CSE 6590 Fall 2009 Routing Metrics for Wireless Mesh Networks 1 12 November, 2015.
Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region,...
-
Upload
ariel-berry -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region,...
![Page 1: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Argo Profilersmissions, sampling rates, accuracy etc
Howard FreelandD.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada
Tel: (250)-363-6590Email: [email protected]
A
![Page 2: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Argo Profilersmissions, sampling rates, accuracy etc
Howard FreelandD.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada
Tel: (250)-363-6590Email: [email protected]
A
![Page 3: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Argo Profilersmissions, sampling rates, accuracy etc
Howard FreelandD.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada
Tel: (250)-363-6590Email: [email protected]
B
![Page 4: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Argo community plans to deploy 3000 floats
![Page 5: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
And we very nearly are there!
![Page 6: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
How does an Argo float work?
SOLO Float
Courtesy of the animation wizards at Woods Hole and Scripps.
APEX FloatPROVOR Float
![Page 7: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How many of each float type?
20th Nov. 2006
![Page 8: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How are floats being launched?
Floats are most commonly launched from research vessels
Dropped from aircraft….
Or deployed from container vessels
![Page 9: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Air Launch is so neat, you’ve got to see this…
![Page 10: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Finally, what does a mission look like
X
![Page 11: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Alternate missions exist….
Ocean surface
1000 db
2000 db
1) Launch
2) Dive
3) 10-d drift
4) Diveto 2000
5) Profile to 0
6) Transmit data
Etc.
The standard mission repeats 1) to 6) until batteries expire.
![Page 12: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Alternate missions exist….
Ocean surface
1000 db
2000 db
1) Launch
2) Dive
3) 10-d drift
4) Diveto 2000
5) Profile to 0
6) Transmit data
Etc.
This is Park and Profile, PnP = 2I use PnP = 2, Riser is using 3 or 4
a recent addition is DPF = Deep Profile First
7) Dive
8) 10-d drift
9) Profile to 0
![Page 13: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Alternate missions exist….
Ocean surface
1000 db
2000 db
1) Launch
2) Dive
to 2000
3) Profile to 0
4) Transmit data
Etc.
a recent addition is DPF = Deep Profile Firstthis enhances quality control if the float was launched
from a research vessel & doing CTDs
5) Dive
6) 10-d drift
7) Profile to 0
![Page 14: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
New sensors are appearingWater intake and platinum resistance thermometer.
Conductivity cell
Aanderaa optode sensor, for dissolved oxygen which has gained acceptance because of perceived high value for the data return, and has minimal impact on the primary Argo mission.
![Page 15: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Wet Labs FLNTU fluorometer & turbidity sensor.
New sensors are appearing
![Page 16: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How do we get the critical information?
![Page 17: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Two critical items about float performance1) Accuracy, from manufacturer
Resolution
Sensor Accuracy Reported
Pressure 2.4 dbar 0.1
Temperature 0.002 0.001
Salinity 0.005 0.001Analysis of floats recovered with various times at sea shows that these are being met and that sensors usually show little drift.
![Page 18: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Two critical items about float performance2) Float energetics
Energy stored on an APEX = 2350 kJ (alkaline cells)=> 220 profiles via Argos
kJ/Profile
Controller 0.71
Buoyancy 4.19
SBE-41 1.55
Argos Communications 2.19
Self discharge 1.67
Total 10.31
![Page 19: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The messages are broadcast to a satellite
![Page 20: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The messages are broadcast to a satellite
02442 25410 65 32 J 3 2006-11-17 06:09:37 44.963 233.944 0.000 401652016 2006-11-17 06:03:37 1 72 05 11 A7 85 E2 1B 51 12 6B 85 BB 19 5D 12 B0 85 87 17 6A 14 00 85 79 15 73 14 A2 85 59 13 81
This is message number 5, messages were received in the order:- 7, 8, 7, 9, 10, 11, 1, 10, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 8 etc
11A7 (hex) = 4519 (decimal) = pressure 451.985E2 (hex) = 34274 (decimal) = salinity 34.274
1B51 (hex) = 6993 (decimal) = temperature 6.993
![Page 21: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The messages are broadcast to a satellite
Floats in the Gulf of Alaska get 24 passes/day and it takes 8 hours to get a profile home.
