. Two protozoans in the news today are Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Their consumption can lead to severe problems of the digestive system, which can be life-threatening to the very young, very old, or those with damaged immune systems ga water usgs gov/edu/urbanpath htm
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203
damaged immune systems. ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/urbanpath.htm
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Headlines: Brain-Eating Amoeba Kills Arizona Boy 09-29-2007
[ARIZONA] Fourteen-year-old Aaron Evans of Lake Havasu City in Mohave County, Arizona became the year's sixth victim of an organism y, y gthat attacks the body through the nasal cavity, quickly eating its way to the brain. Naegleria fowleri, an organism that infected Evans while swimming in Lake Havasu, is always fatal but mercifully rare. Cases have also been reported in Texas and Florida. According to Michael Beach, a specialist in waterborne illnesses at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, the amoeba typically lives in the sediment on lakebeds
d f d l P l b i f t d h th d th hand feeds on algae. People become infected when they wade through shallow water and stir up the sediment; if water shoots up the nose (while diving, for example), Naegleria can travel to the brain.
The easiest ways to prevent infection are to avoid areasof warm, standing water with visible algae and to plug one's nose when swimming or diving.
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203
one s nose when swimming or diving.- summary by Louise Shaler
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Headlines: Cryptosporidium outbreak hits the West 09-21-2007
Outbreaks of diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea caused by the waterborne parasite cryptosporidium have afflicted 229 residents of Boise
d M idi i Id h d 1600 id t i t f Ut h thiand Meridian in Idaho and over 1600 residents in parts of Utah this summer, reported the two states' Departments of Health and Welfare. Officials believe that "splash parks" where children play in spouts of continually recycled water are spreading the parasite Cryptosporidium can survive for up to awater are spreading the parasite. Cryptosporidium can survive for up to a year because its hard outer shell resists chlorine, the normal purification treatment at public swimming facilities, said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta Georgia The best way to eradicate it is to addand Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. The best way to eradicate it is to add ultraviolet light to the purification process.
- summary by Louise Shaler
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 9
Is all pollution anthropogenic?
Class suggestions for natural pollution sources:
• Natural decay of organic matterNatural decay of organic matter• Volcanic emissions (e.g. sulfur compounds)• Radon gas produced through decay of naturalRadon gas produced through decay of natural
Uranium and Thorium in geologic units.• Natural methane productionNatural methane production
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 10
Basic Water Parameters:TemperatureTemperature
• High Temperature can be detrimental to aquatic lifeHi h T t• High Temperature reduces the dissolved oxygen concentration in ygwater
• Species respond to rapid temperature fluctuationstemperature fluctuations
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/fahrenheit_celsius.gif
- Cech, 200211
Basic Water Parameters:Dissolved OxygenDissolved Oxygen
• Animals need oxygen to survive.yg
• Many aquatic animals such as fish and dragonfly larvae breath
di l d i th toxygen dissolved in the water.• Groundwater is naturally lower
in dissolved oxygen (DO) thanin dissolved oxygen (DO) than surface water; therefore, spring water may have low DO levels.T h i tt i• Too much organic matter in a water body will decrease the DO when it decomposes.
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 12
Basic Water Parameters:pHpH
• pH refers to the concentration of hydrogen ionshydrogen ions.
• Fish species each have a narrow range of pH g ppreference.
• World Health Organization drinkingOrganization drinking water standards: pH = 6.5 to 8.5.
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203- Cech, 2002
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Basic Water Parameters:AlkalinityAlkalinity
• Alkalinity is related to the total carbonate concentration
• The higher the alkalinity• The higher the alkalinity, the less susceptible the water is to acidification
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203
www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/virtualtextbook.html
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Basic Water Parameters:TurbidityTurbidity
• Turbidity is the relative measure of clarity.It i th lt f• It is the result of suspended matter in water that reduces the transmission of light.
• Toxic chemicals can attach to suspendedattach to suspended particles.
