Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument
description
Transcript of Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument
![Page 1: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING
BASED UPON THE STEPHEN TOULMIN MODEL FOR ARGUMENTCreated By, Jennifer Duke
October 26, 2012
![Page 2: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
People who write argumentative essays use logic. Logic is when a writer uses facts and evidence to support a claim rather than feelings or emotion.
Argumentative Writing
![Page 3: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
If you are writing a persuasive paper, you use feelings and emotion. If you are writing an argument, you use facts and evidence.
![Page 4: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
WHAT’S A CLAIM?A claim is the point that the
arguer is trying to make. The claim is the statement that you are trying to get
your reader to accept. The claim answers the question,
“What’s your point?”
![Page 5: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
EXAMPLE OF A CLAIM
Caffeine is harmful to your
health.
![Page 6: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
WHAT’S A COUNTER CLAIM?
A counter claim is a statement showing an opposing viewpoint.
![Page 7: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
EXAMPLE OF A COUNTER CLAIM
Caffeine boosts memory and
improves concentration.
![Page 8: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
WHAT IS EVIDENCE?
Evidence is NOT opinion. Evidence is made up of proven
facts that support the claim.
![Page 9: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
EXAMPLE OF A EVIDENCE
Studies done by The American Psychological
Association say that anxiety and sleep
disorders are two of the effects of drinking
caffeine.
![Page 10: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
WHAT IS A WARRANT?A warrant links the evidence to the claim. The warrant answers
the question, “Why does the evidence mean that
your claim is true?”
![Page 11: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
WHAT IS A WARRANT?Warrants are rules that people generally accept as true. The warrant is the “so
what” in your writing.
![Page 12: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
EXAMPLE OF A WARRANT
Untreated anxiety and sleep disorders can
cause a person to live an unhealthy life.
![Page 13: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
WHAT IS BACKING?Backing gives
support to the warrant. Backing answers additional questions about the
warrant.
![Page 14: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
EXAMPLE OF BACKING
Anxiety can cause a person to have a stroke, lack of
concentration, or Insomnia.When a person does not get enough sleep, he or she may suffer negative consequences as the result of drowsy driving, forgetfulness, or weight gain.
![Page 15: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
WHAT ARE QUALIFICATIONS? Qualifications can
refute opposing claims. A “qualifier” indicates
the strength of the claim. Qualifiers include words such as 'most', 'usually', 'always' or 'sometimes'.
![Page 16: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
EXAMPLE OF A QUALIFICATION
Most people can form caffeine addictions without
even trying.The effects of caffeine are not always serious, but it
usually causes health problems in some people.
![Page 17: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
WHAT IS A REBUTTAL?A rebuttal is a
counter-argument that can still be used against your claim despite how well-constructed your argument might be.
![Page 18: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
WHAT IS A REBUTTAL?A rebuttal is another
argument in and of itself. A rebuttal has a
claim, evidence, warrant, backing, and
qualifications.
![Page 19: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
EXAMPLE OF A REBUTTAL
CLAIM: Caffeine is beneficial to your health.EVIDENCE: Caffeine increases energy. Caffeine lowers heart disease risk. Caffeine increases mental focus. Caffeine lowers the risk of Parkinson’s Disease.This rebuttal would also include a
WARRANT, BACKING, andQUALIFICATIONS.
![Page 20: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Argument Quiz
![Page 21: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Argument Quiz
#1What is a claim?
A. Evidence that supports the warrant.B. A statement that is NOT supported
in the paper.C. A statement in the paper that is
supported by evidence, a warrant, backing, and qualifications.
![Page 22: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Argument Quiz
#2What is evidence?
A. An opinion based upon a person’s feelings or emotions.
B. Proven, logical facts that support the claim.
C. A counter-argument.D. The words most, always, and
usually.
![Page 23: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Argument Quiz
#3What are qualifiers?
A. Opinions based upon a person’s feelings or emotions.
B. Counter-arguments.C. Proven, logical facts that support
the claim.D. The words most, always, and
usually.
![Page 24: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Argument Quiz
#4What does a warrant do?
A. Links the evidence to the claim.B. Links two words together.C. Justifies an estimation.D. Arrests people.
![Page 25: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Argument Quiz
#5What is the difference between
argument and persuasion?A. An argument mostly uses feelings
and emotion.B. Persuasion mostly uses logic, facts,
and examples.C. Argument mostly uses logic, facts,
and examples.
![Page 26: Argumentative Writing Based upon the Stephen Toulmin Model For Argument](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051402/568161d1550346895dd1c8fe/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Argument Quiz
#6What is NOT a rebuttal?
A. A paper that is based mostly upon opinion and feelings.
B. A paper that has a claim, evidence, warrant, backing, and qualifications.
C. An opposing argument.