Arguing Agents in a Multi-Agent System for Regulated Information Exchange
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Transcript of Arguing Agents in a Multi-Agent System for Regulated Information Exchange
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Arguing Agents in a Multi-Agent System for
Regulated Information Exchange
Pieter Dijkstra
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Regulated information exchange Information exchange is often regulated
by data protection laws Hardcoding these laws in
communication protocols: Ensures compliance with the law But in a rigid way, ignoring exceptional
circumstances, social goals ...
Allow for argumentation
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ANITA: MAS for exchanging crime-related information
Goal of police organisation: exchange as much information as possible But stay within the law
Goal of crime investigators: protect their investigation Anonymity of informants!
How to balance these goals? Allow agents to argue with each other; But also to reason internally about their goals
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Example P: Tell me all you know about recent
trading in explosive materials (request)
P: why don’t you want to tell me?
P: why aren’t you allowed to tell me?
P: You may be right in general (concede) but in this case there is an exception since this is a matter of national importance
P: since we have heard about a possible terrorist attack
P: OK, I agree (offer accepted).
O: No I won’t (reject)
O: since I am not allowed to tell you
O: since sharing such information could endanger an investigation
O: Why is this a matter of national importance?
O: I concede that there is an exception, so I retract that I am not allowed to tell you. I will tell you on the condition that you don’t exchange the information with other police officers (offer)
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Example P: Tell me all you know about recent
trading in explosive materials (request)
P: why don’t you want to tell me?
P: why aren’t you allowed to tell me?
P: You may be right in general (concede) but in this case there is an exception since this is a matter of national importance
P: since we have heard about a possible
terrorist attack
P: OK, I agree (offer accepted).
O: No I won’t (reject)
O: since I am not allowed to tell you
O: since sharing such information could endanger an investigation
O: Why is this a matter of national importance?
O: I concede that there is an exception, so I retract that I am not allowed to tell you. I will tell you on the condition that you don’t exchange the information with other police officers (offer)
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Example P: Tell me all you know about recent
trading in explosive materials (request)
P: why don’t you want to tell me?
P: why aren’t you allowed to tell me?
P: You may be right in general (concede) but in this case there is an exception since this is a matter of national importance
P: since we have heard about a possible
terrorist attack
P: OK, I agree (offer accepted).
O: No I won’t (reject)
O: since I am not allowed to tell you
O: since sharing such information could endanger an investigation
O: Why is this a matter of national importance?
O: I concede that there is an exception, so I retract that I am not allowed to tell you. I will tell you on the condition that you don’t exchange the information with other police officers (offer)
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The communication language
Speech act Attack Surrender
request() offer (’), reject() -
offer() offer(’) ( ≠ ’), reject() accept()
reject() offer(’) ( ≠ ’), why-reject ()
-
accept() - -
why-reject() claim (’) -
claim() why() concede()
why() since S (an argument) retract()
since S why() ( S)deny() ( S)’ since S’ (a defeater)
concede() concede ’ (’ S)
concede() - -
retract() - -
deny() - -
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The protocol Start with a request Repy to a previous move of the other agent Pick your replies from the table Finish persuasion before resuming negotiation Turntaking:
In nego: after each move In pers: various rules possible
Termination: In nego: if offer is accepted or someone withdraws In pers: if main claim is retracted or conceded
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Example dialogue formalised
P: Request to tell
O: Reject to tell
P: Why reject to tell?
Embedded persuasion
...
O: Offer to tell if no further exchange
P: Accept after tell no further exchange
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Persuasion part formalisedO: Claim Not allowed to tell
P: Why not allowed to tell?
O: Not allowed to tell since telling endangers investigation &What endangers an investigation is not allowed
P: Concede What endangers an investigation is not allowed
O: Why National importance?
P: National importance since Terrorist threat &Terrorist threat National importance
P: Exception to R1 since National importance & National importance Exception to R1
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Persuasion part formalisedO: Claim Not allowed to tell
P: Why not allowed to tell?
O: Not allowed to tell since telling endangers investigation &What endangers an investigation is not allowed
P: Concede What endangers an investigation is not allowed
O: Why National importance?
P: National importance since Terrorist threat &Terrorist threat National importance
P: Exception to R1 since National importance & National importance Exception to R1
P: Concede Exception to R1
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Persuasion part formalisedO: Claim Not allowed to tell
P: Why not allowed to tell?
O: Not allowed to tell since telling endangers investigation &What endangers an investigation is not allowed
P: Concede What endangers an investigation is not allowed
O: Why National importance?
P: National importance since Terrorist threat &Terrorist threat National importance
P: Exception to R1 since National importance & National importance Exception to R1
O: Concede Exception to R1
O: Retract Not allowed to tell
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Agent Design Knowledge of
Regulations Goals Consequences of actions
Reasoning Defeasible
Dialogue policies Negotiation Persuasion
Belief revision policies
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Negotiation policy of responding agent
Perform requested action?
Obliged? yes: accept no: →
Forbidden? yes: reject no: →
Violation of own interests? no: accept yes: →
Try to find conditions yes: counteroffer no: reject
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Persuasion policy for responding agent (1)
How to respond to “p since Q”?
Does the argument satisfy the context criteria? yes: concede premises and conclusion no: →
Does KB imply p? yes: concede conclusion no: →
Does KB warrant a counterargument (for not-p or an exception)?
yes: state counterargument yes or no: →
Investigate each premise q in Q
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Persuasion policy for responding agent (2)
How to respond to premise q of “p since Q”?
Is the argument of the form p since p? yes: deny p no: →
Does KB imply q? yes: concede q no: →
Does KB imply not-q? yes: state argument for not-q no: why q
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Persuasion policy for responding agent (3)
How to respond to “why p”?
Does KB warrant an argument p since Q? yes: state “p since Q” no: retract p
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Conclusion
We have integrated three strands of theoretical work on dialogue in a MAS application scenario: Argumentation logics Dialogue systems Dialogue strategies for agents