Floats in the Gulf of Guinea get 12 passes/day and it takes 16 hours to get a profile home, also costs kJ and total profiles.
![Page 22: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The consequence is:-
An easy exercise, count the floats in the Gulf of Mexico!
![Page 23: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A tightly integrated system
A typical Canadian float uses the same parameters that Steve Riser uses, he has advised many nations.
Average latitude = 50°N – 8 hours at sea surface
We use PnP = 2 (i.e. drift at 1000 dbars, profile from 2000 every second profile)
Transmit data from 72 levels
Accuracy as specified by the manufacturer
We have floats running with >170 profiles completed we think 200 profiles/float is likely.
What can we improve or change? Very little it seems….
![Page 24: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
How can we escape these constraints? Argos
kJ/profile
Iridium
kJ/profile
Controller 0.71 0.38
Buoyancy 4.19 4.14
SBE-41 1.55 4.21
Communications 2.19 0.40
Self discharge 1.67 1.61
Total 10.31 10.75
Energy stored on an APEX = 2350 kJ (alkaline cells)220 Argos profiles or 208 Iridium profiles – this may change too!
![Page 25: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
From Webb Research, and I assume Martec/Metocean will follow -
Energy stored on an APEX = 2350 kJ (alkaline cells)220 Argos profiles or 208 Iridium profiles WRC is experimenting with a carbon-fibre hull for their floats.
Lighter material means more batteries can be carried.
Slightly compressible hull implies less energy needed to move from 2000 dbars to the surface.
We can use lithium batteries, but that poses serious operational issues.
In Canada we are not rushing to adopt Iridium communications or lithium batteries, for a variety of reasons, including shipping inflexibility.
![Page 26: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
How can we escape these constraints?
Switching to Iridium has immediate benefits:-1) Only 3 minutes at the sea surface, so grounding risk is greatly
reduced and fouling risk is greatly reduced.2) Much larger files are transferred easily.3) The fraction of profiles passing DMQC will increase.
But, switching to Iridium is not without costs:-1) Iridium does not supply positions, so increased capital cost.2) With only 3 min at the surface we lose surface trajectories.3) Adding Iridium to a standard float does cost energy and,
therefore, profiles.
![Page 27: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
An Iridium antenna needs care
Standard patch configuration Mai-tai configurationthis IS sub-optimal for communications, but….
![Page 28: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
An Iridium antenna needs care
Standard patch configuration in tow tank dye testMai-tai configuration in
tow tank dye test
![Page 29: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What of the future?
One obstacle for the objective of global coverage is the difficulty of operating in ice-infested waters.
Three approaches have been designed……
1) JAMSTEC/Metocean
2) Germany – ice detection algorithms – store profiles for future transmission
3) US (WHOI – Breck Owens) approach of probing for openings in the ice.
![Page 30: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
JAMSTEC Under-Ice sampling….
![Page 31: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Arctic Argo started this year
![Page 32: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
German Under-Ice sampling system….
![Page 33: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
German Under-Ice sampling….
1) Each float has a built-in ice-detection algorithm. If a float detects close approach to the freezing point of sea-water then the ascent is aborted and the profile saved for future transmission.
2) When ice clears the float delivers a set of profiles. This sometimes happens during the ice-covered season if a float is lucky to find a hole in the ice.
3) Profiles are of no value without positions, so each float carries a Rafos receiver that allows it to determine its position underwater.
![Page 34: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
WHOI Under-Ice sampling system….
1) Use Iridium communications to detect the presence of ice, algorithm is simple:-
a) Have I stopped rising, if yes, can I hear Iridium satellites?
b) If “yes” then the float is in water, if “no” it is under ice.
2) If the float is not under ice, transmit 1 or more profiles.
3) If the float is under ice, descend 50 metres, wait 1 hour and try again, then again, then again.
4) After 50 probes descend to drift depth and wait 10 days.
This system is still experimental but shows great promise. It will work best in marginal ice zones.
![Page 35: Argo Profilers missions, sampling rates, accuracy etc Howard Freeland D.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada Tel: (250)-363-6590 Email: FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e495503460f94b3c59f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Argo is a global ocean sampling program available to anyone anywhere. It is yours, to use as you see fit, but please, please we have
written a data manual, read it…
Howard FreelandD.F.O. Science/Pacific Region, Canada
Tel: (250)-363-6590Email: [email protected]
A