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203
http://dipin.kent.edu/images/Secchi%20Disk.jpg
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Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 16
www.cap-az.com/includes/media/docs/2009-Annual-Water-Quality-Report.pdf
Most of the water used is from groundwater
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203http://ag.arizona.edu/AZWATER/publications/sustainability/report_html/
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Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 18
Tucson Water Quality –Drinking water standardsDrinking water standards
Regularly reported factors:
• Temperature• Acidity (pH)y (p )• Mineral content (TDS)• Hardness (Alkalinity)• Additives (Cl, F)• Bacteria
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203
www.ci.tucson.az.us/water19
Annual Water Quality ReportsTucson 2004 (www.tucsonaz.gov/water/docs/ccr2004.pdf) link• Where does my water come from?
W i d d i d i ki ?• Were any contaminants detected in my drinking water?• Why are there contaminants in my drinking water?• Where there any monitoring failures or violations?• More information about CAP and TARP.
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 20
Basic Water Parameters:HardnessHardness
• Hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium present in water.H d t ft t b ild f l h t t• Hard water often creates a buildup of scale on hot water heaters, showers, and pipes.
• It is more difficult to create soap suds in Hard water.It is more difficult to create soap suds in Hard water.
Hardness rating
Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (mg/L)
Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (grains/US gallon)
Soft 0 to <75 0 to <5 2Soft 0 to <75 0 to <5.2
Medium hard 75 to <150 5.2 to <10.5
Hard 150 to <300 10.5 to <21
Very hard 300 and greater 21 and greater
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203
http://www.gov.calgary.ab.ca/cww/water_quality/water_hardness/
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Inorganic Contaminants
• Disinfection by-products – Trihalomethanes (THM)Disinfection by products Trihalomethanes (THM), HaloAcetic Acids (HAA5), Bromate, Chlorite
• Radioactive Elements – Radon
• Toxic Metals – lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As)
• Insulation – Asbestos
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 22
Organic Contaminants
• Pesticides– DDT,
• Petrochemical– Oil gas MTBEOil, gas, MTBE
• Pharmaceuticals & Hormones– Steroids, antibiotics, drugs
• Electrical– Dioxin, PCB
• Fertilizers• Fertilizers– Lead to Hypoxia
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 23
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 24
National Geographic, Water special issue, 3/2010
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/circ1225/images/hydro_new2.gif
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Point Source Pollution Examples
• FactoriesFactories• Wastewater Treatment Plants• LandfillsLandfills• Abandoned Mines• Underground and Above Ground Tanks• Underground and Above-Ground Tanks• Can you think of others?
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203- Cech, 2002
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Point source Point source pollution
Contamination discharged from a discrete, identifiable location.
- Cech, 2002
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203http://www.sos-planete-eau.org/agir/gfx/dessin-pollution-2.jpg
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Nonpoint Source Pollution Examples
• Agricultural PracticesAgricultural Practices• Construction Activities• Lawns Gardens and Golf CoursesLawns, Gardens, and Golf Courses• Street Refuse• Dredging Activities• Dredging Activities• Can you think of others?
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203- Cech, 2002
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N i t Nonpoint source pollution
ContaminationContamination discharged from broad, diffuse sources that can b diffi lt t id tifbe difficult to identify and quantify.
Precipitation falling on soil willPrecipitation falling on soil will dissolve pesticides and fertilizers, which then runoff and lead to stream degradation
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203- Cech, 2002
http://www.sos-planete-eau.org/agir/gfx/dessin-pollution-2.jpg29
Environmental History
• 1899 - Rivers & Harbors Act• 1948 – Fed. Water Pollution Control Act1948 Fed. Water Pollution Control Act• 1965 – Water Quality Act• 1969 – Nat. Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) -> EIS• 1970 – Clean Air Act1970 Clean Air Act• 1972 – Clean Water Act• 1973 – Endangered Species Act• 1974 - Safe drinking Water Act• 1974 - Safe drinking Water Act• 1976 - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
– Cradle to Grave control of active hazardous waste streams & stores• 1980 - Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation1980 - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act (CERCLA; Superfund)– Historical and inactive sites
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203
http://www.epa.gov/epahome/laws.htm
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Other Sources of Information
• EPA – Envirofacts - http://www.epa.gov/enviro– http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/– Integrated Risk Info. Sys - http://www.epa.gov/iris/g y p p g
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registary (ATSDR; CDC) http://www atsdr cdc gov/(ATSDR; CDC) - http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/– ToxFAQ’s - http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html
• USGS - http://water.usgs.gov/owq/
• Health & Treatment - http://health nih gov/
Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203
Health & Treatment http://health.nih.gov/
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